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Granek L, Muzyka L, Limoges N, Kelley-Quon L, Lane J, Ha J, Benzil DL, Durham S. Gender Differences in the Pediatric Neurosurgical Workforce: Professional Practice, Work-Life Balance, and Beyond. Neurosurgery 2024; 95:428-436. [PMID: 38483170 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests that female neurosurgeons experience unique challenges in the workplace including lack of academic advancement, challenges with work-life balance, harassment, and discrimination. How these factors influence the gender gap in neurosurgery remains unclear. This analysis investigated gender differences in pediatric neurosurgeons in professional and nonprofessional activities and responsibilities. METHODS A survey examining professional activities, work-life balance, family dynamics, career satisfaction, and workplace discrimination and harassment was administered to 495 pediatric neurosurgeons. Response rate was 49% (n = 241). RESULTS One-third of the pediatric neurosurgical workforce is female. There were no gender differences in race/ethnicity, American Board of Neurological Surgery/American Board of Pediatric Neurological Surgery certification rates, or pediatric neurosurgery fellowship completion. No gender differences were found in operative caseload, weekly hours worked, or working after 8 pm or weekends. Women took call more frequently than men ( P = .044). Men were more likely to work in academia ( P = .004) and have salary subsidization from external sources ( P = .026). Women were more likely to anticipate retirement by age 65 years ( P = .044), were less happy with call commitments ( P = .012), and worked more hours at home while off ( P = .050). Women more frequently reported witnessing and experiencing racial discrimination ( P = .008; P < .001), sexual harassment ( P = .002, P < .001), and feeling less safe at work ( P < .001). Men were more likely married ( P = .042) with 1 ( P = .004) or more children ( P = .034). Women reported significantly greater responsibility for child and domestic care ( P < .001). There were no gender differences in work-life balance, feeling supported at work, or having enough time to do things outside of work. CONCLUSION Despite little difference in workload and professional responsibilities, women held more domestic responsibilities and experienced and witnessed more racial and sexual discrimination in the workplace. Surprisingly, there were no reported differences in work-life balance or feeling supported at work between genders. These findings suggest that factors unique to female neurosurgeons may contribute to continued gender disparity in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeat Granek
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Logan Muzyka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin , Texas , USA
| | - Natalie Limoges
- Department of Neurosurgery, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera , California , USA
| | - Lorraine Kelley-Quon
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles , California , USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles , California , USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Jessica Lane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - Joseph Ha
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Deborah L Benzil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Susan Durham
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles , California , USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles , California , USA
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Wei W, Cai Z, Ding J, Fares S, Patel A, Khosa F. Organizational Leadership Gender Differences in Medical Schools and Affiliated Universities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:662-670. [PMID: 38061046 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare gender compositions in the leadership of the top 25 medical schools in North America with the leadership of their affiliated university senior leadership and other faculties. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional observational study used publicly available gender data from 2018 to 2019 of universities drawn from the U.S. News Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine Ranking report. Gender compositions in eight leadership tiers from senior leadership to medical school department directors were analyzed. Data analysis included gender compositions by leadership tier and faculty. Results: Male representation is greater at higher leadership tiers, with the largest imbalance being at the level of medical school department heads. The faculty of medicine has more men in leadership positions than the average of the other faculties (p = 0.02), though similar to schools of engineering, business, dentistry, and pharmacy. Across the eight leadership tiers, a significant trend exists between tier and proportions, indicating that male representation was greater at higher tiers (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between a university's leadership gender composition and its ranking. Conclusion: The under-representation of women is greater in medical school leadership than the leadership of their affiliated universities. The faculty of medicine has greater male over-representation than the average of the other faculties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wei
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhenglun Cai
- Department of Statistics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amy Patel
