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Grand RJ. Letter to the editor (response to Vajro and colleagues). Virulence 2024; 15:2316714. [PMID: 38388387 PMCID: PMC10885166 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roger J. Grand
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Oyesigye E, Cervini C, Mahuku G, Medina A. Potential Impact of Current Agricultural Practices on Mycotoxin Occurrence and Mycotoxin Knowledge Along the Cassava Value Chain in Uganda. J Food Prot 2024:100340. [PMID: 39117180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cassava is the second most important staple food crop for Uganda and is prone to contamination with mycotoxins. This study aimed at understanding the current agricultural practices, their potential influence on mycotoxins occurrence, as well as assess mycotoxin knowledge among key cassava value chain actors, including farmers, wholesalers, and processers. Data were collected through individual interviews (210), key informant interviews (34) and 4 focus group discussions. The findings revealed that 51 % of farmers peeled cassava directly on bare ground, resulting in direct contact with soil that potentially harbours mycotoxin-producing fungi, such as Aspergillus section Flavi. During post-harvest handling, 51.6 % of farmers dried cassava chips directly on bare ground. Nearly, all (95.2 %) of wholesalers packed cassava chips in local gunny bags and placed them on ground instead of pallets. In the processing of cassava chips into flour, only one of the 14 processing machine was certified by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards. Additionally, there was only one processing machine available for every 180 (1:180) consumers bringing their cassava for processing. 50.8 % of cassava consumers interviewed admitted to consuming cassava flour regardless of quality, while 73 % blended cassava flour with flour from mycotoxin-susceptible crops mainly maize, millet, and sorghum. Most (96.2%) of the people along the cassava value chain did not understand what the term mycotoxins meant. 56% of interviewed respondents were familiar with the term aflatoxins. Of the cassava value chain actors aware of mycotoxins, 82.9 % knew of methods for reducing aflatoxin contamination, but only 40.9 % were putting such methods into practise. More farmers (47.9 %) managed aflatoxins compared to wholesalers (33.3 %) and processors (21.4 %). Knowledge on aflatoxins was significantly associated with value chain actor (P=0.026), head of household (P=0.004), region (P= 0.033), age (P=0.001) and experience (P=0.001). This study highlights the critical areas of mycotoxin contamination within the cassava value chain in Uganda and underscores the need to improve the knowledge among value chain actors especially farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Oyesigye
- Applied Mycology, Environment and Agri-Food Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK; Department of Environment and Livelihoods Support System, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara Uganda.
| | - Carla Cervini
- Applied Mycology, Environment and Agri-Food Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
| | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology, Environment and Agri-Food Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
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Okamoto T, Okajima H, Ogawa E, Kadohisa M, Yamamoto M, Uebayashi EY, Yurugi K, Ito T, Hatano E. The protective association of HLA-C*12:02 and HLA-DQB1*06:01 with severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin in the Japanese population. HLA 2024; 103:e15215. [PMID: 37697931 DOI: 10.1111/tan.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Global surveillance has been conducted to elucidate the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis of unknown origin (AHUO), However, the factors associated with the aggravation of this serious disease are unclear. Therefore, we conducted a HLA association study to identify HLA alleles or haplotypes predisposing or protective against Japanese AHUO. The HLA 5 locus (HLA-A, HLA-B, C, DRB1, and DQB1) 4-digit genotyping results of 72 AHUO patients who underwent liver transplantation at our institution between 2000 and 2021 were compared to those of 873 healthy Japanese controls. Protective associations of HLA-B*52:01 (p-corrected (pc) = 3.15 × 10-3 ), HLA-C*12:02 (pc = 1.66 ×10-3 ), HLA-DQB1*06:01 (pc = 1.42 × 10-2 ), and HLA-DRB1*15:02 (pc = 1.36 × 10-2 ) with severe AHUO in Japanese patients were observed. The amino acid residues of tryptophan at position 156, which are located in the antigen-binding grooves of the HLA-C protein, showed a protective association with AHUO, showing a significant difference from other amino acid variations (pc = 9.0 × 10-4 ). Furthermore, 5 amino acid residues of the HLA-DQB1 protein were also protectively associated with AHUO with a significant difference from other amino acid variations (pc = 1.42 × 10-2 to 2.89 × 10-2 ). These alleles have a protective association with the aggravation of AHUO in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Okajima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eri Ogawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kadohisa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elena Yukie Uebayashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yurugi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Grand RJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of human adenovirus F41: Possible links to severe hepatitis in children. Virulence 2023; 14:2242544. [PMID: 37543996 PMCID: PMC10405776 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2242544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 100 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have been isolated and allocated to seven species, A-G. Species F comprises two members-HAdV-F40 and HAdV-F41. As their primary site of infection is the gastrointestinal tract they have been termed, with species A, enteric adenoviruses. HAdV-F40 and HAdV-F41 are a common cause of gastroenteritis and diarrhoea in children. Partly because of difficulties in propagating the viruses in the laboratory, due to their restrictions on