1
|
Jiun-Shian Wu J, Chiao CC. Switching by cuttlefish of preying tactics targeted at moving prey. iScience 2023; 26:108122. [PMID: 37876802 PMCID: PMC10590972 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the size of the prey relative to the cuttlefish is important to the choice between tentacular strike and jump-on tactics. In the present study, we investigated the decision-making in the cuttlefish's tactical switch when preying on the same size prey. A servomotor system controlling the movement of a shrimp was used to elicit the cuttlefish's preying behavior. The success rate of prey capture and the kinematics of visual attack were examined systematically. The results showed that the jump-on behavior appeared mostly after a miss attack by previous tentacular strike on a moving shrimp. Compared with a visual attack with tentacles, the jump-on tactic has over a shorter attacking distance and wider attacking angles. Thus, these two different preying tactics have different operating ranges relative to the prey. More importantly, the cuttlefish can adjust their preying tactics adaptively depending on their prior preying experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Jiun-Shian Wu
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chin Chiao
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Febrer-Serra M, Lassnig N, Colomar V, Picó G, Tejada S, Sureda A, Pinya S. Oxidative stress and behavioral responses of moorish geckos (Tarentola mauritanica) submitted to the presence of an introduced potential predator (Hemorrhois hippocrepis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158864. [PMID: 36169021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stressful situations induce an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can lead to molecular damage and alteration of cell function. The introduction of new potential predators induces physiological stress in native fauna. However, behavioral responses have been reported in preys, demonstrating an induction of the defenses against alien species. Behavioral and antioxidant enzyme responses in the moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica, against the invasive predator horseshoe whip snake (Hemorrhois hippocrepis) were assessed. Behavior was recorded and a tissue sample from the tail was collected after placing the gecko in a terrarium with previous absence or presence of the snake in 'Control' and 'H. hippocrepis' groups, respectively. Fifteen behavioral variables were examined, including tongue flick (TF) and locomotion patterns. Antioxidant enzyme activities -catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR)-, and the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH/GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured in the tissue sampled. Geckos exposed to the snake's odor showed a higher number of TF, longer amounts of time remaining motionless or moving in slow motion and they spent less time on the ground in comparison to the 'Control' group. The presence of the snake produced a significant increase in the activities of CAT, SOD and GR and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio in T. mauritanica individuals exposed to the snake's scent. Thus, both behavioral responses and oxidative stress biomarkers clearly showed that T. mauritanica is able to recognize H. hippocrepis as a potential predator, despite being a recently introduced snake at the Balearic Islands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Febrer-Serra
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Nil Lassnig
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Víctor Colomar
- Consortium for the Recovery of Fauna of the Balearic Islands (COFIB), Government of the Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Gabriela Picó
- Consortium for the Recovery of Fauna of the Balearic Islands (COFIB), Government of the Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7.5, Ed. Guillem Colom, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7.5, Ed. Guillem Colom, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7.5, Ed. Guillem Colom, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Samuel Pinya
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Physiological Effects of Tail Regeneration following Autotomy in Italian Wall Lizards, Podarcis siculus. J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/21-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
4
|
Wan L, Liu Z, Wang T, Yang M, Li J, Sun H, Niu C, Zhao W, Jin Y. Camouflage versus running performance as strategies against predation in a lizard inhabiting different habitats. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17409-17416. [PMID: 34938517 PMCID: PMC8668757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Running speed and camouflage are associated with the foraging and anti-predator abilities of animals. The toad-headed lizard, Phrynocephalus versicolor, has evolved a darker dorsal color in melanistic habitats and maintained a lighter color in adjacent, non-melanistic habitats. We test the hypothesis that lizards have weaker running speed on well-matching backgrounds than on less matching backgrounds. We used lizard models to compare the predation pressure, while the running speed of dark and light lizards were compared in field tunnels using a video recording method. Our results indicated that both the dark lizards in melanistic Heishankou (HSK) and the light lizards in non-melanistic Guazhou (GZ) face lower predation pressure than potential color-background unmatched lizards. The light lizards have a potentially higher running speed than darker lizards in melanistic habitats, which implies that substrate color matching populations with benefits of camouflage might have lower anti-predation pressure, and the costs of investment in melanin production may reduce running capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wan
