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McCrossan P, Shields MD, McElnay JC. Medication Adherence in Children with Asthma. Patient Prefer Adherence 2024; 18:555-564. [PMID: 38476591 PMCID: PMC10929205 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s445534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. If untreated, asthma can lead to debilitating daily symptoms which affect quality of life, but more importantly can lead to fatal asthma attacks which unfortunately still occur globally. The most effective treatment strategy for controlling asthma is for the patient to follow a personalised asthma action plan (PAAP) which will invariably include regular use of an inhaled corticosteroid. To examine medication adherence in children with asthma, we collated recent evidence from systematic reviews in this area to address the following 5 key questions; What is adherence? Is there evidence that children are not adhering to preventer medication? Why is adherence poor and what are the barriers to adherence? Does good adherence improve outcomes in asthma? And lastly, how can treatment adherence be improved?
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy McCrossan
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Michael D Shields
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - James C McElnay
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Fitzpatrick AM, Grunwell JR, Cottrill KA, Mutic AD, Mauger DT. Blood Eosinophils for Prediction of Exacerbation in Preschool Children With Recurrent Wheezing. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:1485-1493.e8. [PMID: 36738927 PMCID: PMC10164693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although clinical features of type 2 inflammation have been associated with poorer longitudinal outcomes in preschool children with recurrent wheezing, it remains difficult to predict which children are at highest risk for poor outcomes during a routine clinical encounter. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that prespecified cut points of blood eosinophil counts would predict exacerbation and treatment response outcomes in preschool children with recurrent wheezing and that prediction could be improved with the addition of a second biomarker. METHODS Data from 3 clinical trials of 1,074 preschool children aged 12 to 71 months with recurrent wheezing were merged. The primary outcome was the occurrence of any exacerbation during follow-up. Secondary outcomes included the annualized rate of wheezing exacerbations and the occurrence of any exacerbation requiring hospitalization. Exploratory analyses focused on exacerbation outcomes, offline exhaled nitric oxide concentrations, and caregiver-reported asthma control scores after inhaled corticosteroid treatment initiation. RESULTS Each blood eosinophil cut point was associated with increased odds of exacerbation, higher exacerbation rates, and greater hospitalization occurrence in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. However, outcome detection was improved in children with more elevated blood eosinophil counts. Addition of a second biomarker of type 2 inflammation improved outcome detection and was further associated with an improved response to initiation of daily inhaled corticosteroids in exploratory analyses. However, the specificity of blood eosinophils was poor. CONCLUSIONS Although validation studies are warranted, blood eosinophil cut points may be useful for clinical assessment and future studies of exacerbation and treatment response in preschool children with recurrent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga.
| | - Jocelyn R Grunwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga
| | | | - Abby D Mutic
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | - David T Mauger
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pa
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Raju M, Sagar M, Bush A, Quaye E, Ghamande S, Malhotra S, Arroliga ME. The role of supervised school therapy in poorly controlled asthma in children. Proc AMIA Symp 2023; 36:448-452. [PMID: 37334099 PMCID: PMC10269411 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2023.2204522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In children, nonadherence to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy leads to poor asthma control and complications. Methods We evaluated the benefit from initiation of ICS administration once daily at school. We retrospectively chose patients from our pediatric pulmonary clinic who had poorly controlled asthma and prescribed ICS daily. For the study period, we examined the number of corticosteroid courses, emergency room visits, hospital admissions, symptom history, and pulmonary function tests. Results Thirty-four patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria began the intervention. Preintervention, there were a mean number of 2.6 oral corticosteroid courses compared to 2 courses in the year following intervention (P = 0.8). Postintervention emergency department visits decreased from a mean of 1.4 to 1.0 (P = 0.71), and hospital admissions decreased from 1.23 to 0.57 (P = 0.04). There was also a significant increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (1.69 vs 1.4 L/sec, P = 0.02), a decrease in systemic steroid-free days in a year (96 vs 141 days, P = 0.03), and an increase in symptom-free days postintervention (28 vs 26 days, P = 0.325). Conclusion These findings suggest that ICS administration in schools may help reduce hospital admissions and improve lung function in patients with poorly controlled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muppala Raju
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Research Institute, Temple, Texas
| | - Malvika Sagar
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott and White McLane Children’s Medical Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Andrew Bush
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eugene Quaye
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple, Temple, Texas
| | - Shekhar Ghamande
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple, Temple, Texas
| | - Sonal Malhotra
- Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Services, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mercedes E. Arroliga
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Center for Diagnostic Medicine, Temple, Texas
