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Wang ZY, Gao ST, Gou XJ, Qiu FR, Feng Q. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase family proteins: An overview of their role in liver disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176773. [PMID: 38936453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family is a group of serine-threonine kinases that regulates various cellular processes via toll-like receptor (TLR)/interleukin-1 receptor (IL1R)-mediated signaling. The IRAK family comprises four members, including IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK3, and IRAK4, which play an important role in the expression of various inflammatory genes, thereby contributing to the inflammatory response. IRAKs are key proteins in chronic and acute liver diseases, and recent evidence has implicated IRAK family proteins (IRAK1, IRAK3, and IRAK4) in the progression of liver-related disorders, including alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis virus infection, acute liver failure, liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the role of IRAK family proteins and their associated inflammatory signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore whether IRAK family proteins can serve as the main target for the treatment of liver related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Si-Ting Gao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Gou
- Central Laboratory, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Shanghai, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Fu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Aboelez MO, Ezelarab HAA, Alotaibi G, Abouzed DEE. Inflammatory setting, therapeutic strategies targeting some pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways in mitigating ischemia/reperfusion-induced hepatic injury: a comprehensive review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03074-y. [PMID: 38643452 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a key determining agent in the pathophysiology of clinical organ dysfunction. It is characterized by an aseptic local inflammatory reaction due to a decrease in blood supply, hence deprivation of dependent oxygen and nutrients. In instances of liver transplantation, this injury may have irreversible implications, resulting in eventual organ rejection. The deterioration associated with IRI is affected by the hepatic health status and various factors such as alterations in metabolism, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The primary cause of inflammation is the initial immune response of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while Kupffer cells (KFCs) and neutrophil-produced chemokines also play a significant role. Upon reperfusion, the activation of inflammatory responses can elicit further cellular damage and organ dysfunction. This review discusses the interplay between chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators that contribute to the damage to hepatocytes and liver failure in rats following IR. Furthermore, it delves into the impact of anti-inflammatory therapies in safeguarding against liver failure and hepatocellular damage in rats following IR. This review investigates the correlation between cytokine factors and liver dysfunction via examining databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB), and Research Gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa O Aboelez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Hend A A Ezelarab
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya, 61519, Egypt.
| | - Ghallab Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi Campus, 11961, Al-Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deiaa E Elsayed Abouzed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
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3
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Chen Q, Song Y, Yang N, Ai X, Pu L, Kong L. Aging deteriorated liver Ischemia and reperfusion injury by suppressing Tribble's proteins 1 mediated macrophage polarization. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14519-14533. [PMID: 36694470 PMCID: PMC9995131 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2090218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggravated liver injury has been reported in aged ischemia/reperfusion-stressed livers; however, the mechanism of aged macrophage inflammatory regulation is not well understood. Here, we found that the adaptor protein TRIB1 plays a critical role in the differentiation of macrophages and the inflammatory response in the liver after ischemia/reperfusion injury. In the present study, we determined that aging promoted macrophage-mediated liver injury and that inflammation was mainly responsible for lower M2 polarization in liver transplantation-exposed humans post I/R. Young and aged mice were subjected to hepatic I/R modeling and showed that aging aggravated liver injury and suppressed macrophage TRIB1 protein expression and anti-inflammatory function in I/R-stressed livers. Restoration of TRIB1 is mediated by lentiviral infection-induced macrophage anti-inflammatory M2 polarization and alleviated hepatic I/R injury. Moreover, TRIB1 overexpression in macrophages facilitates M2 polarization and anti-inflammation by activating MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling under IL-4 stimulation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that aging promoted hepatic I/R injury by suppressing TRIB1-mediated MEK1-induced macrophage M2 polarization and anti-inflammatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yating Song