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Zhenxia Liu
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Tao Wang
- College of life sciences and medicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Minglu Yang
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jiasheng Li
- College of Life SciencesChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Life SciencesChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chenkai Niu
- College of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Yuanting Jin
- College of Life SciencesChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prey quantity discrimination and social experience affect foraging decisions of rock lizards. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-02979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
6
|
Symes LB, Martinson SJ, Kernan CE, Ter Hofstede HM. Sheep in wolves' clothing: prey rely on proactive defences when predator and non-predator cues are similar. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201212. [PMID: 32842929 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation produces intense selection and a diversity of defences. Reactive defences are triggered by predator cues, whereas proactive defences are always in effect. We assess whether prey rely on proactive defences when predator cues do not correlate well with predation risk. Many bats use echolocation to hunt insects, and many insects have evolved to hear bats. However, in species-rich environments like Neotropical forests, bats have extremely diverse foraging strategies, and the presence of echolocation corresponds only weakly to the presence of predators. We assess whether katydids that live in habitats with many non-dangerous bat species stop calling when exposed to echolocation. For 11 species of katydids, we quantified behavioural and neural responses to predator cues, and katydid signalling activity over 24 h periods. Despite having the sensory capacity to detect predators, many Neotropical forest katydids continued calling in the presence of predator cues, displaying proactive defences instead (short, infrequent calls totalling less than 2 cumulative seconds of sound per 24 h). Neotropical katydid signalling illustrates a fascinating case where trophic interactions are probably mediated by a third group: bats with alternative foraging strategies (e.g. frugivory). Although these co-occurring bats are not trophically connected, their mere presence disrupts the correlation between cue and predation risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B Symes
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Sharon J Martinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Ciara E Kernan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Hannah M Ter Hofstede
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Should I stay, or should I go: Modeling optimal flight initiation distance in nesting birds. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208210. [PMID: 30475915 PMCID: PMC6258376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flight initiation distance (FID)-the distance at which an individual leaves in response to the approach of a perceived threat-provides a measurement of risk-taking behavior. If individuals optimize their FID, this distance should reflect the point at which the fitness resulting from leaving exceeds the fitness resulting from all other possible decisions. Previous theory of FID has often been aimed at explaining this behavior in foraging individuals. Yet flight initiation in response to approaching threats occurs in a range of contexts that might influence optimal behavior. In breeding individuals, risk-taking decisions that are made at a location of offspring care (e.g., a nest or den) can have significant effects on fitness. Here, we develop a theoretical model of distances at which a parent bird flushes from a nest in response to an approaching threat. We estimate parent fitness with regards to characteristics of the parent (reproductive values, detection distance, and cost of lost parental care cost), the nest (concealment and accessibility), and the approaching predator (detection capability and predation success), developing a dichotomous scenario between staying at the nest or leaving at varying distances. Using a generalized comparison of the benefits of leaving versus staying, we find that increasing costs of lost parental care, probability of predation of the parent due to fleeing, or current reproductive value lead to more instances of staying at the nest. In a complementary approach with specified parameters based on biologically-informed factors that likely influence a predator-prey encounter, we find that increasing the current reproductive value, concealment of the nest, or costs of lost parental care decrease optimal FID and can lead to the parent staying at the nest. Other factors, such as increasing residual reproductive value, predation success, and predator capability of detecting the nest, increase optimal FID with some instances of costs of fleeing being so great that staying becomes an optimal strategy. Our theory provides a framework to explain variation in FID among nesting species and individuals and could provide a foundation for future empirical investigations of risk-taking behavior.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ortega Z, Mencía A, Pérez-Mellado V. Antipredatory behaviour of a mountain lizard towards the chemical cues of its predatory snakes. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability to early detect a potential predator is essential for survival. The potential of Iberolacerta cyreni lizards to discriminate between chemical cues of their two predatory snakes Coronella austriaca (a non-venomous active-hunter saurophagous specialist) and Vipera latastei (a venomous sit-and-wait generalist) was evaluated herein. A third snake species, Natrix maura, which does not prey on lizards, was used as a pungent control. Thus, the behaviour of I. cyreni was studied regarding four treatments: (1) C. austriaca scent, (2) V. latastei scent, (3) N. maura scent and (4) odourless control. Lizards showed antipredator behaviour (such as slow-motion and tail waving) to C. austriaca and V. latastei chemicals. The antipredatory response was similar for both predators. This ability to react with an intensive behavioural pattern to the chemical cues of their predatory snakes may prevent lizards from being detected, and, if detected, dissuade the predator from beginning a pursuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ortega
- aDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Spain
- bLaboratório de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Abraham Mencía
- aDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Spain
- cLaboratório de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valentín Pérez-Mellado
- aDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhave R, Deodhar S, Isvaran K. Intrinsic factors are relatively more important than habitat features in modulating risk perception in a tropical lizard. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Barreto RE. Mianserin affects alarm reaction to conspecific chemical alarm cues in Nile tilapia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:193-201. [PMID: 27554252 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, I show that mianserin, a chemical with serotonin and adrenoceptor antagonist activities, increases fish vulnerability to a potential predator threat, when prey fish must deal with this threat based on conspecific chemical alarm cues. For that, I evaluated whether mianserin, diluted in the water, influences the behavioral responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to conspecific skin extract (chemical alarm cues). I found that, while mianserin did not abolished antipredator responses, this drug mitigates some components of this defensive reaction. Thus, a potential decrease in serotonin and adrenergic activities reduces the ability of dealing with predators when perceiving conspecific chemical alarm cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Egydio Barreto
- Department of Physiology, CAUNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Rubião Jr s/n, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thawley CJ, Langkilde T. Attracting unwanted attention: generalization of behavioural adaptation to an invasive predator carries costs. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Ventura SPR, Passos DC, Machado LL, Horta G, Galdino CAB. Escape tactics by a neotropical montane lizard: a comparison of flight responses against natural and nonnatural predators. Acta Ethol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-016-0242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Multimodal communication, mismatched messages and the effects of turbidity on the antipredator behavior of the Barton Springs salamander, Eurycea sosorum. Behav Processes 2016; 130:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Responses of Natricine Snakes to Predatory Threat: A Mini-Review and Research Prospectus. J HERPETOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1670/15-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Cooper WE, Sherbrooke WC. Strategic Escape Direction: Orientation, Turning, and Escape Trajectories of Zebra-Tailed Lizards (Callisaurus draconoides). Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Cooper
- Department of Biology; Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne; Fort Wayne IN USA
| | - Wade C. Sherbrooke
- Southwestern Research Station; American Museum of Natural History; Portal AZ USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cooper WE, Martín J. Predator-prey distance and latency to flee from an immobile predator: functional relationship and importance. Curr Zool 2016; 62:117-122. [PMID: 29491898 PMCID: PMC5804235 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When an immobile prey has detected an immobile predator nearby, predation risk is greater when the predator is closer. Consequently, prey flee with shorter latency as standing distance (predator–prey distance when both are still) decreases. Since it was first reported in 2009, this relationship has been confirmed in the few species studied. However, little is known about the functional relationship between standing distance and latency to flee (LF). We hypothesized that LF increases as standing distance increases at short distances, but reaches a plateau at longer distances where prey can escape reliably if attacked. We simulated immobile predators by moving slowly into positions near striped plateau lizards Sceloporus virgatus, stopping and then remaining immobile, and recording LF from the stopping time. LF increased from shorter to longer standing distances in a decelerating manner. The relationship was concave downward, and LF was indistinguishable among the longer standing distance groups. Latency to flee appears to reach a plateau or approach an asymptotic value as standing distance increases. The effect size of standing distance was large, indicating that S. virgatus sensitively adjusts LF to the level of risk associated with standing distance. Relationships between risk assessment and theoretical zones associated with risk, its assessment by prey, and escape decisions are discussed. Effect sizes of standing distance were substantial to large in all studies to date, indicating that standing distance is an important predation risk factor when both predator and prey are immobile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Cooper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA and