- Department of Radiology, The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Dawood MH, Roshan M, Daniyal M, Sohail S, Perveen H, Islam UU. Gender Inequity in Clinical Clerkships and its Influence on Career Selection: A Cross-Sectional Survey. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2024; 11:23821205241257401. [PMID: 38799175 PMCID: PMC11128173 DOI: 10.1177/23821205241257401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to identify the frequency, form, and underlying factors contributing to gender inequity experienced by medical undergraduates and assess its influence on their career choices. Method This was a cross-sectional, retrospective survey with a 100% response rate. This survey was distributed among medical students of clinical years in Karachi's private and government medical colleges from September 10th, 2021-March 30th, 2022. 430 participants were enrolled using a simple-random-sampling-technique. Chi-square/Fisher's Exact tests are employed to assess the relationships between gender and gender-based inequity in various specialties, including their characteristics, influence on career choices, adverse psychological effects, and potential mitigation strategies. Results Among 430 respondents, 28.6% were male, and 71.4% were female. 89.1% reported gender inequity, evenly distributed in government (80.4%) and private institutions (88.1%). The general surgery and gynecology disciplines stood out, each with a 56% prevalence. In gynecology and surgery clinical-clerkships, both genders experienced similar rates, with females at 54.5% and 42.3%, and males at 56.7% and 61.6%, respectively (P-value = .000*). Disrespect from staff/professors/patients (48.8%) was the most common manifestation, driven by factors like preferences (73.7%), gender superiority (62.6%), societal attitudes (54%), and cultural norms (50.9%). Furthermore, 82.6% of students reported that gender inequity had a negative impact on their career decision (Male = 82.9%;Female = 82.4%, P-value = .899). Additionally, gender inequity also caused demotivation (78.1%), poor self-esteem (67.2%), helplessness/hopelessness (48.6%), and frustration (45.8%). Conclusions Gender inequity is widely prevalent in the clinical-clerkships, affecting medical students' career decisions and mental health, stressing the need to prioritize and implement solutions at the undergraduate clinical-clerkship level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hamza Dawood
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mavra Roshan
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheza Sohail
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Haseefa Perveen
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Umair Ul Islam
- Head of Department of Surgery at United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ahuja V, Narayan M, Sanchez SE, Kaufman E, Ho V. A Pathway for Increased Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Surgical Infection Society. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2023; 24:852-859. [PMID: 38032596 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2023.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: With the rise of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts across medicine, the Surgical Infection Society (SIS) leadership undertook a several-year mission to evaluate DEI issues within the SIS, through the formation of a DEI Ad Hoc Committee to guide the application of best practices. The purpose of this article is to describe the work of the DEI committee since its inception, as well as report on advances made during that time. Methods: Beginning in September 2020, 26 volunteer committee members met monthly to explore the current state of science and best practices around DEI, identify opportunities for the SIS, and translate opportunities into recommendations. As part of this initiative, a survey of the SIS membership was conducted. Survey results, published best practices from business and medicine, and experiences of committee members were utilized collaboratively to outline specific opportunities and recommendations. These findings were presented to the SIS Executive Council and to the membership at the SIS Annual Business Meeting. Results: Committee-identified opportunities and recommendations fell into broad categories of Membership, Leadership and Society Structure, the Annual Meeting, and Research Priorities. Several recommendations were immediately enacted, and a standing DEI committee was established to continue this work. Conclusions: Beyond the main mission of the SIS to advance the science of surgical infections, the SIS can also have a major impact on DEI within society and academic surgery at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Ahuja
- Yale School of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mayur Narayan
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa Ho