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ningli Yang
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Ai
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyong Pu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianbao Kong
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Xu X, Zhi T, Hua L, Jiang K, Chen C. IRAK4 exacerbates traumatic brain injury via activation of TAK1 signaling pathway. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:114007. [PMID: 35149117 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple signaling pathways contributing to the pathophysiological process have been investigated, treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI) against present targets have not acquired significant clinical progress. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is an important factor involved in regulating immunity and inflammation. However, the role of IRAK4 in TBI still remains largely unknown. Therefore, using a controlled cortical impact model (CCI), we investigated the function and molecular mechanism of IRAK4 in the context of TBI. IRAK4 was found to be activated in a time-dependent manner after TBI and mainly expressed in neurons. Inhibition of IRAK4 by siRNAs could significantly alleviates neuroinflammation, neuron apoptosis, brain edema, brain-blood barrier (BBB) dysfunction and improves neurological deficit in the context of CCI. Mechanistically, IRAK4 exacerbates CCI via activation of TAK1 signaling pathway. Interestingly, PF-0665083, an IRAK4 inhibitor, inhibits phosphorylation of IRAK4 and attenuates CCI-induced secondary injury. It could be conclude that IRAK4 plays a critical role in TBI-induced secondary injury and the underlining mechanism may be related to activation of TAK1 signaling pathway. PF-0665083 may serve as a potential treatment strategy to relieve TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tongle Zhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingyang Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing 214200, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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5
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Ahmadi S, Mehranjani MS. Taurine improves follicular survival and function of mice ovarian grafts through increasing CD31 and GDF9 expression and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 903:174134. [PMID: 33940031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major limitation of ovarian transplantation which threatens the follicular and graft survival. Taurine as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agent, can prevent graft damages due to IR. We aimed to investigate the effect of taurine on the follicular survival and function of autotransplanted mouse ovaries. Female mice (4-5 weeks old) were divided into: control, autograft and autograft + taurine (200 mg/kg/day). The level of CD31 expression was evaluated two days (48 h) post transplantation. In addition, on day 7 post transplantation the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed. Also, 28 days post transplantation; ovaries were studied stereologically and the percentage of apoptotic follicles, level of GDF9 expression and the serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test and the means were considered significantly different at P < 0.05. The total volume of the ovary (P < 0.01), volume of the cortex (P < 0.01) and medulla (P < 0.04), total number of different types of follicles, expression of GDF9 and CD31 and also the levels of progesterone, estradiol and TAC increased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). The MDA level and apoptosis rate decreased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). Taurine could significantly improve follicular survival and the function of grafted ovaries by accelerating the angiogenesis and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, 381-5688138, Iran
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El-Gendy H, El Agouza IM, Abd Elmoneem HA, Bahaa MM, Salah MM. Evaluation of serum taurine as a prognostic marker for graft function in adult Egyptian patients undergoing living donor liver transplant. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/11101849.2020.1848239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa El-Gendy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed M. Bahaa
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar M. Salah
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Zhou J, Chen J, Wei Q, Saeb-Parsy K, Xu X. The Role of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Early Hepatic Allograft Dysfunction. Liver Transpl 2020; 26:1034-1048. [PMID: 32294292 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is the only available curative treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) is a life-threatening complication of LT and is thought to be mediated in large part through ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the underlying mechanisms linking IRI and EAD after LT are poorly understood. Most previous studies focused on the clinical features of EAD, but basic research on the underlying mechanisms is insufficient, due, in part, to a lack of suitable animal models of EAD. There is still no consensus on definition of EAD, which hampers comparative analysis of data from different LT centers. IRI is considered as an important risk factor of EAD, which can induce both damage and adaptive responses in liver grafts. IRI and EAD are closely linked and share several common pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Therapeutic interventions against EAD through the amelioration of IRI is a promising strategy, but most approaches are still in preclinical stages. To further study the mechanisms of EAD and promote collaborations between LT centers, optimized animal models and unified definitions of EAD are urgently needed. Because IRI and EAD are closely linked, more attention should be paid to the underlying mechanisms and the fundamental relationship between them. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced adaptive responses may play a crucial role in the prevention of EAD, and more preclinical studies and clinical trials are urgently needed to address the current limitation of available therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge National Institute of Health Research Biomedical research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Cheng MX, Li JZ, Chen Y, Cao D, Gong JP, Tu B. VEGF-C attenuates ischemia reperfusion injury of liver graft in rats. Transpl Immunol 2019; 54:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Cheng MX, Cao D, Chen Y, Li JZ, Tu B, Gong JP. α-ketoglutarate attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury of liver graft in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1141-1146. [PMID: 30841427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The α-ketoglutarate (αKG), a metabolite of glutaminolysis, is reported to orchestrate macrophages activation. This study aims to clarify whether the αKG / glutaminolysis metabolism can suppress Kupffer cells (KCs) activation during liver transplantation and attenuate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS Donor livers were perfused with DM-αKG (a cell-permeable analog of αKG) or BPTES (an inhibitor of glutaminase 1) via portal vein during cold preservation, and controls were perfused with UW solution. Then, a rat model of liver transplantation was performed. Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as histology, were analyzed after 24 h. KCs were isolated from grafts. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate polarization-specific marker genes. Western bolt was employed to assess the expression of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). EMSA was utilized to quantify the NF-κB transcriptional activity. RESULTS Compared with controls, DM-αKG perfusion decreased ALT and TBIL levels, alleviated liver damage, and reduced apoptosis, while BPTES group showed higher ALT and TBIL levels, severe damage and more apoptosis. Furthermore, DM-αKG perfusion suppressed NF-κB activity, up-regulated the expression of p-GSK3β and SOCS1 in KCs, and shifted the M1/M2 balance toward an anti-inflammatory profile. Besides, DM-αKG suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and increased IL-10. CONCLUSIONS αKG produced by glutaminolysis protects liver graft from IRI by regulating the inflammatory response and modifying the polarization of KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiang Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Zheng Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Tu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Peng J. The Pharmacological Targets and Clinical Evidence of Natural Products With Anti-hepatic Inflammatory Properties. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:455. [PMID: 29922155 PMCID: PMC5996099 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes heavily to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammation is probably a promising target for treatment of liver diseases. The natural products are considered as the potential source of new drug discovery and their pharmacological effects on hepatic inflammation have been widely reported. In this review, the natural products with anti-hepatic inflammatory properties are summarized based on their pharmacological effects and mechanisms, which are related to the suppression on the inflammation mediators including cytokines and chemokines, pattern recognition receptors, the activated transcriptional factors, and the potential regulatory factors. The clinical evidence is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sartori T, Galvão Dos Santos G, Nogueira-Pedro A, Makiyama E, Rogero MM, Borelli P, Fock RA. Effects of glutamine, taurine and their association on inflammatory pathway markers in macrophages. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:829-838. [PMID: 29052795 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is essential for the control and elimination of infections, and macrophages are cells that act as important players in orchestrating the various parts of the inflammatory/immune response. Amino acids play important role in mediating functionality of the inflammatory response, especially mediating macrophages functions and cytokines production. We investigated the influence of glutamine, taurine and their association on the modulation of inflammatory pathway markers in macrophages. The RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line was cultivated in the presence of glutamine and taurine and proliferation rates, cell viability, cell cycle phases, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α as well as H2O2 production and the expression of the transcription factor, NFκB, and its inhibitor, IκBα, were evaluated. Our results showed an increase in viable cells and increased proliferation rates of cells treated with glutamine concentrations over 2 mM, as well as cells treated with both glutamine and taurine. The cell cycle showed a higher percentage of cells in the phases S, G2 and M when they were treated with 2 or 10 mM glutamine, or with glutamine and taurine in cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The pNFκB/NFκB showed reduced ratio expression when cells were treated with 10 mM of glutamine or with glutamine in association with taurine. These conditions also resulted in reduced TNF-α, IL-1α and H2O2 production, and higher production of IL-10. These findings demonstrate that glutamine and taurine are able to modulate macrophages inflammatory pathways, and that taurine can potentiate the effects of glutamine, illustrating their immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Sartori
