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Hamada S, Nakamura Y, Gomi M. Antibacterial toner exhibits bactericidal effect against Cutibacterium acnes via keratin and sebum plug penetration. JOURNAL OF MICROORGANISM CONTROL 2024; 29:63-73. [PMID: 38880618 DOI: 10.4265/jmc.29.2_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes is an opportunistic pathogen recognized as a contributing factor to acne vulgaris. The accumulation of keratin and sebum plugs in hair follicles facilitates C. acnes proliferation, leading to inflammatory acne. Although numerous antimicrobial cosmetic products for acne-prone skin are available, their efficacy is commonly evaluated against planktonic cells of C. acnes. Limited research has assessed the antimicrobial effects on microorganisms within keratin and sebum plugs. This study investigates whether an antibacterial toner can penetrate keratin and sebum plugs, exhibiting bactericidal effects against C. acnes. Scanning electron microscopy and next-generation sequencing analysis of the keratin and sebum plug suggest that C. acnes proliferate within the plug, predominantly in a biofilm-like morphology. To clarify the potential bactericidal effect of the antibacterial toner against C. acnes inside keratin and sebum plugs, we immersed the plugs in the toner, stained them with LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit to visualize microorganism viability, and observed them using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results indicate that most microorganisms in the plugs were killed by the antibacterial toner. To quantitatively evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of the toner against C. acnes within keratin and sebum, we immersed an artificial plug with inoculated C. acnes type strain and an isolate collected from acne-prone skin into the toner and obtained viable cell counts. The number of the type strain and the isolate inside the artificial plug decreased by over 2.2 log and 1.2 log, respectively, showing that the antibacterial toner exhibits bactericidal effects against C. acnes via keratin and sebum plug penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hamada
- Core Technology Research Department, Central R&D Laboratory, Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Gomi
- Core Technology Research Department, Central R&D Laboratory, Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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2
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Xu DT, Zheng Y, Shi Y, Jin H, Liu W, Wang XL. A 1-min double embedding method for small tissue specimens preserves comedone histology and eliminates the need for punch biopsies. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13235. [PMID: 36480556 PMCID: PMC9838743 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is difficult to preserve the structure and microbial distribution inside comedonal plugs during routine processing. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the optimal method to preserve the comedonal corneum plug structure and inherent microorganisms thereby eliminating the need to perform punch biopsies in relevant studies. METHODS Corneum plugs were extracted from comedones of acne vulgaris patients. Primary embedding using either a 2% agarose, 2% agar, 25% gelatin, or 2% agar + 2.5% gelatin solution was subsequently performed and the results compared. The specimens were then fixed, waxed, sectioned, and examined by light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies to observe the structures and microorganisms within the plugs. RESULTS Both the 25% gelatin and 2% agarose solutions successfully preserved the structural integrity of corneum plugs and the inherent microorganisms. When considering other factors such as thermostability, reusability, and convenience, the 25% gelatin solution was the superior choice among the four materials. CONCLUSION We report a simple and effective method for double embedding comedonal plugs and other small tissue specimens. The technique preserves the structure and microbial distribution in situ within comedonal corneum plugs, eliminates the need for punch biopsies. This method may also be applied to other tiny and fragile tissue specimens, thereby enabling a potentially wide array of future large-scale investigations and alleviated patients' pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Tian Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China.,The Ice Dermalab, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Chaohu Hospital, affiliated with Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The PLA General Hospital of Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
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3
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Ito Y, Amagai M. Controlling skin microbiome as a new bacteriotherapy for inflammatory skin diseases. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:26. [PMID: 36045395 PMCID: PMC9434865 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin serves as the interface between the human body and the environment and interacts with the microbial community. The skin microbiota consists of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, mites, and viruses, and they fluctuate depending on the microenvironment defined by anatomical location and physiological function. The balance of interactions between the host and microbiota plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of skin homeostasis; however, the disturbance of the balance due to an alteration in the microbial communities, namely, dysbiosis, leads to various skin disorders. Recent developments in sequencing technology have provided new insights into the structure and function of skin microbial communities. Based on high-throughput sequencing analysis, a growing body of evidence indicates that a new treatment using live bacteria, termed bacteriotherapy, is a feasible therapeutic option for cutaneous diseases caused by dysbiosis. In particular, the administration of specific bacterial strains has been investigated as an exclusionary treatment strategy against pathogens associated with chronic skin disorders, whereas the safety, efficacy, and sustainability of this therapeutic approach using isolated live bacteria need to be further explored. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the skin microbiota, as well as therapeutic strategies using characterized strains of live bacteria for skin inflammatory diseases. The ecosystem formed by interactions between the host and skin microbial consortium is still largely unexplored; however, advances in our understanding of the function of the skin microbiota at the strain level will lead to the development of new therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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4
