1
|
Monari PK, Hammond ER, Zhao X, Maksimoski AN, Petric R, Malone CL, Riters LV, Marler CA. Conditioned preferences: Gated by experience, context, and endocrine systems. Horm Behav 2024; 161:105529. [PMID: 38492501 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Central to the navigation of an ever-changing environment is the ability to form positive associations with places and conspecifics. The functions of location and social conditioned preferences are often studied independently, limiting our understanding of their interplay. Furthermore, a de-emphasis on natural functions of conditioned preferences has led to neurobiological interpretations separated from ecological context. By adopting a naturalistic and ethological perspective, we uncover complexities underlying the expression of conditioned preferences. Development of conditioned preferences is a combination of motivation, reward, associative learning, and context, including for social and spatial environments. Both social- and location-dependent reward-responsive behaviors and their conditioning rely on internal state-gating mechanisms that include neuroendocrine and hormone systems such as opioids, dopamine, testosterone, estradiol, and oxytocin. Such reinforced behavior emerges from mechanisms integrating past experience and current social and environmental conditions. Moreover, social context, environmental stimuli, and internal state gate and modulate motivation and learning via associative reward, shaping the conditioning process. We highlight research incorporating these concepts, focusing on the integration of social neuroendocrine mechanisms and behavioral conditioning. We explore three paradigms: 1) conditioned place preference, 2) conditioned social preference, and 3) social conditioned place preference. We highlight nonclassical species to emphasize the naturalistic applications of these conditioned preferences. To fully appreciate the complex integration of spatial and social information, future research must identify neural networks where endocrine systems exert influence on such behaviors. Such research promises to provide valuable insights into conditioned preferences within a broader naturalistic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Monari
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Emma R Hammond
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alyse N Maksimoski
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Integrative Biology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Radmila Petric
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, WI, USA; Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Candice L Malone
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren V Riters
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Integrative Biology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Catherine A Marler
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Integrative Biology, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Campos SM, Erley A, Ashraf Z, Wilczynski W. Signaler's Vasotocin Alters the Relationship between the Responder's Forebrain Catecholamines and Communication Behavior in Lizards (Anolis carolinensis). BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2022; 97:184-196. [PMID: 35320812 DOI: 10.1159/000524217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic fluctuations in the distribution of catecholamines across the brain modulate the responsiveness of vertebrates to social stimuli. Previous work demonstrates that green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) increase chemosensory behavior in response to males treated with exogenous arginine vasotocin (AVT), but the neurochemical mechanisms underlying this behavioral shift remains unclear. Since central catecholamine systems, including dopamine, rapidly activate in response to social stimuli, we tested whether exogenous AVT in signalers (stimulus animals) impacts catecholamine concentrations in the forebrain (where olfactory and visual information are integrated and processed) of untreated lizard responders. We also tested whether AVT influences the relationship between forebrain catecholamine concentrations and communication behavior in untreated receivers. We measured global catecholamine (dopamine = DA, epinephrine = Epi, and norepinephrine = NE) concentrations in the forebrain of untreated responders using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following either a 30-min social interaction with a stimulus male or a period of social isolation. Stimulus males were injected with exogenous AVT or vehicle saline (SAL). We found that global DA, but not Epi or NE, concentrations were elevated in lizards responding to SAL-males relative to isolated lizards. Lizards interacting with AVT-males had DA, Epi and NE concentrations that were not significantly different from SAL or isolated groups. For behavior, we found a significant effect of social treatment (AVT vs. SAL) on the relationships between (1) DA concentrations and the motivation to perform a chemical display (latency to tongue flick) and (2) Epi concentrations and time spent displaying mostly green body coloration. We also found a significant negative correlation between DA concentrations and the latency to perform a visual display but found no effect of social treatment on this relationship. These data suggest that catecholamine concentrations in the forebrain of untreated responders are associated with chemical and visual communication in lizards and that signaler AVT alters this relationship for some, but not all, aspects of social communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Campos
- Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Zoha Ashraf
- Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Walter Wilczynski
