Ezakiella peruensis gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from human fecal sample from a coastal traditional community in Peru

A metagenomics approach to characterize the footrot microbiome in Merino sheep

In the Portuguese Alentejo region, Merino sheep breed is the most common breed, reared for the production of meat, dairy, and wool. Footrot is responsible for lameness, decreased animal welfare, and higher production losses, generating a negative economic impact. The disease is caused by Dichelobacter nodosus that interacts with the sheep foot microbiome, to date largely uncharacterized. In fact, Dichelobacter nodosus is not able to induce footrot by itself being required the presence of a second pathogen known as Fusobacterium necrophorum. To understand and characterize the footrot microbiome dynamics of different footrot lesion scores, a whole metagenome sequencing (WMGS) approach was used. Foot tissue samples were collected from 212 animals with different degrees of footrot lesion scores, ranging from 0 to 5. Distinct bacterial communities were associated with feet with different footrot scores identifying a total of 63 phyla and 504 families. As the severity of footrot infection increases the microorganisms' diversity decreases triggering a shift in the composition of the microbiome from a dominant gram-positive in mild stages to a dominant gram-negative in the severe stages. Several species previously associated with footrot and other polymicrobial diseases affecting the epidermis and provoking inflammatory responses such as Treponema spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Campylobacter spp. were identified proliferating along with the lesions' severity. Although these bacteria are not able to initiate footrot, several evidences have been described supporting their association with the severity and incidence increase of footrot lesions caused by Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Further investigation is required to establish the roles of particular taxa and identify which of them play a role in the disease process and which are opportunistic pathogens.

Clostridium muellerianum sp. nov., a carbon monoxide-oxidizing acetogen isolated from old hay

An acid/alcohol-producing, Gram-stain-positive, obligately anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming acetogen, designated as strain P21T, was isolated from old hay after enrichment with CO as the substrate. Spores not observed even after prolonged incubation (30 days). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain P21T showed it was closely related to Clostridium carboxidivorans DSM 15243T (97.9%), Clostridium scatologenes DSM 757T (97.7 %) and Clostridium drakei DSM 12750T (97.7 %). The genome is 5.6 Mb and the G+C content is 29.4 mol%. Average nucleotide identity between strain P21T, C. carboxidivorans , C. scatologenes and C. drakei was 87.1, 86.4, 86.4 %, respectively. Strain P21T grew on CO:CO2, H2:CO2, l-arabinose, ribose, xylose, fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, mannose, cellobiose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, pyruvate, choline, glutamate, histidine, serine, threonine and casamino acids. End products of metabolism were acetate, butyrate, caproate, ethanol and hexanol. Dominant cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0 (41.5 %), C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c (10.0 %), and a summed feature containing cyclo C17 : 1/C18 : 0 (17.3 %). Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses, strain P21T represents a new species in the genus Clostridium , for which the name Clostridium muellerianum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P21T (=DSM 111390T=NCIMB 15261T).

Parvimonas parva sp. nov., derived from a human genito-urinary lesion

A strain of obligately anaerobically growing Gram-positive cocci was isolated from a human genito-urinary sample and characterized by a polyphasic approach. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences of this strain S3374^T indicated that it belonged to the genus Parvimonas. Overall genome relatedness index calculations confirmed it to be phylogenetically distinct from Parvimonas micra (NCTC 11808^T) as its most closely related species with standing in nomenclature, with average nucleotide identity and genome-to-genome distance values of 85.8 and 30.2 %, respectively. Biochemically, strain S3374^T was strongly proteolytic and can be differentiated from P. micra (DSM 20468^T) by absence of phosphatase activity. The DNA G+C content of strain S3374^T was 28.6 mol%. Based on the phenotypical, biochemical and genetic findings, strain S3374^T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Parvimonas, for which the name Parvimonas parva sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S3374^T (=DSM 110786^T=CCOS 1934^T=CCUG 74294^T). This description adds strain S3374^T as a second species to the genus Parvimonas which has so far been monotypic. While the type strain of this genus, P. micra, has a long standing in nomenclature and its role in human health and disease has been studied to some extent, this description of the proposed novel species represented by strain S3374^T will allow microbiologists worldwide to identify isolates of P. parva sp. nov., a prerequisite for further investigation of its relevance in the clinical context and beyond.