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Coenye T, Spittaels KJ, Achermann Y. The role of biofilm formation in the pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility of Cutibacterium acnes. Biofilm 2021; 4:100063. [PMID: 34950868 PMCID: PMC8671523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (previously known as Propionibacterium acnes) is frequently found on lipid-rich parts of the human skin. While C. acnes is most known for its role in the development and progression of the skin disease acne, it is also involved in many other types of infections, often involving implanted medical devices. C. acnes readily forms biofilms in vitro and there is growing evidence that biofilm formation by this Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic micro-organism plays an important role in vivo and is also involved in treatment failure. In this brief review we present an overview on what is known about C. acnes biofilms (including their role in pathogenesis and reduced susceptibility to antibiotics), discuss model systems that can be used to study these biofilms in vitro and in vivo and give an overview of interspecies interactions occurring in polymicrobial communities containing C. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karl-Jan Spittaels
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Achermann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Bay L, Ring HC. Human skin microbiota in health and disease: The cutaneous communities' interplay in equilibrium and dysbiosis: The cutaneous communities' interplay in equilibrium and dysbiosis. APMIS 2021; 130:706-718. [PMID: 34919288 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous microbial composition is driven by the microenvironment of the skin, as well as by internal and external factors. Local changes in the microenvironment can affect the configuration of the community, which may lead toward an imbalance of microbiota. Alterations in the microbial profile are common in both inflammatory skin diseases and chronic infections. A shift in balance within the microbiota, toward limited variation and a greater abundance of specific pathogens, may further worsen the pathogenicity of the diseases. These alterations may be prevented by topical treatment of probiotic solutions stimulating a balanced multispecies community. Compositional variations may further constitute potential biomarkers to predict flares or monitor efficacy during therapy. New approaches such as machine learning may contribute to this prediction of microbial alterations prior to the development of chronic infections and flares. This review provides insight into the composition and distribution of a healthy community of microorganisms in the skin and draws parallels with the community in chronic infections and chronic inflammatory skin diseases such acne vulgaris and Hidradenitis Suppurativa. We discuss the potential role of specific species in the pathogenesis and the possible prevention of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Bay
- Bacterial Infection Biology, Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Ring
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Brüggemann H, Salar-Vidal L, Gollnick HPM, Lood R. A Janus-Faced Bacterium: Host-Beneficial and -Detrimental Roles of Cutibacterium acnes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673845. [PMID: 34135880 PMCID: PMC8200545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial species Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes) is tightly associated with humans. It is the dominant bacterium in sebaceous regions of the human skin, where it preferentially colonizes the pilosebaceous unit. Multiple strains of C. acnes that belong to phylogenetically distinct types can co-exist. In this review we summarize and discuss the current knowledge of C. acnes regarding bacterial properties and traits that allow host colonization and play major roles in host-bacterium interactions and also regarding the host responses that C. acnes can trigger. These responses can have beneficial or detrimental consequences for the host. In the first part of the review, we highlight and critically review disease associations of C. acnes, in particular acne vulgaris, implant-associated infections and native infections. Here, we also analyse the current evidence for a direct or indirect role of a C. acnes-related dysbiosis in disease development or progression, i.e., reduced C. acnes strain diversity and/or the predominance of a certain phylotype. In the second part of the review, we highlight historical and recent findings demonstrating beneficial aspects of colonization by C. acnes such as colonization resistance, immune system interactions, and oxidant protection, and discuss the molecular mechanisms behind these effects. This new insight led to efforts in skin microbiota manipulation, such as the use of C. acnes strains as probiotic options to treat skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Llanos Salar-Vidal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Harald P. M. Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Schell SL, Schneider AM, Nelson AM. Yin and Yang: A disrupted skin microbiome and an aberrant host immune response in hidradenitis suppurativa. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1453-1470. [PMID: 34018644 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skin microbiome plays an important role in maintaining skin homeostasis by controlling inflammation, providing immune education and maintaining host defense. However, in many inflammatory skin disorders the skin microbiome is disrupted. This dysbiotic community may contribute to disease initiation or exacerbation through the induction of aberrant immune responses in the absence of infection. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a complex, multifaceted disease involving the skin, innate and adaptive immunity, microbiota and environmental stimuli. Herein, we discuss the current state of HS skin microbiome research and how microbiome components may activate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways, metabolite sensing pathways and antigenic receptors to drive antimicrobial peptide, cytokine, miRNA and adaptive immune cell responses in HS. We highlight the major open questions that remain to be addressed and how antibiotic therapies for HS likely influence both microbial burden and inflammation. Ultimately, we hypothesize that the two-way communication between the skin microbiome and host immune response in HS skin generates a chronic positive feed-forward loop that perpetuates chronic inflammation, tissue destruction and disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Schell