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oldham L, Arnott G, Camerlink I, Doeschl-Wilson A, Farish M, Wemelsfelder F, Turner SP. Once bitten, twice shy: Aggressive and defeated pigs begin agonistic encounters with more negative emotions. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021; 244:105488. [PMID: 34819712 PMCID: PMC8593554 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aggression between unfamiliar commercial pigs is common and likely invokes strong emotions in contestants. Furthermore, contest outcomes affect subsequent aggressive behaviour, suggesting a potential lasting influence on affective state. Here we used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the emotional expression of pigs in agonistic encounters. We investigated how recent victory or defeat influences emotions expressed in a subsequent contest, and the role of aggressiveness as a personality trait in emotional expression. We observed the pre-escalation contest behaviour (second contest; age 13 wks) in animals of different aggressiveness (categorised using two resident intruder tests as Agg+ or Agg-, age 9 wks), which had recently won or lost a contest (first contest; 10 wks). We measured gaze direction and ear position. Observers watched video clips of the initial 30 s of the second contest and evaluated the emotional expression of 57 pigs (25 contest 1 winners, 32 contest 1 losers) using qualitative behavioural assessment (QBA) with a fixed list of 20 descriptive terms. QBA identified three principal components (PCs), accounting for 68% of the variation: PC1 (agitated/tense to relaxed/content), PC2 (fearful/aimless to confident/enjoying) and PC3 (listless/ indifferent). Agg- pigs and males showed a more positive emotionality (PC2). PC1 and PC3 were unaffected by first contest outcome and aggressiveness. Agg+ pigs were more likely to hold their ears back (X2 =7.8, p = 0.005) during the early contest period. Differences in attention were detected in the contest outcome × aggressiveness interaction (χ24.3, p = 0.04), whereby approaching the opponent was influenced by winning and losing in the Agg- pigs only. QBA and gaze behaviour reveal differences in emotional valence between pigs of different aggressiveness: less aggressive pigs may be more susceptible to the emotional impact of victory and defeat but overall, more aggressive pigs express more negative emotionality at the start of agonistic encounters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Oldham
- Animal Behaviour & Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Gareth Arnott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Irene Camerlink
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Postepu 36 A, Jastrzebiec, Magdalenka 05-552, Poland
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Marianne Farish
- Animal Behaviour & Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Francoise Wemelsfelder
- Animal Behaviour & Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Simon P. Turner
- Animal Behaviour & Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crump A, Bethell EJ, Earley R, Lee VE, Mendl M, Oldham L, Turner SP, Arnott G. Emotion in animal contests. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201715. [PMID: 33203327 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotions encompass cognitive and behavioural responses to reward and punishment. Using contests as a case-study, we propose that short-term emotions underpin animals' assessments, decision-making and behaviour. Equating contest assessments to emotional 'appraisals', we describe how contestants appraise more than resource value and outcome probability. These appraisals elicit the cognition, drive and neurophysiology that governs aggressive behaviour. We discuss how recent contest outcomes induce long-term moods, which impact subsequent contest behaviour. Finally, we distinguish between integral (objectively relevant) and incidental (objectively irrelevant) emotions and moods (affective states). Unlike existing ecological models, our approach predicts that incidental events influence contest dynamics, and that contests become incidental influences themselves, potentially causing maladaptive decision-making. As affective states cross contexts, a more holistic ethology (incorporating emotions and moods) would illuminate animal cognition and behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Crump
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Emily J Bethell
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Ryan Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, USA
| | - Victoria E Lee
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College, UK
| | - Michael Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Oldham
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College, UK
| | - Simon P Turner
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College, UK
| | - Gareth Arnott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao X, Castelli FR, Wang R, Auger AP, Marler CA. Testosterone-related behavioral and neural mechanisms associated with location preferences: A model for territorial establishment. Horm Behav 2020; 121:104709. [PMID: 32007517 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Territoriality is an adaptive behavioral trait that is important for animal's fitness and there still remains much to learn about the proximate mechanisms underlying the development of territoriality. We speculate that the formation of a conditioned place preference (CPP), an increased time allocation to the environment where a rewarding experience occurred, contributes to territoriality. Testosterone (T) plays an important role in modulating territorial behaviors and T pulses can induce a CPP. We confirmed previous findings in California mice (Peromyscus californicus) that T pulses can induce a CPP in singly-housed, but not group-housed males. Housing singly may be similar enough to dispersal in nature to initiate similar hormonal and neuroanatomical changes needed for the development of territoriality. We further revealed that T pulses interact with the single housing experience and appear to enhance the motivation to be aggressive towards a stimulus male. On a neural level, being singly housed upregulated levels of androgen receptors in the preoptic area, which positively correlated with the strength of the CPP. We speculate that this change in androgen sensitivity in the preoptic area is characteristic of males that have dispersed, making them more sensitive to T pulses. Also, single housing increased markers of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens, ventral and dorsal hippocampus, neural changes that may be associated with dispersal, reproduction and territory establishment. These behavioral and neural changes may reflect the life history transition from residing in the natal territory to dispersing and establishing a new territory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Frank R Castelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anthony P Auger
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Catherine A Marler
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nonreversing mirrors elicit behaviour that more accurately predicts performance against live opponents. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