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 17, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Galvão Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 17, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nogueira-Pedro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 17, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edson Makiyama
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 17, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Primavera Borelli
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 17, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 17, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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12
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Vagus Nerve Attenuates Hepatocyte Apoptosis upon Ischemia-Reperfusion via α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor on Kupffer Cells in Mice. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:1005-1016. [PMID: 27560466 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury is a complication of liver surgery. As much as 50% of hepatocytes undergo apoptosis within the first 24 h of reperfusion. The neurotransmitters of the vagus nerve can activate α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on macrophages. The function of Kupffer cells (KCs) determines HIR injury. We hypothesize that the vagus nerve could attenuate HIR-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by activating α7nAChR on KCs. METHODS Hepatic vagotomized C57BL/6J mice, KC-eliminated C57BL/6J mice, and α7nAChR mice were used for HIR. Primary KCs and hepatocytes were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR). Liver injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and soluble CD163 were measured. RESULTS Hepatic vagotomy and α7nAChR caused higher levels of alanine transaminase and liver caspase-3 and -8 activity by HIR. Activating α7nAChR attenuated these changes in wild-type but not in the α7nAChR mice. Furthermore, activating α7nAChR diminished hepatic injury and reduced liver apoptosis by HIR in vagotomized mice. In vitro, activating α7nAChR reduced apoptosis of hepatocytes cocultured with KCs that suffered HR. Similar to the effects by catalase, activating α7nAChR on KCs reduced ROS and H2O2 by HR. The supernatant from KCs, with α7nAChR activated or catalase treated, prevented hepatocyte apoptosis by HR. Finally, KC elimination reduced HIR-induced H2O2 production in mice. Activating α7nAChR significantly attenuated soluble CD163 both in mice by HIR (serum: 240 ± 34 vs. 446 ± 72; mean ± SD; n = 8; P < 0.01) and in KCs by HR (supernatant: 4.23 ± 0.06 vs. 5.60 ± 0.18; n = 3; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The vagus nerve could minimize HIR-induced liver apoptosis through activating α7nAChR on KCs possibly by preventing their excessive ROS production.
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13
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IRAK-4-shRNA Prevents Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Via Different Perfusion Periods Through the Portal Vein After Liver Transplantation in Rat. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:2803-2808. [PMID: 27788821 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study analyzed the effects of short hairpin RNA targeting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4-shRNA) via portal vein perfusion during different periods on ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the cold ischemia transfection group (CIT group, n = 18), in which graft livers were perfused with the plasmid of pSIIRAK-4 expressing IRAK-4-shRNA for 4 minutes (0.5 mL/min) via the portal vein during the cold ischemia period; the in vivo transfection group (IVT group, n = 18), in which equivalent volumes (2 mL) of IRAK-4-ShRNA plasmid (pSIIRAK-4) were injected during the operation; and the control group (n = 18), in which the rats received equivalent volumes of blank plasmid. At 0, 60, and 180 minutes after portal vein reperfusion, blood and liver tissues were collected for examination. IRAK-4 expression, nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) activity, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 serum levels, as well as histologic changes, were detected. RESULTS At 0 minutes after reperfusion, IRAK-4 expression, NF-κB activity, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and IL-6 showed no significant differences among the 3 groups (P > .05). At 60 and 180 minutes after reperfusion, all indices of the IVT and control groups were significantly higher than those of the CIT group (P < .01). Meanwhile, all indices of the CIT group showed no significant differences at various time points (P > .05). Liver function and histologic changes exhibited less liver injury in the CIT group than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS IRAK-4 activity was suppressed by IRAK-4-shRNA through portal vein perfusion during the cold ischemia period, and IRAK-4-shRNA effectively prevented ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation.