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Andrea M Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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8
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Elkins JM, Dennis DA, Kleeman-Forsthuber L, Yang CC, Miner TM, Jennings JM. Cutibacterium colonization of the anterior and lateral thigh. Bone Joint J 2020; 102-B:52-56. [PMID: 32600208 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.102b7.bjj-2019-1606.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Of growing concern in arthroplasty is the emergence of atypical infections, particularly Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) sp. infections. Currently, the dermal colonization rate of Cutibacterium about the hip is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate colonization rates of Cutibacterium sp. at locations approximating anterior and posterolateral approaches to the hip joint. METHODS For this non-randomized non-blinded study, 101 adult patients scheduled for hip or knee surgery were recruited. For each, four 3 mm dermal punch biopsies were collected after administration of anaesthesia, but prior to antibiotics. Prebiopsy skin preparation consisted of a standardized preoperative 2% chlorhexidine skin cleansing protocol and an additional 70% isopropyl alcohol mechanical skin scrub immediately prior to biopsy collection. Two skin samples 10 cm apart were collected from a location approximating a standard direct anterior skin incision, and two samples 10 cm apart were collected from a lateral skin incision (suitable for posterior, direct-lateral, or anterolateral approaches). Samples were cultured for two weeks using a protocol optimized for Cutibacterium. RESULTS A total of 23 out of 404 cultures (collected from 101 patients) were positive for a microorganism, with a total of 22 patients having a positive culture (22%). Overall, 15 of the cultures in 14 patients were positive for Cutibacterium sp. (65%), of which Cutibacterium acnes comprised the majority (n = 13; 87%). Other isolated microorganisms include coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (n = 6), Clostridium (n = 1), and Corynebacterium (n = 1). Of all positive cultures, 15 were obtained from the anterior location (65%), of which seven (60%) were from the most proximal biopsy location. However, these findings were not statistically significant (anterior vs lateral, p = 0.076; proximal vs distal, p =0.238). CONCLUSION Approximately 14% (14/101) of the patients demonstrated a positive Cutibacterium colonization about the hip, the majority anteriorly. Given the high colonization rate of Cutibacterium, alternative skin preparations for total hip arthroplasty should be considered. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(7 Supple B):52-56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Elkins
- Colorado Joint Replacement, Denver, Colorado, USA.,University of Iowa Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Douglas A Dennis
- University of Denver Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | - Todd M Miner
- Colorado Joint Replacement, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jason M Jennings
- Colorado Joint Replacement, Denver, Colorado, USA.,University of Denver Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Denver, Colorado, USA
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9
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Schneider AM, Nelson AM. Skin microbiota: Friend or foe in pediatric skin health and skin disease. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:815-822. [PMID: 31588632 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human integument and gastrointestinal tract host unique microbial ecosystems. Within the last decade, research has focused on understanding the contributions of the microbiota to human health and disease. The majority of skin microbiome studies involve adults. This review focuses on key studies conducted within the pediatric population and provides a framework for future skin microbiome work in this ever-expanding field. This article begins by exploring the skin microbiome at birth and reviews the impact of delivery mode on infant skin colonization. How skin microbial colonization evolves from infancy to adulthood and normal development impacts the abundance of skin commensals such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Cutibacterium is also highlighted. Finally, several skin microbiome research studies in common pediatric skin conditions are reviewed, including body odor, atopic dermatitis (AD), and acne. The bacteria involved in metabolizing sweat, the impact on body odor, and how this process evolves from childhood to adulthood is outlined. In AD, different bacteria genera that predominate in children and adults and the impact of current AD therapies on skin microbiota are explored. Finally, in acne, the understanding of how Cutibacterium acnes contributes to acne pathogenesis and how acne therapies impact the skin microbial communities is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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10
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Ramasamy S, Barnard E, Dawson TL, Li H. The role of the skin microbiota in acne pathophysiology. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:691-699. [PMID: 31342510 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of skin microbiota in acne remains to be fully elucidated. Initial culture-based investigations were hampered by growth rate and selective media bias. Even with less biased genomic methods, sampling, lysis and methodology, the task of describing acne pathophysiology remains challenging. Acne occurs in sites dominated by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and Malassezia species, both of which can function either as commensal or pathogen. OBJECTIVES This article aims to review the current state of the art of the microbiome and acne. METHODS The literature regarding the microbiome and acne was reviewed. RESULTS It remains unclear whether there is a quantitative difference in microbial community distribution, making it challenging to understand any community shift from commensal to pathogenic nature. It is plausible that acne involves (i) change in the distribution of species/strains, (ii) stable distribution with pathogenic alteration in response to internal (intermicrobe) or external stimuli (host physiology or environmental) or (iii) a combination of these factors. CONCLUSIONS Understanding physiological changes in bacterial species and strains will be required to define their specific roles, and identify any potential intervention points, in acne pathogenesis and treatment. It will also be necessary to determine whether any fungal species are involved, and establish whether they play a significant role. Further investigation using robust, modern analytic tools in longitudinal studies with a large number of participants, may make it possible to determine whether the microbiota plays a causal role, is primarily involved in exacerbation, or is merely a bystander. It is likely that the final outcome will show that acne is the result of complex microbe-microbe and community-host interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramasamy
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Barnard
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - T L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - H Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.,UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
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11
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Sander MA, Sander MS, Isaac-Renton JL, Croxen MA. The Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Dermatology Practice. J Cutan Med Surg 2019; 23:436-441. [DOI: 10.1177/1203475419839939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human integument is inhabited by a vast array of microorganisms known collectively as the cutaneous microbiome. As a result of advances in laboratory science, our understanding of the diversity and complexity of the human microbiome is rapidly evolving. In particular, advances in the field of genomics have enabled the study of the cutaneous microbiome with a hitherto unimaginable level of detail, resulting in a maturation of our understanding of cutaneous health and disease. Herein, we review current microbiology concepts and highlight the key features of recent laboratory advances, particularly with respect to genomics. We provide a summary of new findings related to normal skin flora, interactions between host immunity and microbial communities, and microbial relationships with common skin disorders. Finally, we review the implications for dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Sander
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Judith L. Isaac-Renton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew A. Croxen
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Alberta Public Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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12
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Bay L, Kragh KN, Eickhardt SR, Poulsen SS, Gjerdrum LMR, Ghathian K, Calum H, Ågren MS, Bjarnsholt T. Bacterial Aggregates Establish at the Edges of Acute Epidermal Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2018; 7:105-113. [PMID: 29675336 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The bacterial composition and distribution were evaluated in acute standardized epidermal wounds and uninjured skin by a molecular in situ technology benchmarked to conventional culturing. This was done to reveal whether bacterial biofilm is present in acute wounds. Approach: On the buttock of 26 healthy volunteers, 28 suction blisters were made and de-roofed. Four wounds were biopsied immediately after wounding, whereas the remaining 24 wounds were treated daily with sterile deionized water and covered with a moisture-retaining dressing. On day 4 post-wounding, swabs were obtained for culturing from the wounds and adjacent skin, and the wounds including adjacent skin were excised. Tissue sections were stained with peptide nucleic acid (PNA) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes, counterstained by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: No bacterial aggregates were detected at day 0. At day 4, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the sole bacteria identified by CLSM/PNA-FISH and culturing. CoNS was isolated from 78% of the wound swabs and 48% of the skin swabs. Bacterial aggregates (5-150 μm) were detected by PNA-FISH/CLSM in the split stratum corneum and fibrin deposits at the wound edges and in the stratum corneum and the hair follicles of the adjacent skin. The bacterial aggregates were more common (p = 0.0084) and larger (p = 0.0083) at wound edges than in the adjacent skin. Innovation: Bacterial aggregates can establish in all wound types and may have clinical significance in acute wounds. Conclusion: Bacterial aggregates were observed at the edges of acute epidermal wounds, indicating initiated establishment of a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Bay
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper N. Kragh
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen R. Eickhardt
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen S. Poulsen
- Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Khaled Ghathian
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Calum
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Magnus S. Ågren
- Copenhagen Wound Healing Center and Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Hall JB, Cong Z, Imamura-Kawasawa Y, Kidd BA, Dudley JT, Thiboutot DM, Nelson AM. Isolation and Identification of the Follicular Microbiome: Implications for Acne Research. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2033-2040. [PMID: 29548797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the microbiome and the role of Propionibacterium acnes in skin homeostasis and acne pathogenesis is evolving. Multiple methods for sampling and identifying the skin's microbiome exist, and understanding the differences between the abilities of various methods to characterize the microbial landscape is warranted. This study compared the microbial diversity of samples obtained from the cheeks of 20 volunteers, collected by surface swab, pore strips, and cyanoacrylate glue follicular biopsy, all sequenced with 16S rRNA sequencing (V1-V3) and whole-genome metagenomic sequencing. The sequencing method of choice influenced the detection of microbial profiles as whole-genome sequencing captured more species diversity, including viruses, compared with 16S sequencing. The relative abundance of bacterial or fungal species and overall diversity did not differ between sampling methods. However, the viral composition of the skin's surface is unique compared with the follicle, suggesting distinct viral niches within the skin. P. acnes bacteria, ribotypes, and bacteriophages were identified equally by all sampling methods indicating that the sampling method, whether for the skin's surface or follicle, does not impact P. acnes-related characterization and that all may be equally useful for acne-related research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hall