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Drouin O, Perez T, Barnett TA, Ducharme FM, Fleegler E, Garg A, Lavoie K, Li P, Métras MÉ, Sultan S, Tse SM, Zhao J. Impact of Unmet Social Needs, Scarcity, and Future Discounting on Adherence to Treatment in Children With Asthma: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e37318. [PMID: 36881458 PMCID: PMC10131837 DOI: 10.2196/37318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of childhood and disproportionately affects children with lower socioeconomic status. Controller medications such as inhaled corticosteroids significantly reduce asthma exacerbations and improve symptoms. However, a large proportion of children still have poor asthma control, in part owing to suboptimal adherence. Financial barriers contribute to hindering adherence, as do behavioral factors related to low income. For example, unmet social needs for food, lodging, and childcare may create stress and worry in parents, negatively influencing medication adherence. These needs are also cognitively taxing and force families to focus on immediate needs, leading to scarcity and heightening future discounting; thus, there is the tendency to attribute greater value to the present than to the future in making decisions. OBJECTIVE In this project, we will investigate the relationship between unmet social needs, scarcity, and future discounting as well as their predictive power over time on medication adherence in children with asthma. METHODS This 12-month prospective observational cohort study will recruit 200 families of children aged 2 to 17 years at the Asthma Clinic of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, a tertiary care pediatric hospital in Montreal, Canada. The primary outcome will be adherence to controller medication, measured using the proportion of prescribed days covered during follow-up. Exploratory outcomes will include health care use. The main independent variables will be unmet social needs, scarcity, and future discounting, measured using validated instruments. These variables will be measured at recruitment as well as at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Covariates will include sociodemographics, disease and treatment characteristics, and parental stress. Primary analysis will compare adherence to controller medication, measured using the proportion of prescribed days covered, between families with versus those without unmet social needs during the study period using multivariate linear regression. RESULTS The research activities of this study began in December 2021. Participant enrollment and data collection began in August 2022 and are expected to continue until September 2024. CONCLUSIONS This project will allow the documentation of the impact of unmet social needs, scarcity, and future discounting on adherence in children with asthma using robust metrics of adherence and validated measures of scarcity and future discounting. If the relationship between unmet social needs, behavioral factors, and adherence is supported by our findings, this will suggest the potential for novel targets for integrated social care interventions to improve adherence to controller medication and reduce risk across the life course for vulnerable children with asthma. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05278000; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05278000. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/37318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Drouin
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tamara Perez
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tracie A Barnett
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francine M Ducharme
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Clinical Research and Knowledge Transfer Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Fleegler
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arvin Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kim Lavoie
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Quebec à Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Li
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of General Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Élaine Métras
- Pharmacy Department and Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Sultan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sze Man Tse
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bach LM, Rubak S, Holm-Weber A, Prahl J, Hermansen M, Hansen KS, Chawes B. Risk Factors for Non-Adherence to Inhaled Corticosteroids in Preschool Children with Asthma. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010043. [PMID: 36670594 PMCID: PMC9856475 DOI: 10.3390/children10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-adherence to asthma controllers increases morbidity among school-aged children. This study aimed to determine non-adherence risk factors in preschool children with asthma. We investigated 172 children <6 years diagnosed with asthma in 2018 and analyzed baseline characteristics and loss of control events extracted from the medical records for four years following diagnosis. At end of follow-up, 79 children had a prescription of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and were included in the analyses. Adherence was assessed in a two-year period through pharmacy claims using percentage of days covered (PDC) analyzed dichotomously with non-adherence defined as PDC < 80% and using adherence ratio (AR) defined as days with medical supply divided by days without. Of the 79 children, 59 (74.7%) were classified as non-adherent. In analyses adjusted for sex, age and exacerbations prior to inclusion, adherence was positively associated with having had a loss of control event requiring a step-up in asthma controller (aAR:2.34 [1.10;4.98], p = 0.03), oral corticosteroids (aAR:2.45 [1.13;5.34], p = 0.026) or redeeming a short-acting b2-agonist prescription (aAR:2.91 [1.26;6.74], p = 0.015). Further, atopic comorbidity was associated with increased adherence (aAR:1.18 [1.01;1.37], p = 0.039), whereas having a first degree relative with asthma was associated with worse adherence (aAR:0.44 [0.23;0.84], p = 0.015). This study found poor adherence to ICS among three quarters of preschool children with asthma. Increasing adherence was associated with atopic comorbidity and loss of control events, whereas lower adherence was associated with atopic predisposition. These findings should be considered to improve adherence in preschool children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mandrup Bach
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Danish Center of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital of Aarhus, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sune Rubak
- Danish Center of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital of Aarhus, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adam Holm-Weber
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julie Prahl
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mette Hermansen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Skamstrup Hansen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Allergy Clinic, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3868-1152
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