| | - José Martín
- Departamento de Ecologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Microhabitat choice in island lizards enhances camouflage against avian predators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19815. [PMID: 26804463 PMCID: PMC4726299 DOI: 10.1038/srep19815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Camouflage can often be enhanced by genetic adaptation to different local environments. However, it is less clear how individual behaviour improves camouflage effectiveness. We investigated whether individual Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii) inhabiting different islands rest on backgrounds that improve camouflage against avian predators. In free-ranging lizards, we found that dorsal regions were better matched against chosen backgrounds than against other backgrounds on the same island. This suggests that P. erhardii make background choices that heighten individual-specific concealment. In achromatic camouflage, this effect was more evident in females and was less distinct in an island population with lower predation risk. This suggests that behavioural enhancement of camouflage may be more important in females than in sexually competing males and related to predation risk. However, in an arena experiment, lizards did not choose the background that improved camouflage, most likely due to the artificial conditions. Overall, our results provide evidence that behavioural preferences for substrates can enhance individual camouflage of lizards in natural microhabitats, and that such adaptations may be sexually dimorphic and dependent on local environments. This research emphasizes the importance of considering links between ecology, behaviour, and appearance in studies of intraspecific colour variation and local adaptation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gomes V, Carretero MA, Kaliontzopoulou A. The relevance of morphology for habitat use and locomotion in two species of wall lizards. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Cooper W. Directional escape strategy by the striped plateau lizard (Sceloporus virgatus): turning to direct escape away from predators at variable escape angles. BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A prey’s orientation to a predator’s approach path affects risk of fleeing straight ahead. By turning to flee closer to straight away from the predator before fleeing, prey can reduce risk. Laboratory studies suggest that escape angles should lead away from predators and be unpredictable. I studied orientation, turn, and escape angles and in a study of striped plateau lizards,Sceloporus virgatus. Lizards fled away from a predator, but often not straight away. Escape angles were variable and bimodally distributed: one mode was straight away for distancing prey from predator and one was near 90°, which maintains ability to monitor the predator or requires turning by the predator. Turn angles increased as orientation shifted toward the predator. Escape angle was closer to straight away when turn angle was larger, but turning did not fully compensate for degree of orientation toward the predator. Directional escape strategies of diverse prey are compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Cooper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Žagar A, Bitenc K, Vrezec A, Carretero MA. Predators as mediators: Differential antipredator behavior in competitive lizard species in a multi-predator environment. ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
21
|
Beleznai O, Tholt G, Tóth Z, Horváth V, Marczali Z, Samu F. Cool Headed Individuals Are Better Survivors: Non-Consumptive and Consumptive Effects of a Generalist Predator on a Sap Feeding Insect. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135954. [PMID: 26295476 PMCID: PMC4546593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators are part of the complex interactions among insect natural enemies and prey. NCEs have been shown to significantly affect prey foraging and feeding. Leafhopper's (Auchenorrhyncha) lengthy phloem feeding bouts may play a role in pathogen transmission in vector species and also exposes them to predation risk. However, NCEs on leafhoppers have been scarcely studied, and we lack basic information about how anti-predator behaviour influences foraging and feeding in these species. Here we report a study on non-consumptive and consumptive predator-prey interactions in a naturally co-occurring spider-leafhopper system. In mesocosm arenas we studied movement patterns during foraging and feeding of the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus in the presence of the spider predator Tibellus oblongus. Leafhoppers delayed feeding and fed much less often when the spider was present. Foraging movement pattern changed under predation risk: movements became more frequent and brief. There was considerable individual variation in foraging movement activity. Those individuals that increased movement activity in the presence of predators exposed themselves to higher predation risk. However, surviving individuals exhibited a 'cool headed' reaction to spider presence by moving less than leafhoppers in control trials. No leafhoppers were preyed upon while feeding. We consider delayed feeding as a "paradoxical" antipredator tactic, since it is not necessarily an optimal strategy against a sit-and-wait generalist predator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Beleznai
