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Abhijith A, Dunshea FR, Chauhan SS, Sejian V, DiGiacomo K. A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Betaine on Milk Production, Growth Performance, and Carcass Traits of Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1756. [PMID: 38929375 PMCID: PMC11201161 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Betaine improves growth performance and health in monogastric animals under both thermoneutral and heat stress conditions, but results in ruminants have been more equivocal. This meta-analysis investigated the effects of betaine supplementation on productive performance, milk production and composition, and carcass traits of ruminants due to betaine supplementation. A comprehensive search for published studies investigating the effect of betaine was performed using Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Effect size analysis, random effects models, I2 statistics, and meta-regression analysis were utilized to assess differences in production parameters. Dietary betaine supplementation increased milk yield (+1.0 kg/d (weighted mean differences presented in this abstract), p < 0.001), dry matter intake (+0.15 kg/d, p < 0.001), and milk lactose (+0.05%, p = 0.010) in dairy cows housed under thermoneutral conditions. In the few studies conducted on small ruminants, there was an increase in milk yield in response to dietary betaine (0.45 kg/d, p = 0.040). Under heat stress conditions or grazing pasture during summer, dietary betaine increased milk yield (+1.0 kg/d, p < 0.001) and dry matter intake (+0.21 kg/d, p = 0.020). Dietary betaine increased final liveweight (+2.33 kg, p = 0.050) and back fat thickness (+0.74 cm, p < 0.001) in beef cattle. Dietary betaine increased final liveweight (0.14 kg, p = 0.010), daily gain (+0.019 kg/d, p < 0.001), and carcass weight (+0.80 kg, p < 0.001) but not backfat in small ruminants. These meta-analyses showed that dietary betaine increases liveweight in small ruminants and beef cattle and increases feed intake and milk yield in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Abhijith
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia (F.R.D.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia (F.R.D.); (S.S.C.)
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Surinder S. Chauhan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia (F.R.D.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (RIVER), Kurumbapet, Puducherry 605009, India;
| | - Kristy DiGiacomo
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia (F.R.D.); (S.S.C.)
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Fu R, Liang C, Chen D, Tian G, Zheng P, He J, Yu J, Mao X, Gu Z, Yang W, Yu B. Effects of low-energy diet supplemented with betaine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolomic profiles in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad080. [PMID: 36930062 PMCID: PMC10066726 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of betaine (BET) supplementation in diets with reduced net energy (NE) levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolomic profiles in growing pigs. In experiment 1, 24 growing pigs (initial body weight, BW, 30.83 ± 2.50 kg) were allotted to one of the four treatments (six replications with 1 pig per pen) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, including two dietary NE levels (2475 [N-NE] or 2395 [R80-NE] kcal/kg) and two BET doses (0 or 1500 mg/kg). In experiment 2, 72 growing pigs were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, including three dietary NE levels (2475 [N-NE], 2415 [R60-NE], or 2355 [R120-NE] kcal/kg) and two BET doses (0 or 1500 mg/kg). Pigs with initial BW of 31.44 ± 1.65 kg were divided to one of the six treatments (six replications with 2 pigs per pen). In experiment 1, lowing NE concentrations increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) by 10.69% in pigs fed the diet without BET (P > 0.05). BET significantly increased ADFI in N-NE diet (P < 0.05) but had no influence on ADFI in R80-NE diet (P > 0.05). BET enhanced the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), and ether extract (EE) in R80-NE diet (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, lowing NE concentrations enhanced ADFI (P > 0.05) and decreased average daily gain (ADG; P < 0.05). The reduction in feed intake by BET was further enhanced as NE concentrations decreased from 2415 to 2355 kcal/kg (P < 0.10). BET reversed the elevation of serum triglyceride, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels caused by R120-NE diet (P < 0.05). The concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 were increased by BET in pigs fed the R120-NE diet (P < 0.05). Serum metabolomics reveals that lowing dietary NE concentrations affected mainly amino acid biosynthetic pathways (P < 0.05). BET supplementation in R120-NE diet up-regulated serum BET levels and down-regulated homocysteine, DL-carnitine, and four amino acid secondary metabolites (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lowing dietary NE contents reduced the growth performance and caused metabolic abnormalities in growing pigs. However, BET decreased feed intake to a certain extent and improved the metabolic health of pigs fed the low-NE diets, which may be related to the dual regulation of amino acid metabolism and the secretion of appetite related hormones by BET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhemin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wenwu Yang