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Lund S, MacArthur T, Watkins R, Alva-Ruiz R, Thiels CA, Smoot RL, Cleary SP, Warner SG. Checking Our Blind Spots: Examining Characteristics of Interviewees Versus Matriculants to a Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Fellowship Program. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1582-1591. [PMID: 37179223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Racial and gender biases exist within academic surgery; bias negatively impacts patient care, reimbursement, student training, and staff retention. Few studies have investigated the potential for bias in surgical fellowship recruitment. We aimed to compare the racial and gender diversity at our hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery fellowship program to nationwide standards. We further aimed to investigate differences in the demographics of resident interviewees versus matriculants to our HPB fellowship. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING North American HPB fellowship training programs. PARTICIPANTS Mayo Clinic's HPB surgery fellowship interviewees and North American HPB surgery fellowship graduates from 2013 to 2020. RESULTS When compared to general surgery residency graduates during the study period (in 2019), a lower proportion of North American HPB surgery fellowship graduates were female (26% HPB fellowship graduates vs. 43.1% residents, p = 0.005), with no difference in proportion of racially under-represented in medicine (rURM) HPB fellowship graduates (10.7%) compared to rURM proportion of general surgery residents nationally (14.5%). There was an upward trend in female representation among North American HPB fellowship graduates from 11% in 2013 to 32% in 2020, but proportions of rURM HPB fellows remained steadily low. When comparing HPB interviewees at our institution to national general surgery residents, no differences were observed in proportions of female (34.4% interviewees vs. 43.1% residents, p = 0.17) or rURM (interviewees = 6.8%, residents = 14.5%, p = 0.09) applicants. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the proportion of female or rURM interviewees and matriculants to our HPB program. CONCLUSIONS While fewer female graduating surgeons are pursuing HPB fellowship training than male graduates, this gender gap has narrowed over time. In contrast, the national percentage of rURM HPB fellowship graduates has remained low, mirroring stagnant proportions of rURM surgical residency graduates. When comparing HPB fellowship interviewees at our own institution to North American fellowship graduates, we observed similar proportions of female interviewees but lower proportions of rURM interviewees. Locally, these data will drive process change toward more intentional examination of our interview selection process. Nationally, more work is needed to increase the racial diversity of surgical residency and fellowship trainees to best reflect and serve our diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lund
- Mayo Clinic Department of Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | | | - Ryan Watkins
- Mayo Clinic Department of Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Cornelius A Thiels
- Division of Hepatopancreatic and Biliary Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Division of Hepatopancreatic and Biliary Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sean P Cleary
- Division of Hepatopancreatic and Biliary Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Division of Hepatopancreatic and Biliary Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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6
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Yong V, Rostmeyer K, Deng M, Chin K, Graves EKM, Ma GX, Erkmen CP. Gender differences in cardiothoracic surgery letters of recommendation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:1361-1370. [PMID: 37156362 PMCID: PMC10592592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether or not gender influences letters of recommendation for cardiothoracic surgery fellowship. METHODS From applications to an Accreditation Council Graduate Medical Education cardiothoracic surgery fellowship program between 2016 and 2021, applicant and author characteristics were examined with descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and Pearson χ2 tests. Linguistic software was used to assess communication differences in letters of recommendation, stratified by author and applicant gender. An additional higher-level analysis was then performed using a generalized estimating equations model to examine linguistic differences among author-applicant gender pairs. RESULTS Seven hundred thirty-nine recommendation letters extracted from 196 individual applications were analyzed; 90% (n = 665) of authors were men and 55.8% (n = 412) of authors were cardiothoracic surgeons. Compared with women authors, authors who are men wrote more authentic (P = .01) and informal (P = .03) recommendation letters. When writing for women applicants, authors who are men were more likely to display their own leadership and status (P = .03) and discuss women applicants' social affiliations (P = .01), like occupation of applicant's father or husband. Women authors wrote longer letters (P = .03) and discussed applicants' work (P = .01) more often than authors who are men. They also mentioned leisure activities (P = .03) more often when writing for women applicants. CONCLUSIONS Our work identifies gender-specific differences in letters of recommendation. Women applicants may be disadvantaged because their recommendation letters are significantly more likely to focus on their social ties, leisure activities, and the status of the letter writer. Author and reviewer awareness of gender-biased use of language will aid in improvements to the candidate selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeda Yong
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kaleb Rostmeyer
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Mengying Deng
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kristine Chin
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Erin K M Graves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Grace X Ma
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Cherie P Erkmen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.