Comparative Study of the Gut Microbiota Among Four Different Marine Mammals in an Aquarium

Despite an increasing appreciation in the importance of host–microbe interactions in ecological and evolutionary processes, information on the gut microbial communities of some marine mammals is still lacking. Moreover, whether diet, environment, or host phylogeny has the greatest impact on microbial community structure is still unknown. To fill part of this knowledge gap, we exploited a natural experiment provided by an aquarium with belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) affiliated with family Monodontidae, Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) affiliated with family Delphinidae, and Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) affiliated with family Otariidae. Results show significant differences in microbial community composition of whales, dolphins, and fur seals and indicate that host phylogeny (family level) plays the most important role in shaping the microbial communities, rather than food and environment. In general, the gut microbial communities of dolphins had significantly lower diversity compared to that of whales and fur seals. Overall, the gut microbial communities were mainly composed of Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria, together with some from Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Epsilonbacteraeota. However, specific bacterial lineages were differentially distributed among the marine mammal groups. For instance, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae were the dominant bacterial lineages in the gut of belugas, while for Cape fur seals, Moraxellaceae and Bacteroidaceae were the main bacterial lineages. Moreover, gut microbial communities in both Pacific white-sided dolphins and common bottlenose dolphins were dominated by a number of pathogenic bacteria, including Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio fluvialis, and Morganella morganii, reflecting the poor health condition of these animals. Although there is a growing recognition of the role microorganisms play in the gut of marine mammals, current knowledge about these microbial communities is still severely lacking. Large-scale research studies should be undertaken to reveal the roles played by the gut microbiota of different marine mammal species.

Lagierella massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from a Stool Sample

Strain Marseille-P2012^T was described to represent a new bacterial genus belonging to the phylum Firmicutes using the taxonogenomics concept. It was isolated from stool samples of a healthy 2-year-old Senegalese boy in a study of the human gut microbiota. This strain is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain Marseille-P2012 exhibited 90.5% similarity with Finegoldia magna strain ATCC 29,328, the phylogenetically closest species with standing in nomenclature. The genome of strain Marseille-P2012^T is 1,832,315 bp-long with 32.46 mol% of G + C content. With regard to its phenotypic, biochemical and genomic characteristics, this bacterium was classified as a new bacterial genus and species, Lagierella massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain Marseille-P2012^T (= CSUR P2012 = DSM100854) as type strain.

Fenollaria timonensis sp. nov., A New Bacterium Isolated from Healthy Human Fresh Stool

The strain Marseille-P2133 is the type strain of a new bacterial species of the order Clostridiales that was isolated from a stool sample from a healthy volunteer. It is a strictly anaerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus. MALDI-TOF MS did not provide any identification. Strain Marseille-P2133^T exhibits 97.4% similarity levels with the Fenollaria massiliensis strain 9401234^T (NR_133038), a phylogenetically related species with standing in nomenclature. On the basis of these data, we propose the creation of Fenollaria timonensis sp. nov.

Pseudoxanthomonas winnipegensis sp. nov., derived from human clinical materials and recovered from cystic fibrosis and other patient types in Canada, and emendation of Pseudoxanthomonas spadix Young et al. 2007

Twelve isolates recovered from 10 cystic fibrosis/other patient types and a variety of clinical sources, were referred to Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory over 7 years. These were assignable to the genus Pseudoxanthomonas but were unidentifiable to species level. Patients included five males and five females from two geographically separated provinces, ranging in age from 2 months to 84 years. In contrast, most Pseudoxanthomonas species described to date have been derived from water, plants or contaminated soils. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the patient strains had ≥99.4 % similarity to each other but only 97.73-98.29 % to their closest relatives, Pseudoxanthomonas spadix or Pseudoxanthomonas helianthi. Bacteria were studied by whole genome sequencing using average nucleotide identity by Blastn, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average amino acid identity, core genome and single nucleotide variant analyses, MALDI-TOF, biochemical and cellular fatty acid analyses, and by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Bacterial structures were assessed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Strains were strict aerobes, yellowish-pigmented, oxidative, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative bacilli and generally unable to reduce nitrate. Strains were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested; some resistance was observed towards carbapenems, several cephems and uniformly to nitrofurantoin. The single taxon group observed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was supported by whole genome sequencing; genomes ranged in size from 4.36 to 4.73 Mb and had an average G+C content of 69.12 mol%. Based on this study we propose the name Pseudoxanthomonas winnipegensis sp. nov. for this cluster. Pseudoxanthomonas spadix DSM 18855^T, acquired for this study, was found to be non-motile phenotypically and by electron microscopy; we therefore propose the emendation of Pseudoxanthomonas spadix Young et al. 2007 to document that observation.