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Katsumi H, Nishikawa M, Hirosaki R, Okuda T, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, Hashida M, Sakane T, Yamamoto A. Development of PEGylated Cysteine-Modified Lysine Dendrimers with Multiple Reduced Thiols To Prevent Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2867-73. [PMID: 27336683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To inhibit hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, we developed polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated (PEGylated) cysteine-modified lysine dendrimers with multiple reduced thiols, which function as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Second, third, and fourth generation (K2, K3, and K4) highly branched amino acid spherical lysine dendrimers were synthesized, and cysteine (C) was conjugated to the outer layer of these lysine dendrimers to obtain K2C, K3C, and K4C dendrimers. Subsequently, PEG was reacted with the C residues of the dendrimers to obtain PEGylated dendrimers with multiple reduced thiols (K2C-PEG, K3C-PEG, and K4C-PEG). Radiolabeled K4C-PEG ((111)In-K4C-PEG) exhibited prolonged retention in the plasma, whereas (111)In-K2C-PEG and (111)In-K3C-PEG rapidly disappeared from the plasma. K4C-PEG significantly prevented the elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, an index of hepatocyte injury, in a mouse model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. In contrast, K2C-PEG, K3C-PEG, l-cysteine, and glutathione, the latter two of which are classical reduced thiols, hardly affected the plasma ALT activity. These findings indicate that K4C-PEG with prolonged circulation time is a promising compound to inhibit hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rikiya Hirosaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okuda
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Dokkyo Medical University , Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Zhang AY, Liu YM, Gong JP. Kupffer cells and liver transplantation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1917-1923. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i12.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, liver transplantation is globally considered the most effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and immune rejection response (IRR) are the two major imperfections which severely affect the recipients' prognosis and survival rate without satisfactory clinical management strategies. Therefore, exploring effective methods to improve I/R injury and IRR have important clinical significance under circumstances of shortage of donor livers. Kupffer cells (KCs) are the largest population of antigen representing cells (APCs) which settle in the liver. As the first defensive line of the live, KCs exhibit various biological effects. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the role of KCs in I/R injury and IRR remain elusive. We hereby review the current finding about the role of KCs in I/R injury and IRR.
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Yamanaka K, Houben P, Bruns H, Schultze D, Hatano E, Schemmer P. A systematic review of pharmacological treatment options used to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122214. [PMID: 25919110 PMCID: PMC4412498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although animal studies models are frequently used for the purpose of attenuating ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in liver transplantation (LT), many of pharmacological agents have not become part of clinical routine. METHODS A search was performed using the PubMed database to identify agents, from which 58 articles containing 2700 rat LT procedures were selected. The identified pharmacological agents were categorized as follows: I - adenosine agonists, nitric oxide agonists, endothelin antagonists, and prostaglandins, II - Kupffer cell inactivator, III - complement inhibiter, IV - antioxidant, V - neutrophil inactivator, VI -anti-apoptosis agent, VII - heat shock protein and nuclear factor kappa B inducer, VIII - metabolic agent, IX - traditional Chinese medicine, and X - others. Meta-analysis using 7-day-survival rate was also performed with Mantel-Haenszel's Random effects model. RESULTS The categorization revealed that the rate of donor-treated experiments in each group was highest for agents from Group II (70%) and VII (71%), whereas it was higher for agents from Group V (83%) in the recipient-treated experiments. Furthermore, 90% of the experiments with agents in Group II provided 7-day-survival benefits. The Risk Ratio (RR) of the meta-analysis was 2.43 [95% CI: 1.88-3.14] with moderate heterogeneity. However, the RR of each of the studies was too model-dependent to be used in the search for the most promising pharmacological agent. CONCLUSION With regard to hepatic IRI pathology, the categorization of agents of interest would be a first step in designing suitable multifactorial and pleiotropic approaches to develop pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Yamanaka
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Philipp Houben
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helge Bruns
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schultze
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Katsumi H, Fukui K, Sato K, Maruyama S, Yamashita S, Mizumoto E, Kusamori K, Oyama M, Sano M, Sakane T, Yamamoto A. Pharmacokinetics and preventive effects of platinum nanoparticles as reactive oxygen species scavengers on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Metallomics 2014; 6:1050-6. [PMID: 24658875 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury. To protect mouse hepatocytes from ischemia/reperfusion injury, we prepared two different sizes of citric acid-protected platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs), which exhibited ROS-scavenging activities and selective delivery to a specific type of liver cell. Small Pt-NPs (30 nm) reduced the superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical levels in solution to a greater extent than did large Pt-NPs (106 nm). Large and small Pt-NPs predominantly accumulated in hepatic nonparenchymal cells after intravenous injection into mice. In a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, in which hepatic injury was induced by occluding the portal vein for 15 min followed by 6 h reperfusion, the increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities was inhibited by a bolus intravenous injection of either large or small Pt-NPs. However, small Pt-NPs inhibited the increase in these markers of hepatic injury to a greater extent than did large Pt-NPs. These results indicate that Pt-NPs can be used to prevent hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of Pt-NPs to prevent hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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5′-Methylthioadenosine Attenuates Ischemia Reperfusion Injury After Liver Transplantation in Rats. Inflammation 2014; 37:1366-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Mu N, Jiang Y, Lv LZ. Effect of astilbin on HO-1 expression in hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:4019-4023. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i35.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the molecular mechanism behind the effects of astilbin in protecting the liver against warm ischemia-reperfusion injury.
METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 for each): a sham-operated group (Sham), a model control group (I/R), a low dose astilbin treatment group (10 mg/kg) and a high dose astilbin (40 mg/kg) treatment group. At 24 h and 1 h before ischemia, mice in the two treatment groups were intraperitoneally injected with 10 and 40 mg/kg astilbin, respectively. Then 70% hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, including the left and middle hepatic lobes, were induced. The I/R model control group and the sham-operated group were administered with equal volume of normal saline. After 90 min ischemia and 6 h reperfusion of the partial hepatic lobe, blood and liver tissue samples were collected. Serum ALT activity was detected, and the levels of NF-kB and HO-1 in liver tissues were detected by Western blot. The mRNA expression of these molecules was detected by semiquantitative RT-PCR.
RESULTS: Compared with the I/R model control group, serum ALT in both low and high dose treatment groups significantly decreased (sham: 142 U/L ± 25 U/L; I/R: 3521 U/L ± 270 U/L; low dose group: 1766 ± 179U/L; high dose group: 1067 U/L ± 101 U/L, P < 0.01), and the decline was more significant in the high dose group than in the low dose group (P < 0.01). The protein content of NF-kB in liver tissues gradually decreased in both treatment groups compared with the I/R model control group, and was lower in the high dose group than in the low dose group. HO-1 levels gradually increased in treatment groups, and the increase was more significant in the high dose group than in the low dose group. The results of mRNA expression showed a similar trend (sham: 0.53 ± 0.07; I/R: 1.00 ± 0.11; low dose group: 1.17 ± 0.16; high dose group: 1.57 ± 0.07, P < 0.05 or < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Intervention with astilbin can reduce the high levels of serum ALT caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury, down-regulate the high expression of NF-kB protein and up-regulate the expression of HO-1 protein and mRNA in IRI liver tissues. The protective effect of astilbin against liver IRI is possibly related to the promotion of the expression of HO-1.
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Yang K, Du C, Cheng Y, Li Y, Gong J, Liu Z. Augmenter of liver regeneration promotes hepatic regeneration depending on the integrity of Kupffer cell in rat small-for-size liver transplantation. J Surg Res 2013; 183:922-8. [PMID: 23522454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) can promote hepatocyte proliferation and thereby augment liver mass restoration. This study was performed to further explore the mechanism of ALR on liver regeneration in small-for-size liver transplanted rats. METHODS Donor Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a Kupffer cell (KC)-depleted group (pretreated with GdCl3) and KC-competent group and then further divided into two subgroups: the ALR subgroup (infused with 100 μg/kg ALR through the portal vein) and non-ALR subgroup. Only the median lobe was retained to establish the small-for-size liver transplantation model. Ten rats from each subgroup were used for the 7 d survival study. In addition, the nuclear factor κB activity, reperfusion injury, regeneration of the remnant liver, and tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 expression levels were evaluated. RESULTS ALR could accelerate graft regeneration by increasing nuclear factor κB activity to induce tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 expression in the KC-competent rats, which resulted in a higher 7 d survival rate. CONCLUSIONS ALR could enhance the hepatocellular proliferation of small-for-size liver grafts, and these effects appeared to deeply depend on the integrity of KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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