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7
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Jones L. Financial support provided to male and female physicians by pharmaceutical companies in New Zealand: a cross-sectional study. Med J Aust 2023; 219:275-277. [PMID: 37519197 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Jones
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand Te Toka Tumai, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Widge AS, Jordan A, Kraguljac NV, Sullivan CRP, Wilson S, Benton TD, Alpert JE, Carpenter LL, Krystal JH, Nemeroff CB, Dzirasa K. Structural Racism in Psychiatric Research Careers: Eradicating Barriers to a More Diverse Workforce. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:645-659. [PMID: 37073513 PMCID: PMC11227892 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Investigators from minoritized backgrounds are underrepresented in psychiatric research. That underrepresentation contributes to disparities in outcomes of access to mental health care. Drawing on lived experience, scholarly qualitative reports, and empirical data, the authors review how the underrepresentation of minoritized researchers arises from interlocking, self-reinforcing effects of structural biases in our research training and funding institutions. Minoritized researchers experience diminished early access to advanced training and opportunities, stereotype threats and microaggressions, isolation due to lack of peers and senior mentors, decreased access to early funding, and unique community and personal financial pressures. These represent structural racism-a system of institutional assumptions and practices that perpetuates race-based disparities, in spite of those institutions' efforts to increase diversity and in contradiction to the values that academic leaders outwardly espouse. The authors further review potential approaches to reversing these structural biases, including undergraduate-focused research experiences, financial support for faculty who lead training/mentoring programs, targeted mentoring through scholarly societies, better use of federal diversity supplement funding, support for scientific reentry, cohort building, diversity efforts targeting senior leadership, and rigorous examination of hiring, compensation, and promotion practices. Several of these approaches have empirically proven best practices and models for dissemination. If implemented alongside outcome measurement, they have the potential to reverse decades of structural bias in psychiatry and psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Ayana Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Nina V Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Christi R P Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Saydra Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Tami D Benton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Jonathan E Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
| | - Kafui Dzirasa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge, Sullivan, Wilson); Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Kraguljac); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Benton); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Alpert); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Md. (Dzirasa)
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Allan JM, Brooks AK, Crusto C, Feld LD, Oxentenko AS, Spector ND, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Silver JK. Five Strategies Leaders in Academic Medicine Can Implement Now to Enhance Gender Equity. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e47933. [PMID: 37310782 DOI: 10.2196/47933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant disparities for women in medicine contribute to many women physicians considering leaving medicine. There is a strong financial and ethical case for leaders in academic medicine to focus on strategies to improve retention. This article focuses on five immediate actions that leaders can take to enhance gender equity and improve career satisfaction for all members of the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Allan
- Department of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Amber K Brooks
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Cindy Crusto
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lauren D Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Amy S Oxentenko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nancy D Spector
- Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Piquette D, Spring J. Gender Disparity in Procedural Training: A Persistent Problem in Need of Early Interventions. ATS Sch 2023; 4:109-112. [PMID: 37538070 PMCID: PMC10394592 DOI: 10.34197/ats-scholar.2023-0041ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Piquette
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jenna Spring
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Alam Khan MT, Patnaik R, Laffoon AN, Krokar L, Ince SR, Hurtado E, Kitano M, Fritze DM, Dent DL. Gender Discrepancies in Middle Author Publications in US Academic General Surgery. J Surg Res 2023; 288:43-50. [PMID: 36948032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To explore gender discrepancies in publications at general surgery departments, we performed a cross-sectional comparing the number of women and men at each academic rank and their number of first author (FA), middle author (MA), last author (LA), and total publications. METHODS Thirty academic general surgery departments were randomly selected. For each faculty, we tabulated: first, middle, last names, gender, academic rank, educational leadership, year of medical school graduation, and additional graduate degrees. Bibliography, H-index, and citations were downloaded from the Scopus database. RESULTS One thousand three hundred twenty-six faculty sampled, 881 (66.4%) men and 445 (33.5%) women. Men outnumbered women at all ranks, with increasing disparity at higher ranks. Men outnumbered women in all subspecialties-largest difference in transplant surgery (84.4% versus 15.6%, P < 0.001). Men at all ranks had more MA publications: assistant professor (rate ratio 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.43, P = 0.024), associate professor (1.65; 1.31-2.06, P < 0.001), and professor (1.50; 1.20-1.91, P = 0.008). Men associate professors had more LA publications (1.74; 1.34-2.37, P < 0.001). No differences found in FA publications at any rank, nor LA publications at assistant professor and professor ranks. At subspecialty level, men in surgical oncology (1.95; 1.55-2.45, P < 0.001) and transplant surgery (1.70; 1.09-2.66, P = 0.02) had more MA publications. CONCLUSIONS While FA and LA publications did not differ significantly across genders, the largest difference lies in MA publications, beginning at junior ranks and persisting with seniority. Discrepancies in MA publications may reflect gender discrepancies in collaborative opportunities, hence total publications should be used cautiously when determining academic productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronit Patnaik
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Allison N Laffoon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lucijana Krokar
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Spencer R Ince
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Mio Kitano
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Danielle M Fritze
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Daniel L Dent
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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12
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Slama EM, Arjani S, Sulciner ML, Riner AN, Yu YR, Maxwell J. The Gender Gap in Surgeon Salaries - Striving to achieve pay equity. Am J Surg 2023; 225:436-438. [PMID: 36175195 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M Slama
- Association of Women Surgeons Publication Committee, USA; Department of Surgery, Ascension Saint Agnes Hospital, 900 South Caton Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21229, USA.