7
|
Roche DG, Careau V, Binning SA. Demystifying animal 'personality' (or not): why individual variation matters to experimental biologists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:3832-3843. [PMID: 27852750 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal 'personality', defined as repeatable inter-individual differences in behaviour, is a concept in biology that faces intense controversy. Critics argue that the field is riddled with terminological and methodological inconsistencies and lacks a sound theoretical framework. Nevertheless, experimental biologists are increasingly studying individual differences in physiology and relating these to differences in behaviour, which can lead to fascinating insights. We encourage this trend, and in this Commentary we highlight some of the benefits of estimating variation in (and covariation among) phenotypic traits at the inter- and intra-individual levels. We focus on behaviour while drawing parallels with physiological and performance-related traits. First, we outline some of the confusion surrounding the terminology used to describe repeatable inter-individual differences in behaviour. Second, we argue that acknowledging individual behavioural differences can help researchers avoid sampling and experimental bias, increase explanatory power and, ultimately, understand how selection acts on physiological traits. Third, we summarize the latest methods to collect, analyse and present data on individual trait variation. We note that, while measuring the repeatability of phenotypic traits is informative in its own right, it is only the first step towards understanding how natural selection and genetic architecture shape intra-specific variation in complex, labile traits. Thus, understanding how and why behavioural traits evolve requires linking repeatable inter-individual behavioural differences with core aspects of physiology (e.g. neurophysiology, endocrinology, energy metabolism) and evolutionary biology (e.g. selection gradients, heritability).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique G Roche
- Département d'Éco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel CH 2000, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Careau
- Canada Research Chair in Functional Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département d'Éco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel CH 2000, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao X, Marler CA. Social and physical environments as a source of individual variation in the rewarding effects of testosterone in male California mice (Peromyscus californicus). Horm Behav 2016; 85:30-35. [PMID: 27476433 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research revealing the occurrence of testosterone (T) pulses following social encounters, it is unclear how they lead to varied behavioral responses. We investigated the influence of residency (home versus unfamiliar environment) and social/sexual experience (pair-bonded, isolated or housed with siblings) on the plasticity of T's rewarding effects by measuring the development of conditioned place preferences (CPPs), a classical paradigm used to measure the rewarding properties of drugs. For pair-bonded males, T-induced CPPs were only produced in the environment wherein the social/sexual experience was accrued and residency status had been achieved. For isolated males, the T-induced CPPs only occurred when the environment was unfamiliar. For males housed with a male sibling, the T-induced CPPs were prevented in both the home and unfamiliar chambers. Our results reveal the plasticity of T's rewarding effects, and suggest that the behavioral functions of T-pulses can vary based on social/sexual experience and the environment in which residency was established. The formation of CPPs or reward-like properties of drugs and natural compounds can therefore exhibit malleability based on past experience and the current environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Catherine A Marler
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao X, Marler CA. Pair bonding prevents reinforcing effects of testosterone in male California mice in an unfamiliar environment. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140985. [PMID: 24943373 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) can be released by stimuli such as social interactions, and thereby influence future social behaviours. Because the reinforcing effects of T can induce preferences for specific environmental locations, T has the potential to alter behaviour through space use. In a monogamous species, this T pulse may contribute differently to space use in sexually naive (SN) and pair-bonded (PB) males: SN males may be more likely to explore new areas to set up a territory than PB males, which are more likely to defend an existing, established territory. In this study, we test for variation in T-driven space use by examining variation in the formation of conditioned place preferences (CPPs) in SN and PB male California mice. In the three-chambered CPP apparatus, subcutaneous administrations of physiological levels of T were used to repeatedly condition SN and PB males to a side chamber, which is an unfamiliar/neutral environment. The final tests revealed that T-induced CPPs in the side chamber are developed in SN, but not PB males. This study fills a gap in our knowledge about plasticity in the rewarding nature of T pulses, based on past social experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Catherine A Marler