- Department of Genomics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhaoyuan Cong
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura-Kawasawa
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian A Kidd
- Department of Genomics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genomics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diane M Thiboutot
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Functioning as the exterior interface of the human body with the environment, skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent the invasion of foreign pathogens while providing a home to the commensal microbiota. The harsh physical landscape of skin, particularly the desiccated, nutrient-poor, acidic environment, also contributes to the adversity that pathogens face when colonizing human skin. Despite this, the skin is colonized by a diverse microbiota. In this Review, we describe amplicon and shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing studies that have been used to assess the taxonomic diversity of microorganisms that are associated with skin from the kingdom to the strain level. We discuss recent insights into skin microbial communities, including their composition in health and disease, the dynamics between species and interactions with the immune system, with a focus on Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Byrd
- Microbial Genomics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Jahns AC, Eilers H, Alexeyev OA. Transcriptomic analysis of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in vitro. Anaerobe 2016; 42:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brandwein M, Steinberg D, Meshner S. Microbial biofilms and the human skin microbiome. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2016; 2:3. [PMID: 28649397 PMCID: PMC5460139 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-016-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin microbiome plays an important role in both health and disease. Microbial biofilms are a well-characterized mode of surface-associated growth, which present community-like behaviors. Additionally, biofilms are a critical element in certain skin diseases. We review how the perception of the resident skin microbiota has evolved from the early linkages of certain microbes to disease states, to a more comprehensive and intricate understanding brought on by biofilm and microbiome revelations. Rapidly expanding arsenals of experimental methods are opening new horizons in the study of human-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. Microbial community profiling has largely remained a separate discipline from that of biofilm research, yet the introduction of metatranscriptomics, metabolomics, and the ability to distinguish between dormant and active members of a community have all paved the road toward a convergent cognizance of the encounter between these two microbial disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brandwein
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, The Dead Sea Microbiology lab, Ein Gedi, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiri Meshner
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, The Dead Sea Microbiology lab, Ein Gedi, Israel
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Omer H, McDowell A, Alexeyev OA. Understanding the role of Propionibacterium acnes in acne vulgaris: The critical importance of skin sampling methodologies. Clin Dermatol 2016; 35:118-129. [PMID: 28274348 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition classified by the Global Burden of Disease Study as the eighth most prevalent disease worldwide. The pathophysiology of the condition has been extensively studied, with an increase in sebum production, abnormal keratinization of the pilosebaceous follicle, and an inflammatory immune response all implicated in its etiology. One of the most disputed points, however, is the role of the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in the development of acne, particularly when this organism is also found in normal sebaceous follicles of healthy skin. Against this background, we now describe the different sampling strategies that have been adopted for qualitative and quantitative study of P acnes within intact hair follicles of the skin and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of such methodologies for investigating the role of P acnes in the development of acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Omer
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew McDowell
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK
| | - Oleg A Alexeyev
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Yadav E, Kumar S, Mahant S, Khatkar S, Rao R. Tea tree oil: a promising essential oil. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1232665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alexeyev OA. Is it time to switch on or off the green light for ultraviolet-induced red fluorescence as a surrogate marker for Propionibacterium acnes in vivo? Exp Dermatol 2016; 26:26-27. [PMID: 27307204 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jahns AC, Alexeyev OA. Three dimensional distribution of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2016; 23:687-9. [PMID: 24980271 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes is regarded as a common member of the human skin microbiota, often occurring in biofilms. Little is known about the size of bacterial biofilms in hair follicles as a few sections of biopsy tissue are routinely evaluated. Transversal sectioning provides a better opportunity for histological analyses of hair follicles which can be followed through the different morphological levels. Direct visualization of P. acnes biofilms in hundreds of consecutive sections allowed insight into the 3D distribution in human hair follicles as well as investigating the depth of biofilm distribution within hair follicles. Four distinct colonization patterns of P. acnes biofilms were revealed. Results have shown that an individual P. acnes biofilm can spread for 1900 μm in a terminal hair follicle. This information can be of help while designing potential antibiofilm treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika C Jahns