| | - Simran Arjani
- Association of Women Surgeons Publication Committee, USA; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Megan L Sulciner
- Association of Women Surgeons Publication Committee, USA; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrea N Riner
- Association of Women Surgeons Publication Committee, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yangyang R Yu
- Association of Women Surgeons Publication Committee, USA; Department of Surgery and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Orange County, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Jessica Maxwell
- Association of Women Surgeons Publication Committee, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
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13
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Dexter F, Epstein RH, Ledolter J, Pearson AC, Maga J, Fahy BG. Benchmarking Surgeons’ Gender and Year of Medical School Graduation Associated With Monthly Operative Workdays for Multispecialty Groups. Cureus 2022; 14:e25054. [PMID: 35719789 PMCID: PMC9200471 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female surgeons reportedly receive less surgical block time and fewer procedural referrals than male surgeons. In this study, we compared operative days between female and male surgeons throughout Florida. Our objective was to facilitate benchmarking by multispecialty groups, both the endpoint to use for statistically reliable results and expected differences. Methodology The historical cohort study included all 4,060,070 ambulatory procedural encounters and inpatient elective surgical states performed between January 2017 and December 2019 by 8,472 surgeons at 609 facilities. Surgeons’ gender, year of medical school graduation, and surgical specialty were obtained from their National Provider Identifiers. Results Female surgeons operated an average of 1.0 fewer days per month than matched male surgeons (99% confidence interval 0.8 to 1.2 fewer days, P < 0.0001). The mean differences were 0.8 to 1.4 fewer days per month among each of the five quintiles of years of graduation from medical school (all P ≤ 0.0050). Results were comparable when repeated using the number of monthly cases the surgeons performed. Conclusions An average difference of ≤1.4 days per month is a conservative estimate for the current status quo of the workload difference in Florida. Suppose that a group’s female surgeons average more than two fewer operative days per month than the group’s male surgeons of the same specialty. Such a large average difference would call for investigation of what might reflect systematic bias. While such a difference may reflect good flexibility of the organization, it may show a lack of responsiveness (e.g., fewer referrals of procedural patients to female surgeons or bias when apportioning allocated operating room time).
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14
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Chander S, Shelly S, Tiwana MH, Siddiqi J, Fares S, Alwazzan AB, Faheem S, Khosa F. Racial and Gender Profile of Public Health Faculty in the United States of America. Cureus 2022; 14:e24998. [PMID: 35719815 PMCID: PMC9191270 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the context of shifting population demographics in the United States (US), a diverse workforce in the discipline of public health can improve outcomes for various populations through the provision of culturally competent public health policies and corresponding research. This study explored the academic, racial, and gender profile of public health faculty in the USA. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional analysis, we analyzed the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) annual report of faculty appointments at US medical schools. Descriptive data analysis was performed for chairperson, full professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, and other positions from 2007 to 2018. Results There was a decrease in appointments at all academic ranks from 2007 to 2018 with an absolute change of −239. Overall, most academic positions were occupied by Whites compared to other races, especially in leadership ranks. However, year-by-year analysis showed a gradual decrease in the number of positions held by Whites. Over the last decade, there was a positive trend with a marginally greater number of minorities appointed at academic ranks, specifically Asians. Similarly, no significant change was seen in appointments for Hispanics. Additionally, females occupied a greater number of new positions as compared to their male counterparts except for the higher academic ranks. The data obtained from the AAMC were voluntarily reported and thus may not provide a complete picture of medical faculty in academic medicine. Conclusion Women have shown progress in public health faculty positions during our 12-year study period. However, racial and gender incongruity still exists at higher academic ranks and leadership positions. Further research is warranted to explore factors influencing faculty appointment and promotion, and strategies to reduce inequities.