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dunham LA, Wilczynski W. Arginine vasotocin, steroid hormones and social behavior in the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3670-6. [PMID: 25147242 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.107854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasotocin (AVT) is a potent regulator of social behavior in many species, but little is known about its role in reptilian behavior. Here we examine the effect of exogenous AVT on aggressive responding and courtship behavior in the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Aggressive behavior was stimulated in two ways: (1) mirror presentation (no relative status formed) and (2) size-matched pairs (where a social status is achieved). To elicit courtship behavior, a novel female was introduced into the home cage of a male. Regardless of the behavior condition, male anoles were injected i.p. with either reptile Ringer solution (vehicle) or AVT prior to testing. Animals treated with AVT performed fewer aggressive display bouts during mirror presentation but AVT treatment did not affect the overall number of aggressive display bouts within size-matched pairs. Male courtship behavior was not affected by AVT; however, untreated females displayed more frequently when paired with an AVT-treated male than a vehicle-injected control, suggesting that AVT-treated males were more attractive to females. Regardless of behavior condition, AVT injections led to increases in circulating corticosterone. Overall, we found that AVT tended to reduce aggressive behavior as has been reported for other territorial species. AVT did not perceptibly alter male courtship but did increase the display behavior of untreated females paired with treated males. Our study supports a role for AVT in the regulation of reptile social behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Dunham
- Georgia State University, Neuroscience Institute, Wilczynski Laboratory - PSC 852, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Walter Wilczynski
- Georgia State University, Neuroscience Institute, Wilczynski Laboratory - PSC 852, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Testosterone release and social context: when it occurs and why. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30:460-469. [PMID: 19422843 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The functions of rapid increases in testosterone seem paradoxical because they can occur in response to different social contexts, such as male-male aggressive encounters and male-female sexual encounters. This suggests that context may impact the functional consequences of changes in testosterone, whether transient or long term. Many studies, including those with California mice (Peromyscus californicus), have addressed these issues using manipulations and species comparisons, but many areas remain to be investigated. We report a study here that suggests transient increases in testosterone after social competition influence future competitive behavior, but social experience alone may also be critical in determining future behavior. In other rodents, a comparable testosterone surge occurs in response to sexual stimulation, but the function is not entirely understood. In addition to competitive and sexual behavior, testosterone impacts other systems instrumental to social behaviors, including paternal behavior and degree of monogamy. Thus, mechanisms regulated by testosterone, such as the vasopressin and aromatase systems, may also be influenced by rapid surges of testosterone in aggressive or sexual contexts. We discuss how the functions of testosterone may overlap in some contexts.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fuxjager MJ, Mast G, Becker EA, Marler CA. The 'home advantage' is necessary for a full winner effect and changes in post-encounter testosterone. Horm Behav 2009; 56:214-9. [PMID: 19426733 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Winning aggressive contests can both enhance future winning ability and change post-encounter hormones; however, it remains unclear if the context of a fight also influences such winner effects and hormone changes. We investigated this issue by using California mice (Peromyscus californicus) to test if the effect of residency status is necessary to improve future winning ability and alter post-encounter hormones. Male mice were subjected to an aggressive contest and their blood was collected 45 min after the fight. Upon contest initiation, focal mice had a 'home advantage' and three prior winning experiences, only one of these factors, or neither factor. Only individuals with a 'home advantage' and prior winning experience showed a full winner effect. Post-encounter changes in testosterone and progesterone resulted from an interaction between residency status and winning experience. These data indicate that in male California mice a 'home advantage' is necessary to produce the full winner effect and that residency status helps regulate inter-individual variation in the expression of post-encounter testosterone pulses and progesterone changes. Furthermore, these respective behavioral and physiological phenomena might be modulated in a context-specific manner, in part by the surrounding physical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fuxjager
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 250 N Mills St., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Korzan WJ, Summers CH. Behavioral diversity and neurochemical plasticity: selection of stress coping strategies that define social status. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2007; 70:257-66. [PMID: 17914257 DOI: 10.1159/000105489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Social interactions include a variety of stimulating but challenging factors that are the basis for strategies that allow individuals to cope with novel or familiar stressful situations. Evolutionarily conserved strategies have been identified that reflect specific behavioral and physiological identities. In this review we discuss a unique model for social stress in the lizard Anolis carolinensis, which has characteristics amenable to an investigation of individual differences in behavioral responses via central and sympathetic neurochemical adaptation. Profiles of proactive and reactive phenotypes of male A. carolinensis are relatively stable, yet retain limited flexibility that allows for the development of the social system over time. For male A. carolinensis, the celerity of social signal expression and response translate into future social standing. In addition, proactive aggressive, courtship, and feeding behaviors also predict social rank, but are not as important as prior interactions and memories of previous opponents to modify behavioral output and affect social status. The central neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, and the endocrine stress axis (HPA) appear to be the fundamental link to adaptive stress coping strategies during social interactions. Only small adaptations to these neural and endocrine systems are necessary to produce the variability measured in behavioral responses to stressful social interactions. These neuroendocrine factors are also manifest in responses to other stimuli and form the basis of heritable strategies for coping with stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J Korzan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|