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tholt
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Horváth
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Marczali
- Institute for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Samu
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Monitoring by prey that does not reveal awareness by turning toward approaching predators. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Cooper WE, Sherbrooke WC. Averted predator gaze reduces latency to flee by zebra-tailed lizards (Callisaurus draconoides). ANIM BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Directness of a predator’s gaze affects several aspects of antipredatory behavior, including flight initiation distance (FID = predator-prey distance when fleeing begins), which is longer under direct than averted gaze. However, the effect of gaze directness on probability of fleeing or latency to flee (LF) in a short interval when a prey is immobile near an immobile predator is unknown. We predicted that probability of fleeing is greater and LF is shorter if the predator’s gaze is averted than direct. If the predator has not detected the prey, it will detect it immediately and attack when the prey moves while under direct gaze. Therefore, the prey is less likely to flee than if the predator is looking elsewhere. Under direct gaze the cost of fleeing decreases over time because the predator is increasingly likely to detect the prey. Under averted gaze, risk of being detected is constant for immobile prey and increases if the prey flees. Cost of fleeing under averted gaze is therefore constant and lower if the prey flees than under direct gaze at short latency, predicting shorter LF and greater likelihood of fleeing within a short fixed interval. We test this novel prediction of a model of the effect of gaze directness using the zebra-tailed lizard, Callisaurus draconoides. The proportion of lizards that fled was three times greater for averted than direct gaze, suggesting that prey under scrutiny reduce movement to avoid being detected. We discuss effects of gaze on FID, LF and probability of fleeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Cooper
- 1Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA
| | - Wade C. Sherbrooke
- 2Southwestern Research Station, American Museum of Natural History, Portal, Arizona, AZ 85632, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cooper WE, Sherbrooke WC. FEAR and DREAD: starting distance, escape decisions and time hiding in refuge. BEHAVIOUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flight initiation distance (FID = predator–prey distance when escape begins) increases as starting distance (predator–prey distance when approach begins) increases. The flush early and avoid the rush (FEAR) hypothesis proposes that this relationship exists because monitoring an approach is costly. Hypothesized causes are increase in assessed risk and decrease in obtainable benefits while monitoring as starting distance increases. We propose the delay risking emergence and avoid dying (DREAD) hypothesis: hiding time in refuge increases as starting distance increases because prey use risk assessed during approach to estimate risk upon emerging. In the lizard Callisaurus draconoides, FID increased as standardized starting distance increased at faster approach speeds, supporting the FEAR hypothesis. In its first test, the DREAD hypothesis was supported: hiding time in the lizard Sceloporus virgatus increased as standardized starting distance increased. No large benefits were attainable, suggesting that dynamic increase in assessed risk accounts for these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Cooper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499, USA
| | - Wade C. Sherbrooke
- Southwestern Research Station, American Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 16553, Portal, AZ 85632, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cloyed CS, Eason PK. Night and day: comparing flight initiation dynamics in two closely related species of true frogs. J Zool (1987) 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Cloyed
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| | - P. K. Eason
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Qi Y, Noble DWA, Wu Y, Whiting MJ. Sex- and performance-based escape behaviour in an Asian agamid lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Barreto RE, Barbosa-Júnior A, Urbinati EC, Hoffmann A. Cortisol influences the antipredator behavior induced by chemical alarm cues in the Frillfin goby. Horm Behav 2014; 65:394-400. [PMID: 24657662 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of increased plasma cortisol levels on fish antipredator behavior induced by conspecific chemical alarm cues. The experimental model for the study was the Frillfin goby Bathygobius soporator. We first confirmed that the alarm substance induces typical defensive antipredator responses in Frillfin gobies and described their alarm substance cells (epidermal 'club' cells). Second, we confirmed that intraperitoneal cortisol implants increase plasma cortisol levels in this species. We then demonstrated that exogenous cortisol administration and subsequent exposure to an alarm substance decreased swimming activity to a greater extent than the activity prompted by either stimulus alone. In addition, cortisol did not abolish the sheltering response to the alarm chemical cue even though it decreased activity. As predators use prey movements to guide their first contact with the prey, a factor that decreases swimming activity clearly increases the probability of survival. Consequently, this observation indicates that cortisol helps improve the antipredator response in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Egydio Barreto