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15
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Snell L, Valiquette CR, Avery E, Moltaji S, Forrest CR. Improving Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery in Canada: A Call to Action. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2022; 30:94-101. [PMID: 35572078 PMCID: PMC9096862 DOI: 10.1177/22925503221083287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light the significant inequities in the delivery of healthcare, vaccine inequity, and differential access to life-saving treatments, which have disproportionately impacted marginalized and racialized populations. In this article, we acknowledge and recognize the centuries-old legacies perpetuating inequity, injustice, and oppression, we discuss the principles of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) and we call our Canadian plastic surgery colleagues and trainees to action. We propose a plan for (1) Education, (2) Mitigating Disparities in the Clinical Setting, and (3) Policy, Societies, and Leadership Education.
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16
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Lombarts KMJ, Verghese A. Medicine Is Not Gender-Neutral - She Is Male. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1284-1287. [PMID: 35353969 DOI: 10.1056/nejmms2116556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiki M J Lombarts
- From the Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (K.M.J.L.); and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (K.M.J.L.), the Presence Center, Department of Medicine (K.M.J.L., A.V.), and the Department of Internal Medicine (A.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Abraham Verghese
- From the Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (K.M.J.L.); and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (K.M.J.L.), the Presence Center, Department of Medicine (K.M.J.L., A.V.), and the Department of Internal Medicine (A.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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17
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Mahendran GN, Walker ER, Bennett M, Chen AY. Suturing the gender gap through sponsorship: The role of sponsorship in female entry and advancement through their surgical careers. Am J Surg 2022; 224:266-270. [PMID: 35164958 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sponsorship promotes female entry and advancement through the surgical field, and can mitigate gender inequities that persist in the surgical field. METHODS 35 women in surgery, including 14 surgeons, 11 residents, and 10 fourth-year medical students, were interviewed from July 30, 2021 to August 18, 2021 at a single institution. RESULTS All participants had provided or received sponsorship. Main themes included: (1) Evolving needs of sponsorship, (2) Decreased Access to Sponsorship as Career Level Advances, (3) Evolving importance of sponsorship, (4) Perceived limitations of receiving sponsorship, and (5) Perceived limitations of providing sponsorship. Faculty members most frequently reported barriers to both receiving and providing sponsorship. CONCLUSIONS The lack of sponsorship for female faculty limits their ability to rise to organizational leadership, and consequently, their ability to sponsor others. Increasing access to sponsorship for female surgeons can help to bridge the gender gap in the surgical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethanjeli N Mahendran
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reisinger Walker
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mackenzie Bennett
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Y Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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18
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Larson AR, Englander MJ, Youmans QR, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Stanford FC, Strong SA, Liu HY, Silver JK. Analysis of Physician Compensation Studies by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity. Health Equity 2022; 6:59-71. [PMID: 36186614 PMCID: PMC9518798 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This report investigated physician compensation studies by gender, race, and ethnicity. Methods: Published U.S. physician compensation studies were assessed. Results: Of the 47 data sets within 46 studies, 36 analyzed compensation by gender and 32 (88.9%) found disparities. Thirteen and eight analyzed for race and ethnicity, with disparities found in four (30.8%) and none, respectively. The sample sizes of the four data sets with differences by race were among the largest in the subset. Conclusion: Most studies demonstrate pay disparities for women, but not for people who identify with underrepresented race/ethnic groups; however, small sample sizes may affect results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Larson
- Department of Dermatology, Georgetown University Medical Center and MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Quentin R. Youmans
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine at UT San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Fatima Cody Stanford
- Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH Weight Center, Department of Medicine-Division of Endocrinology-Neuroendocrine, Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology, Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard (NORCH), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheritta A. Strong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard Y. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Julie K. Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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OUP accepted manuscript. Eur J Orthod 2022; 44:614-621. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Angel DM, Schatz M, Zeiger RS, Sicherer SH, Khan DA. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: What Can a Journal Do? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:3853-3856. [PMID: 34563739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Angel
- American Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Denver, Colo.