Early sexual dimorphism in the developing gut microbiome of northern elephant seals

The gut microbiome is an integral part of a species' ecology, but we know little about how host characteristics impact its development in wild populations. Here, we explored the role of such intrinsic factors in shaping the gut microbiome of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) during a critical developmental window of 6 weeks after weaning, when the pups stay ashore without feeding. We found substantial sex differences in the early-life gut microbiome, even though males and females could not yet be distinguished morphologically. Sex and age both explained around 15% of the variation in gut microbial beta diversity, while microbial communities sampled from the same individual showed high levels of similarity across time, explaining another 40% of the variation. Only a small proportion of the variation in beta diversity was explained by health status, assessed by full blood counts, but clinically healthy individuals had a greater microbial alpha diversity than their clinically abnormal peers. Across the post-weaning period, the northern elephant seal gut microbiome was highly dynamic. We found evidence for several colonization and extinction events as well as a decline in Bacteroides and an increase in Prevotella, a pattern that has previously been associated with the transition from nursing to solid food. Lastly, we show that genetic relatedness was correlated with gut microbiome similarity in males but not females, again reflecting early sex differences. Our study represents a naturally diet-controlled and longitudinal investigation of how intrinsic factors shape the early gut microbiome in a species with extreme sex differences in morphology and life history.

Analysis of 1,000 Type-Strain Genomes Improves Taxonomic Classification of Bacteroidetes

Although considerable progress has been made in recent years regarding the classification of bacteria assigned to the phylum Bacteroidetes, there remains a need to further clarify taxonomic relationships within a diverse assemblage that includes organisms of clinical, piscicultural, and ecological importance. Bacteroidetes classification has proved to be difficult, not least when taxonomic decisions rested heavily on interpretation of poorly resolved 16S rRNA gene trees and a limited number of phenotypic features. Here, draft genome sequences of a greatly enlarged collection of genomes of more than 1,000 Bacteroidetes and outgroup type strains were used to infer phylogenetic trees from genome-scale data using the principles drawn from phylogenetic systematics. The majority of taxa were found to be monophyletic but several orders, families and genera, including taxa proposed long ago such as Bacteroides, Cytophaga, and Flavobacterium but also quite recent taxa, as well as a few species were shown to be in need of revision. According proposals are made for the recognition of new orders, families and genera, as well as the transfer of a variety of species to other genera. In addition, emended descriptions are given for many species mainly involving information on DNA G+C content and (approximate) genome size, both of which can be considered valuable taxonomic markers. We detected many incongruities when comparing the results of the present study with existing classifications, which appear to be caused by insufficiently resolved 16S rRNA gene trees or incomplete taxon sampling. The few significant incongruities found between 16S rRNA gene and whole genome trees underline the pitfalls inherent in phylogenies based upon single gene sequences and the impediment in using ordinary bootstrapping in phylogenomic studies, particularly when combined with too narrow gene selections. While a significant degree of phylogenetic conservation was detected in all phenotypic characters investigated, the overall fit to the tree varied considerably, which is one of the probable causes of misclassifications in the past, much like the use of plesiomorphic character states as diagnostic features.

Changes of intestinal flora in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in northeast China

OBJECTIVE

The human gut harbors diverse microbes that play a fundamental role in the well-being of their hosts. Microbes can cause autoimmunity, trigger autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals or prevent autoimmunity. There were reports about intestinal flora changes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients, but no data were available in northeast China. In this study, we investigated the intestinal flora changes of SLE patients in Heilongjiang province located in northeast China.

METHODS

Feces from 16 SLE patients and 14 healthy volunteers were employed to extract bacterial DNA, amplify 16s RNA of bacteria, and analyze the biological information by sequencing. The statistical analysis used the SPSS version of 17.

RESULT

We found that there were 1 phylums, 4 families and 9 genera in the intestinal flora of SLE patients. And the nine differences genera can be used to distinguish SLE patients from normal people.

CONCLUSION

We found an increase of Proteobacteria and a decrease of Ruminococcaceae in SLE patients in different regions. In addition, we found that some proteins, enzymes, and diseases were significantly associated with SLE.