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Caunesp, Campus de Botucatu - Rubião Jr., 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Barbosa-Júnior
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Caunesp, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anette Hoffmann
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gregory PT. Once Bitten, Twice Shy: Does Previous Experience Influence Behavioural Decisions of Snakes in Encounters with Predators? Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Stiller RB, McBrayer LD. The ontogeny of escape behavior, locomotor performance, and the hind limb in Sceloporus woodi. ZOOLOGY 2013; 116:175-81. [PMID: 23684506 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flight initiation distance describes the distance at which an animal flees during the approach of a predator. This distance presumably reflects the tradeoff between the benefits of fleeing versus the benefits of remaining stationary. Throughout ontogeny, the costs and benefits of flight may change substantially due to growth-related changes in sprint speed; thus ontogenetic variation in flight initiation distance may be substantial. If escape velocity is essential for surviving predator encounters, then juveniles should either tolerate short flight initiation distances and rely on crypsis, or should have high flight initiation distances to remain far away from their predators. We examined this hypothesis in a small, short-lived lizard (Sceloporus woodi). Flight initiation distance and escape velocity were recorded on an ontogenetic series of lizards in the field. Maximal running velocity was also quantified in a laboratory raceway to establish if escape velocities in the field compared with maximal velocities as measured in the lab. Finally a subset of individuals was used to quantify how muscle and limb size scale with body size throughout ontogeny. Flight initiation distance increased with body size; larger animals had higher flight initiation distances. Small lizards had short flight initiation distances and remained immobile longer, thus relying on crypsis for concealment. Escape velocity in the field did not vary with body size, yet maximum velocity in the lab did increase with size. Hind limb morphology scaled isometrically with body size. Isometric scaling of the hind limb elements and its musculature, coupled with similarities in sprint and escape velocity across ontogeny, demonstrate that smaller S. woodi must rely on crypsis to avoid predator encounters, whereas adults alter their behavior via larger flight initiation distance and lower (presumably less expensive) escape velocities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed B Stiller
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8042, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Isaac LA, Gregory PT. Can snakes hide in plain view? Chromatic and achromatic crypsis of two colour forms of the Western Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Anne Isaac
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; PO Box 3020; Victoria; BC; V8W 3N5; Canada
| | - Patrick T. Gregory
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; PO Box 3020; Victoria; BC; V8W 3N5; Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cooper WE, Sherbrooke WC. Risk and cost of immobility in the presence of an immobile predator. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Bennett VA, Doerr VAJ, Doerr ED, Manning AD, Lindenmayer DB, Yoon HJ. Causes of reintroduction failure of the brown treecreeper: Implications for ecosystem restoration. AUSTRAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Bennett
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Building 141, Acton, ACT 0200; Australia
| | | | | | - Adrian D. Manning
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Building 141, Acton, ACT 0200; Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Building 141, Acton, ACT 0200; Australia
| | - Hwan-Jin Yoon
- Statistical Consulting Unit; School of Mathematical Sciences; The Australian National University; Acton
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Camp MJ, Rachlow JL, Woods BA, Johnson TR, Shipley LA. When to Run and When to Hide: The Influence of Concealment, Visibility, and Proximity to Refugia on Perceptions of Risk. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J. Camp
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow; ID; USA
| | - Janet L. Rachlow
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow; ID; USA
| | - Bonnie A. Woods
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow; ID; USA
| | | | - Lisa A. Shipley
- School of the Environment; Washington State University; Pullman; WA; USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cooper WE, López P, Martín J, Pérez-Mellado V. Latency to flee from an immobile predator: effects of predation risk and cost of immobility for the prey. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
Martín J, López P, Bonati B, Csermely D. Lateralization When Monitoring Predators in the Wild: A Left Eye Control in the Common Wall Lizard (Podarcis muralis
). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Cooper WE. Risks Associated with Predator Immobility, Movement Direction, and Turn Direction Similarly Affect Pursuit-Deterrent Signaling and Escape by Zebra-Tailed Lizards (Callisaurus draconoides). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|