| | - Michael Schatz
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, Calif
| | - Robert S Zeiger
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Pasadena, Calif
| | - Scott H Sicherer
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - David A Khan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
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21
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Barry J. Real wage growth in the U.S. health workforce and the narrowing of the gender pay gap. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2021; 19:105. [PMID: 34454538 PMCID: PMC8403397 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare has been identified as a job engine during recent recessions in the U.S. Whether the healthcare sector provides better than average pay remains a question. This study investigates if wages grew with the expanding demand for healthcare workers between 2001 and 2017. Wage growth in the (1) physicians and surgeons, (2) nurse, (3) healthcare practitioner and technical, (4) healthcare support, and (5) direct patient care jobs are examined. The gender pay gap in each occupation is investigated. METHODS The American Community Survey (ACS) public use microdata sample (PUMS) for 2001, 2004, 2008, 2013, and 2017 were used to derive hourly wages for full-time, full-year workers aged 18-75. The cumulative percent change in unadjusted, median hourly wages between 2001 and 2017 was calculated for each occupation. Quantile regression estimates predicted a median hourly wage for men and women by year and job after adjusting for differences in demographics, industry, and hours worked. RESULTS Unadjusted median wage growth was 9.92% for nurses, 5.68% for healthcare practitioners, and 37.6% for physicians between 2001 and 2017. These rates are roughly above the estimated national rate of wage growth at the 50th wage percentile. In healthcare support and direct patient care occupations, workers experienced either stagnant or negative wage growth. Women had lower occupational wages than men. CONCLUSION The slow or negative median wage growth in all but the physician occupation between 2004-2008 and 2008-2013 confirms that healthcare wages in the U.S. are not recession-proof, unlike healthcare employment. Generally, women's earnings grew at rates that were higher or less negative than rates for men. This trend contributed to narrowing the gender pay gap in every occupation except for nurse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Barry
- Department of Economics, Fordham University, 113 West 60th Street, New York, NY, 10023, USA.
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22
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Schumacher C, Eliades T, Koletsi D. Gender gap in authorship within published orthodontic research. An observational study on evidence and time-trends over a decade. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:534-543. [PMID: 34128990 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the representation of female authors in senior and leading positions in orthodontic research publications, as well as the fraction of women participating in the publication reports, for over a decade. In addition, association of women representation in orthodontic research and characteristics such as journal of publication, year, study design/topic, and others, were sought. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic search was performed within three major orthodontic journals, namely the European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO), the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (AJODO), and the Angle Orthodontist (ANGLE) to identify all types of research articles published within two distinct year cohorts, the 2008-10 and the 2018-20. The outcomes of interest pertained to proportion of women in senior (last) and leading (first) position, and fraction of overall participation in the author list. RESULTS A total of 2539 articles were eligible for inclusion, with an overall number of contributing authors being 11 608, of which 34.4% were female. For seniority in authorship, 30.1% (312/1038) of the publications within 2018-20 were attributed to female authors, while 25.8% (388/1501) was identified in 2008-10. Publication timeline, geographic region, and thematic topic of publication were determined as significant predictors. For leading (first) authorship, the respective percentages were 44.7% (464/1038) within 2018-20, and 34.7% (521/1501) in 2008-10. Dissemination timeline, geographic region and journal of publication were identified by the multivariable analysis, as revealing evidence of association with female leading publication authorship. Overall, the median proportion of female authors within the author list was 33.0%. CONCLUSIONS A gender gap related to Orthodontic research publications is persistent, with participation of women either as senior, or as leading authors, being suboptimal. Consistent efforts should be set in place, to facilitate more equal representation of women in research publishing, being supported by academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Schumacher
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Despina Koletsi
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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