growth in many cell lines, our knowledge of the properties of individual viral proteins is limited. However, the structure of HAdV-F41 has recently been determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The overall structure is similar to those of HAdV-C5 and HAdV-D26 although with some differences. The sequence and arrangement of the hexon hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and the arrangement of the C-terminal region of protein IX differ. Variations in the penton base and hexon HVR1 may play a role in facilitating infection of intestinal cells by HAdV-F41. A unique feature of HAdV-F40 and F41, among human adenoviruses, is the presence and expression of two fibre genes, giving long and short fibre proteins. This may also contribute to the tropism of these viruses. HAdV-F41 has been linked to a recent outbreak of severe acute hepatitis "of unknown origin" in young children. Further investigation has shown a very high prevalence of adeno-associated virus-2 in the liver and/or plasma of some cohorts of patients. These observations have proved controversial as HAdV-F41 had not been reported to infect the liver and AAV-2 has generally been considered harmless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J. Grand
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Science, the Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Rai A, Uwishema O, Nicholas A, Abbass M, Uweis L, Arab S, El Saleh R, Adanur I, Stephen Masunga D, Nazir A. Tomato flu outbreak in India: Why is it an impending public health emergency? Int J Surg 2023; 109:2153-2156. [PMID: 37158161 PMCID: PMC10389637 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Rai
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aderinto Nicholas
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Mortada Abbass
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lama Uweis
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara Arab
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rayyan El Saleh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daniel Stephen Masunga
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Abubakar Nazir
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Pan L, Sun L, Asakawa T, Ben X, Lu H. Updated information regarding acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children: Viewpoints of and insights from pediatricians. Biosci Trends 2023; 17:68-72. [PMID: 36273891 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2022.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the morbidity of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children (SHIC) has tended to decrease, but this condition should not be ignored because of its uncertain but severe nature. The current study briefly summarizes updated information regarding the epidemiological, clinical, and etiological aspects of SHIC based on the newest information available. Opinions from pediatricians are also presented. In light of the status quo of SHIC and COVID-19 globally, several suggestions are proposed to improve future studies, which could help to further explore the underlying mechanisms of SHIC in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tetsuya Asakawa
- Institute of Neurology, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoming Ben
- Department of Pediatrics, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Jennings MR, Parks RJ. Human Adenovirus Gene Expression and Replication Is Regulated through Dynamic Changes in Nucleoprotein Structure throughout Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:161. [PMID: 36680201 PMCID: PMC9863843 DOI: 10.3390/v15010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is extremely common and can rapidly spread in confined populations such as daycare centers, hospitals, and retirement homes. Although HAdV usually causes only minor illness in otherwise healthy patients, HAdV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in certain populations, such as the very young, very old, or immunocompromised individuals. During infection, the viral DNA undergoes dramatic changes in nucleoprotein structure that promote the rapid expression of viral genes, replication of the DNA, and generation of thousands of new infectious virions-each process requiring a distinct complement of virus and host-encoded proteins. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the nucleoprotein structure of HAdV DNA during the various phases of infection, the cellular proteins implicated in mediating these changes, and the role of epigenetics in HAdV gene expression and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Jennings
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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Uwishema O, Abbass M, Rai A, Arab S, El Saleh R, Uweis L, Wellington J, Musabirema F, Adanur I, Onyeaka H. Hepatitis A virus outbreak in Lebanon: Is it a matter of concern? Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104585. [PMID: 36148083 PMCID: PMC9486044 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lebanon has been grappling with hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks for 3 decades, to an extent that it has been now termed an endemic zone for HAV. However, the rise in cases above the annual average concerns a potential outbreak in the North, and the Bekaa governorates of Lebanon must be highlighted. Although the Lebanese health authorities have ordered a probe into the possible causes of the outbreak, it has been speculated that the immigration of Syrian refugees has overburdened public health services. Reduced seroprevalence of HAV immunoglobulin G has also led to an epidemiological shift from child to adult populations. The current economic crisis affecting Lebanese society is another significant problem that could have contributed to the rise in incidents. This article examines Lebanon's current HAV outbreak and epidemiological status, offering suggestions for the future. In the event of an outbreak, the infrastructure for water sanitation and sewage is known to allow HAV to spread via the faecal-oral pathway. Maintaining personal hygiene, early detection, and vaccination have all been recommended as significant regional and individual control measures.