Citroniella saccharovorans gen. nov. sp. nov., a member of the family Peptoniphilaceae isolated from a human fecal sample from a coastal traditional community member

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped obligately anaerobic bacterium was recovered from a fecal sample obtained from an individual from a traditional community located on the southern coast of Peru. The results of analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated the novel bacterium to be phylogenetically distinct from other genera of members of the Peptoniphilaceae family, sharing a loose affinity with the genera Ezakiella, Finegoldia, Gallicola and Parvimonas. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel isolate were determined to be C16:0, C17:1ω8c, and C18:1ω9c. The DNA G+C content was 29.9 mol%. End products of metabolism from peptone yeast glucose broth (PYG) were determined to be acetate and methyl succinate. The diagnostic diamino acid present in the cell wall was lysine. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results the organism is a member of a novel genus belonging to the family Peptoniphilaceae for which the name Citroniella saccharovorans gen nov. sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is M6.X9^T (DSM 29873^T=CCUG 66799^T).

Description of three new Peptoniphilus species cultured in the vaginal fluid of a woman diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis: Peptoniphilus pacaensis sp. nov., Peptoniphilus raoultii sp. nov., and Peptoniphilus vaginalis sp. nov

Three previously unidentified Gram‐positive anaerobic coccoid bacteria, strains KhD‐2^T, KHD4^T, and Kh‐D5^T, isolated from a vaginal swab, were characterized using the taxonogenomics concept. The phylogenic analysis, phenotypic characteristics, and genotypic data presented in this report attest that these three bacteria are distinct from previously known bacterial species with standing in nomenclature and represent three new Peptoniphilus species. Strain KhD‐2^T is most closely related to Peptoniphilus sp. DNF00840 and Peptoniphilus harei (99.7% and 98.2% identity, respectively); strain KHD4^T to Peptoniphilus lacrimalis (96%) and strain Kh‐D5^T to Peptoniphilus coxii (97.2%). Strains KhD‐2^T, KHD4^T, and Kh‐D5^TDNA G+C contents are, respectively, 34.23%, 31.87%, and 49.38%; their major fatty acid was C_16:0 (41.6%, 32.0%, and 36.4%, respectively). We propose that strains KhD‐2^T (=CSUR P0125 = DSM 101742), KHD4^T (=CSUR P0110 = CECT 9308), and Kh‐D5^T (=CSUR P2271 = DSM 101839) be the type strains of the new species for which the names Peptoniphilus vaginalis sp. nov., Peptoniphilus raoultii sp. nov., and Peptoniphilu pacaensis sp. nov., are proposed, respectively.

Draft Genome Sequence of Ezakiella peruensis Strain M6.X2, a Human Gut Gram-Positive Anaerobic Coccus

We report here the draft genome sequence of Ezakiella peruensis strain M6.X2^T The draft genome is 1,672,788 bp long and harbors 1,589 predicted protein-encoding genes, including 26 antibiotic resistance genes with 1 gene encoding vancomycin resistance. The genome also exhibits 1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat region and 333 genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

Taxonomic hierarchy of the phylum Firmicutes and novel Firmicutes species originated from various environments in Korea

This study assessed the taxonomic hierarchy of the phylum Firmicutes as well as elucidated the isolation and classification states of novel Firmicutes species isolated from Korean territory. The hierarchical classification system of the phylum Firmicutes has been developed since 1872 when the genus Bacillus was first reported and has been generally adopted since 2001. However, this taxonomic hierarchy is still being modified. Until Feb. 2017, the phylum Firmicutes consisted of seven classes (Bacilli, Clostridia, Erysipelotrichia, Limnochordia, Negativicutes, Thermolithobacteria, and Tissierellia), 13 orders, 45 families, and 421 genera. Firmicutes species isolated from various environments in Korea have been reported from 2000, and 187 species have been approved as of Feb. 2017. All Firmicutes species were affiliated with three classes (Bacilli, Clostridia, and Erysipelotrichia), four orders (Bacillales, Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Erysipelotrichales), 17 families, and 54 genera. A total of 173 species belong to the class Bacilli, of which 151 species were affiliated with the order Bacillales and the remaining 22 species with the order Lactobacillales. Twelve species belonging to the class Clostridia were affiliated within only one order, Clostridiales. The most abundant family was Bacillaceae (67 species), followed by the family Paenibacillaceae (56 species). Thirteen novel genera were created using isolates from the Korean environment. A number of Firmicutes species were isolated from natural environments in Korean territory. In addition, a considerable number of species were isolated from artificial resources such as fermented foods. Most Firmicutes species, belonging to the families Bacillaceae, Planococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, isolated from Korean fermented foods and solar salterns were halophilic or halotolerant. Firmicutes species were isolated from the whole territory of Korea, especially large numbers from Provinces Gyeonggi, Chungnam, and Daejeon.