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Jahns AC, Alexeyev OA. Microbial colonization of normal skin: Direct visualization of 194 skin biopsies. Anaerobe 2016; 38:47-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Suh DH, Kwon HH. What's new in the physiopathology of acne? Br J Dermatol 2016; 172 Suppl 1:13-9. [PMID: 25645151 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There are four central factors that contribute to acne physiopathology: the inflammatory response, colonization with Propionibacterium acnes, increased sebum production and hypercornification of the pilosebaceous duct. In addition, research in the areas of diet and nutrition, genetics and oxidative stress is also yielding some interesting insights into the development of acne. In this paper we review some of the most recent research and novel concepts revealed in this work, which has been published by researchers from diverse academic disciplines including dermatology, immunology, microbiology and endocrinology. We discuss the implications of their findings (particularly in terms of opportunities to develop new therapies), highlight interrelationships between these novel factors that could contribute to the pathology of acne, and indicate where gaps in our understanding still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Suh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.,Acne and Rosacea Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H H Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.,Acne and Rosacea Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Sardana K, Gupta T, Kumar B, Gautam HK, Garg VK. Cross-sectional Pilot Study of Antibiotic Resistance in Propionibacterium Acnes Strains in Indian Acne Patients Using 16S-RNA Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Comparison Among Treatment Modalities Including Antibiotics, Benzoyl Peroxide, and Isotretinoin. Indian J Dermatol 2016; 61:45-52. [PMID: 26955094 PMCID: PMC4763694 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.174025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem in acne patients due to regional prescription practices, patient compliance, and genomic variability in Propionibacterium acnes, though the effect of treatment on the resistance has not been comprehensively analyzed. AIMS Our primary objective was to assess the level of antibiotic resistance in the Indian patients and to assess whether there was a difference in the resistance across common treatment groups. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional, institutional based study was undertaken and three groups of patients were analyzed, treatment naïve, those on antibiotics and patients on benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and/isotretinoin. The follicular content was sampled and the culture was verified with 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction, genomic sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assessment was done for erythromycin (ERY), azithromycin (AZI), clindamycin (CL), tetracycline (TET), doxycycline (DOX), minocycline (MINO), and levofloxacin (LEVO). The four groups of patients were compared for any difference in the resistant strains. RESULTS Of the 52 P. acnes strains isolated (80 patients), high resistance was observed to AZI (100%), ERY (98%), CL (90.4%), DOX (44.2%), and TETs (30.8%). Low resistance was observed to MINO (1.9%) and LEVO (9.6%). Statistical difference was seen in the resistance between CL and TETs; DOX/LEVO and DOX/MINO (P < 0.001). High MIC90 (≥256 μg/ml) was seen with CL, macrolides, and TETs; moreover, low MIC90 was observed to DOX (16 μg/ml), MINO (8 μg/ml), and LEVO (4 μg/ml). Though the treatment group with isotretinoin/BPO had the least number of resistant strains there was no statistical difference in the antibiotic resistance among the various groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS High resistance was seen among the P. acnes strains to macrolides-lincosamides (AZI and CL) while MINO and LEVO resistance was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi - 110 025, India
| | - Tanvi Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi - 110 025, India
| | - Bipul Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sukhdev Vihar, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110 025, India
| | - Hemant K Gautam
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sukhdev Vihar, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110 025, India
| | - Vijay K Garg
- Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi - 110 025, India
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[Bacterial resistance in acne? A meta-analysis of the controversy]. CIR CIR 2016; 84:190-5. [PMID: 26738649 DOI: 10.1016/j.circir.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is one of the dermatological pathologies with the highest incidence around the world. It is a multifactorial disease and its treatment can be complex. Propionibacterium acnes play a key role in the inflammation of this dermatosis. Topical antibiotics, including mainly erythromycin and clindamycin, have been used, but there is controversy over their use due to the widely documented bacterial resistance. For this reason a meta-analysis of the publications over the past 10 years is presented in order to confirm this hypothesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A search was made of the publications over the past 10 years that included the results of antibiogams of patients with acne. MeSH type searches were performed with the terms "acne vulgaris", "Propionibacterium acnes", "topical administration", "treatment", "erythromycin", "clindamycin", "nadifloxacin", "antibacterial agent", "bacterial drug resistance" in PubMed, Ovid, EBSCO, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and ClinicalKey meta-searches. RESULTS A total of 13 articles were found that met the inclusion criteria. The mean odds ratio (OR 1.24, 95% CI) of the articles showed a slight tendency toward resistance of Propionibacterium acnes. CONCLUSIONS An increase in bacterial resistance to topical erythromycin and clindamycin can be confirmed, thus the use of these antibiotics is recommended in selective cases for short periods, and in combination with benzoyl peroxide for the best clinical outcome in patients with acne vulgaris.