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Berjaoui C, Tabassum S, Sabuncu Ö, Al Tarawneh YJ, Naeem A, El Khoury C, Bacha IT, Wellington J, Uwishema O. Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104613. [PMID: 36124222 PMCID: PMC9482105 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measles, one of the most common infections in the world, accounts for more than over 100.000 deaths every year. Measles outbreaks are still ravaging the African continent, and the 2010 Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe is one to be noted, where more than 7754 infections and 517 deaths were reported, ultimately leading to the UN initiation of the vaccination program. COVID-19 could have been delaying the vaccination process in Africa. This article aims to shed the light on the current Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe and how global health organizations are taking measures to fight off this outbreak. Methodology Data was collected from online databases PubMed, Science Direct, and the Lancet, as well as news and conferences and press releases on the current measles outbreak. All articles and news related to the measles outbreak in Zimbabwe were taken into consideration. Results A measles outbreak was reported earlier in August of 2022, with more than 2000 confirmed cases out of which 157 were reported dead. Since the outbreak this year, cases of measles in Zimbabwe have been rapidly growing. The government in Zimbabwe started a massive vaccination campaign for children in and near the areas where the outbreak is present. Traditional and faith leaders are involved in the campaigns to encourage the public to volunteer to be vaccinated. Conclusion Efforts to control the measles outbreak in Zimbabwe are being mitigated by the government as well as the WHO and other global health organizations. With many people refusing the vaccination, this outbreak might not see an end, and more cases, as well as deaths, will increase by the end of the year.
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Uwishema O, Eneh SC, Chiburoma AG, Fadl Elhassan WA, Abdur-Rahman Adekunle A, Rogose MS, Zaki E, Akilimali A, Onyeaka H. Yellow fever outbreak in Kenya: A review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104537. [PMID: 36268440 PMCID: PMC9577449 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a viral acute hemorrhagic illness caused by infected mosquitoes of the flavivirus family. The first yellow fever outbreak in Kenya was in 1992. Similar outbreaks were recorded in the western part of the country in 1993, 1995, and 2011, particularly in the Rift Valley province of Kenya. In early 2022, the viral acute illness resurfaced and hit Kenya. On January 12, 2022, the first case was discovered, with over 14 patients suffering from fever, jaundice, and joint and muscle pains. On March 4, 2022, a yellow fever outbreak re-emerged in Kenya, affecting 11 wards in Isiolo County. The fatality rate recorded was 11.3% (six deaths), with Chari accounting for 39.6% of the total 21 cases, Cherab 14 (26.4%), and 5 Garba Tulla (9.4%). This has the potential to further endanger the nation's economic growth while also negatively impacting people's daily lives in a part of the world that is already dealing with the catastrophic impacts of the coronavirus pandemic. However, there is no curative therapy for yellow fever. The only options for curbing its spread are through vaccination and preventive measures. Hence, Kenya's government must take responsibility for requiring vaccination of its citizens, implement an active national disease surveillance protocol, and set up anti-yellow fever campaigns in the country. Yellow fever (YF) is a viral acute hemorrhagic illness caused by infected mosquitoes of the flavivirus family. The first yellow fever outbreak in Kenya was in 1992. Similar outbreaks were recorded in the western part of the country in 1993, 1995, and 2011, particularly in the Rift Valley province of Kenya. In 2022, a yellow fever outbreak re-emerged in Kenya. The only options for curbing its spread are through vaccination and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Stanley Chinedu Eneh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anyike Goodness Chiburoma
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Affiliation: Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Wael Atif Fadl Elhassan
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine - University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Martin Sagide Rogose
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Affiliation: Jewish Path Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - ElShimaa Zaki
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Affiliation: Omdurman Islamic University - Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Aymar Akilimali
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, D.R. Congo
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
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Uwishema O, Wellington J, Berjaoui C, Muoka KO, Onyeaka CVP, Onyeaka H. A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104599. [PMID: 36268453 PMCID: PMC9577510 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Rai A, Uwishema O, Uweis L, El Saleh R, Arab S, Abbass M, Wellington J, Musabirema F, Adanur I, Patrick Onyeaka CV. Polio returns to the USA: An epidemiological alert. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104563. [PMID: 36268372 PMCID: PMC9577438 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
On July 21, 2022, the USA witnessed the first case of poliomyelitis after 3 decades of its eradication. Poliomyelitis is a crippling disease that results from infection with any one of the three related poliovirus types (referred to as types P1, P2, and P3), members of the enterovirus (picornavirus) family. The New York State Department of Health confirmed that a case of paralytic poliomyelitis was reported from a 20-year-old Hungarian traveller residing in Rockland County. The detected viral sequence has been found to have vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) suggesting an origin from the live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). Since immunisation remains the only preventable measure, this article explores suggestions from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on reliable Inactivated (killed) polio vaccination in high-risk patients along with early case detection and treatment. In light of the above-mentioned findings, this research further details future recommendations like cessation of the OPV, encouragement of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in vaccination schedules, sensitive epidemiological surveillance system and appropriate training for healthcare providers. The affected countries have been further advised to have effective outbreak response strategy plans in place so that they can respond and stay prepared for such outbreaks in the future.
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