Characterization of a New Ezakiella Isolated from the Human Vagina: Genome Sequence and Description of Ezakiella massiliensis sp. nov

The study of the vaginal microbiota using the "culturomics concept" allowed us to isolate, from the vaginal swab of an asymptomatic 20-year-old woman who had sexual relations with another woman with bacterial vaginosis, an unknown Gram-positive anaerobic coccus-shaped bacterium that was designated strain Marseille-P2951^T and characterized using taxono-genomics. Strain Marseille-P2951^T is non-motile and non-spore forming and exhibits catalase and oxidase activities. Its 16S rRNA gene-based identification showed 98.5% identity with Ezakiella peruensis, the phylogenetically closest species. The major fatty acids are C18:1n9 (58%) and C16:0 (22%). With a 1,741,785 bp length, the G+C content of the genome is 36.69%. Of a total of 1657 genes, 1606 are protein-coding genes and 51 RNAs. Also, 1123 genes are assigned a putative function and 127 are ORFans. Phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genomics analyses revealed that strain Marseille-P2951^T (=CSUR P2951 =DSM 103122) is distinct and represents a new species of the genus Ezakiella, for which the name Ezakiella massiliensis sp. nov. is proposed.

"Ezakiella massiliensis" sp. nov., a new bacterial species isolated from human female genital tract

We report the primary characteristics of “Ezakiella massiliensis” strain Marseille P2951 (= DSM 103122 = CSUR P2951), a new member of the Ezakiella genus. Strain Marseille P2951 was isolated from a vaginal sample taken from an asymptomatic 20-year-old woman who had sex with another woman who had bacterial vaginosis.

LVTree Viewer: An Interactive Display for the All-Species Living Tree Incorporating Automatic Comparison with Prokaryotic Systematics

We describe an interactive viewer for the All-Species Living Tree (LVTree). The viewer incorporates treeing and lineage information from the ARB-SILVA website. It allows collapsing the tree branches at different taxonomic ranks and expanding the collapsed branches as well, keeping the overall topology of the tree unchanged. It also enables the user to observe the consequence of trial lineage modifications by re-collapsing the tree. The system reports taxon statistics at all ranks automatically after each collapsing and re-collapsing. These features greatly facilitate the comparison of the 16S rRNA sequence phylogeny with prokaryotic taxonomy in a taxon by taxon manner. In view of the fact that the present prokaryotic systematics is largely based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the current viewer may help reveal discrepancies between phylogeny and taxonomy. As an application, we show that in the latest release of LVTree, based on 11,939 rRNA sequences, as few as 24 lineage modifications are enough to bring all but two phyla (Proteobacteria and Firmicutes) to monophyletic clusters.

Peptoniphilus catoniae sp. nov., isolated from a human faecal sample from a traditional Peruvian coastal community

A novel Gram-stain-positive, coccus-shaped, obligately anaerobic bacterium was isolated from a faecal sample obtained from an individual in a traditional community located off the southern coast of Peru. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the novel bacterium belonged to the genus Peptoniphilus but showed no particular relationship with any species, demonstrating less than 91 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with all members of the genus. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel isolate were determined to be C10 : 0, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C18 : 2ω6,9c/anteiso-C18 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 34.4 mol%. End-products of metabolism from peptone-yeast-glucose broth (PYG) were determined to be acetate and butyrate. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results, the organism represents a novel species of the genus Peptoniphilus, for which the name Peptoniphilus catoniae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M6.X2DT ( = DSM 29874T = CCUG 66798T).

Clostridium amazonense sp. nov. an obliqately anaerobic bacterium isolated from a remote Amazonian community in Peru

A strictly anaerobic Gram-stain positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium designated NE08V(T), was isolated from a fecal sample of an individual residing in a remote Amazonian community in Peru. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the organism belonged to the genus Clostridium and is most closely related to Clostridium vulturis (97.4% sequence similarity) and was further characterized using biochemical and chemotaxonomic methods. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso C13:0 and C16:0 with a genomic DNA G + C content of 31.6 mol%. Fermentation products during growth with PYG were acetate and butyrate. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic information, strain NE08V was identified as representing a novel species of the genus Clostridium, for which the name Clostridium amazonense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NE08V(T) (DSM 23598(T) = CCUG 59712(T)).

List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following effectively published new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send three copies of the pertinent reprint or photocopies thereof, or an electronic copy of the published paper to the IJSEM Editorial Office for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries. It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in the nomenclature of prokaryotes. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.