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Muszer M, Noszczyńska M, Kasperkiewicz K, Skurnik M. Human Microbiome: When a Friend Becomes an Enemy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:287-98. [PMID: 25682593 PMCID: PMC4499106 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The microorganisms that inhabit humans are very diverse on different body sites and tracts. Each specific niche contains a unique composition of the microorganisms that are important for a balanced human physiology. Microbial cells outnumber human cells by tenfold and they function as an invisible organ that is called the microbiome. Excessive use of antibiotics and unhealthy diets pose a serious danger to the composition of the microbiome. An imbalance in the microbial community may cause pathological conditions of the digestive system such as obesity, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease; of the skin such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and acne and of the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis. An unbalanced microbiome has also been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and multiple sclerosis. While the microbiome has a strong impact on the development of the host immune system, it is suspected that it can also be the cause of certain autoimmune diseases, including diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the enormous progress in the field, the interactions between the human body and its microbiome still remain largely unknown. A better characterization of the interactions may allow for a deeper understanding of human disease states and help to elucidate a possible association between the composition of the microbiome and certain pathologies. This review focuses on general findings that are related to the area and provides no detailed information about the case of study. The aim is to give some initial insight on the studies of the microbiome and its connection with human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Muszer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
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Sardana K, Gupta T, Garg VK, Ghunawat S. Antibiotic resistance toPropionobacterium acnes: worldwide scenario, diagnosis and management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:883-96. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Multiplex touchdown PCR for rapid typing of the opportunistic pathogen Propionibacterium acnes. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1149-55. [PMID: 25631794 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02460-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Propionibacterium acnes is composed of a number of distinct phylogroups, designated types IA1, IA2, IB, IC, II, and III, which vary in their production of putative virulence factors, their inflammatory potential, and their biochemical, aggregative, and morphological characteristics. Although multilocus sequence typing (MLST) currently represents the gold standard for unambiguous phylogroup classification and individual strain identification, it is a labor-intensive and time-consuming technique. As a consequence, we developed a multiplex touchdown PCR assay that in a single reaction can confirm the species identity and phylogeny of an isolate based on its pattern of reaction with six primer sets that target the 16S rRNA gene (all isolates), ATPase (types IA1, IA2, and IC), sodA (types IA2 and IB), atpD (type II), and recA (type III) housekeeping genes, as well as a Fic family toxin gene (type IC). When applied to 312 P. acnes isolates previously characterized by MLST and representing types IA1 (n=145), IA2 (n=20), IB (n=65), IC (n=7), II (n=45), and III (n=30), the multiplex displayed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting isolates within each targeted phylogroup. No cross-reactivity with isolates from other bacterial species was observed. This multiplex assay will provide researchers with a rapid, high-throughput, and technically undemanding typing method for epidemiological and phylogenetic investigations. It will facilitate studies investigating the association of lineages with various infections and clinical conditions, and it will serve as a prescreening tool to maximize the number of genetically diverse isolates selected for downstream higher-resolution sequence-based analyses.
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Jahns AC, Eilers H, Ganceviciene R, Alexeyev OA. Propionibacterium species and follicular keratinocyte activation in acneic and normal skin. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:981-7. [PMID: 25279837 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial with increased sebum production, alteration in the quality of sebum lipids, dysregulation of the hormone microenvironment, follicular hyperkeratinization and Propionibacterium acnes-driven inflammation as major contributory factors. Hyperproliferation of keratinocytes is believed to contribute to hypercornification and eventually leads to comedone development. While the distribution of P. acnes is relatively well documented in acneic and healthy skin, little is known about P. granulosum and P. avidum. OBJECTIVES To visualize directly the three major Propionibacterium in 117 control and 26 acneic skin samples. In addition, keratinocyte proliferation was evaluated. METHODS Propionibacteria were visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy, and keratinocyte proliferation was assessed by Ki67, keratin (K) 16 and p63 immunochemistry. RESULTS P. acnes was identified in 68 samples (48%), while P. granulosum was identified in 12 (8%) samples; P. avidum was not detected at all. Unexpectedly, acne samples did not show higher keratinocyte proliferation than controls, nor was there any association between bacterial colonization and expression of Ki67/K16/p63. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support earlier notions of follicular keratinocyte hyperproliferation as a cause of ductal hypercornification in acneic facial skin. Further studies on the mechanisms underlying hypercornification in acne pathogenesis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Jahns
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, S-90185, Umeå, Sweden
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Sardana K, Garg VK. Antibiotic resistance in acne: is it time to look beyond antibiotics and Propionobacterium acnes? Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:917-9. [PMID: 24738843 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Jahns AC, Lundskog B, Nosek D, Killasli H, Emtestam L, Alexeyev OA. Microbiology of folliculitis decalvans: a histological study of 37 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:1025-6. [PMID: 24629101 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Jahns
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Jahns AC, Killasli H, Nosek D, Lundskog B, Lenngren A, Muratova Z, Emtestam L, Alexeyev OA. Microbiology of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa): a histological study of 27 patients. APMIS 2014; 122:804-9. [PMID: 24475943 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inverse) (HS) is a chronic skin disease primarily affecting hair follicles. The aetiology of HS is unknown, but infection is believed to play some role. This retrospective study investigated the microbial colonization directly in skin appendices in HS skin samples. Archival samples from 27 patients with HS were screened by immunofluorescence labelling with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against Gram-positive bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for further species identification of Staphylococcus spp. Overall, 17 patients (63%) were found positive for bacterial colonization. Of these, 15 showed colonization in hair follicles and/or sinus tracts. The most commonly identified bacteria were DAPI labelled coccoids that were seen in 71% of the positive patients in the form of biofilms and microcolonies. P. acnes was found as biofilms in hair follicles of two patients. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were not detected in any sample. The results of this study indicate a common bacterial presence in HS skin lesions. Bacterial biofilms are not uncommon and their pathogenic role needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika C Jahns
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Brackman G, Forier K, Al Quntar AAA, De Canck E, Enk CD, Srebnik M, Braeckmans K, Coenye T. Thiazolidinedione derivatives as novel agents against Propionibacterium acnes biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:492-501. [PMID: 24251377 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of two thiazolidinedione derivatives on Propionibacterium acnes biofilm formation in vitro and to assess their effect on the susceptibility of P. acnes biofilms towards antimicrobials. METHODS AND RESULTS The compounds were shown to have a moderate to strong antibiofilm activity when used in subinhibitory concentrations. These compounds do not affect P. acnes attachment but lead to increased dispersal of biofilm cells. This dispersal results in an increased killing of the P. acnes biofilm cells by conventional antimicrobials. CONCLUSION The antibiofilm effect and the effect on biofilm susceptibility of the thiazolidinedione-derived quorum sensing inhibitors were clearly demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Propionibacterium acnes infections are difficult to treat due to the presence of biofilms at the infection site and the associated resistance towards conventional antimicrobials. Our results indicate that these thiazolidinedione derivatives can be promising leads used for the treatment of P. acnes infections and as anti-acne drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brackman
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jahns AC, Oprica C, Vassilaki I, Golovleva I, Palmer RH, Alexeyev OA. Simultaneous visualization of Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum with immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Anaerobe 2013; 23:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Shooting at Skin Propionibacterium acnes: To Be or Not to Be on Target. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2292-4. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Jasson F, Nagy I, Knol AC, Zuliani T, Khammari A, Dréno B. Different strains ofPropionibacterium acnesmodulate differently the cutaneous innate immunity. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:587-92. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry; Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged; Hungary
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Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B. Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:271-8. [PMID: 23905540 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acne and the role of Propionibacterium acnes. With this review, the authors aim to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of P. acnes in the development of acne lesions and analysing the potential implications for future treatments. A total of 188 articles published between January 1980 and March 2013 were searched using key words such as acne, P. acnes, microbiology, Corynebacterium acnes, acne vulgaris, pathogenesis, antibiotic, vaccination and a combination of those key words. From those articles, 77 were analysed in depth. Recent data confirm that P. acnes has a strong proinflammatory activity and targets molecules involved in the innate cutaneous immunity, keratinocytes and sebaceous glands of the pilosebaceous follicle and leads to the development of comedones. Furthermore, the profile of its different strains may differ between healthy subjects and acne patients. The better understanding of the role of P. acnes may allow for new perspectives in the treatment of acne. Novel therapies should target molecules implicated in the activation of innate immunity, including toll-like receptors, protease-activated receptors and topical antimicrobial peptides; the latter may be an alternative to topical antibiotics and thus a solution for limiting bacterial resistance induced by topical macrolides. Vaccines may also be promising. However, the most appropriate candidate remains to be selected.
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Alexeyev OA. Bacterial landscape of human skin: seeing the forest for the trees. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:443-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Alexeyev
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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Jahns AC, Lundskog B, Berg J, Jonsson R, McDowell A, Patrick S, Golovleva I, Palmer RH, Alexeyev OA. Microbiology of folliculitis: a histological study of 39 cases. APMIS 2013; 122:25-32. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika C. Jahns
- Medical Biosciences/Pathology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Berg
- Medical Biosciences/Pathology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Andrew McDowell
- Centre for Infection & Immunity; Queen's University; Belfast UK
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Centre for Infection & Immunity; Queen's University; Belfast UK
| | - Irina Golovleva
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics; Umeå University; Umeå
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41
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Spatial distribution of bacterial–fungal communities in facial skin. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:71-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.11.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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