- Technical Development Department, Skystone Feed Co., Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu 214258, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Davoodi P, Ehsani A, Vaez Torshizi R, Masoudi A. A meta-analysis comparing the composition and quality differences between chicken meats produced under the free-range and conventional systems. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2008781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Davoodi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Ehsani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - R. Vaez Torshizi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A.A. Masoudi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Effect of Betaine Diet on Growth Performance, Carcass Quality and Fat Deposition in Finishing Ningxiang Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123408. [PMID: 34944185 PMCID: PMC8698196 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Excessive fat deposit is one of the major problems in finishing Ningxiang pigs, and adversely affects the breeding. The study aimed to investigate the effects of diet with betaine supplementation (basal diet + 0.2% betaine) on the growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and the genes expression related to fat deposition in finishing Ningxiang pigs. The results indicated that diet with betaine supplementation decreased back fat thickness and fat percentage, and increased the lean meat percentage as well. In addition, it reduced the fat deposition by regulating the genes expression. These findings provided a reference for breeding Ningxiang pigs. Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of diet with betaine supplementation on the growth performance, carcass quality and fat deposition in finishing Ningxiang pigs. A total of 24 Ningxiang pigs (43.6 ± 5.34 kg of average body weight) was randomly divided into two groups, with 6 replicates per treatment and 2 pigs per replicate. The treatments included a control group (basal diet) and a test group (basal diet + 0.2% betaine). The whole trial lasted 81 days. At the end of the experiment, one pig (close to the average body weight of all experimental pigs) per replicate was slaughtered to determine the carcass traits, meat quality and the mRNA expression levels of genes relate to fat deposition (one pig per replicate was randomly selected and fasted for 12 h, n = 6). Results indicated that growth performance was not changed with betaine supplementation. However, dietary with betaine supplementation decreased back fat thickness and fat percentage, and increased the lean meat percentage as well (p < 0.05). In addition, diet with betaine supplementation reduced drip loss, water loss, cooking loss, shear force and b × 24 h value of meat (p < 0.05). There was no difference in total moisture, ether extract and crude protein of longissimus thoracis between the control and test group. Dietary with betaine supplementation decreased ether extract and total cholesterol (p < 0.05) in liver. Dietary with betaine supplementation upregulated the mRNA expression levels of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), while downregulated the mRNA expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) in subcutaneous fat of back (p < 0.05). Besides, dietary with betaine supplementation upregulated the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) mRNA expression of longissimus thoracis in finishing Ningxiang pigs (p < 0.05). These results showed that diet supplemented with betaine could improve the slaughtering performance and meat quality, and regulate the genes expression to affect the fat deposition in finishing Ningxiang pigs.
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Shuzhen L, Yang L, Wenhuan C, Zhimin C, Aijuan Z, Zedong W, Guohua L. Supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid and betaine improve growth performance and meat quality of ducks by accelerating energy metabolism. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1978336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shuzhen
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Wenhuan
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhimin
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Aijuan
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Zedong
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Guohua
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rey AI, Puig P, Cardozo PW, Hechavarría T. Supplementation Effect of Oleuropein Extract Combined with Betaine, Magnesium, and Vitamin E on Pigs' Performance and Meat Quality Characteristics. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020443. [PMID: 33567784 PMCID: PMC7915345 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oleuropein, betaine, magnesium, and vitamin E show antioxidant and/or metabolic effects on the organism that are reflected, in many cases, in performances and meat quality. This study evaluated whether the combination of these nutrients at two doses manifest different effects on the final product. Both combinations were enough to improve the oxidative status of pigs, although performances were not affected. However, the higher doses increased n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the triglycerides and free fatty acid fractions that resulted in meat that was more susceptible to oxidation. Abstract This study evaluates the effect of the dietary combination of oleuropein extract (1200 mg/kg) and betaine (1000 mg/kg), magnesium oxide (600 mg/kg), and α–tocopheryl acetate (400 mg/kg), or a half-dose of these compounds, on pigs’ performance, oxidative status, and meat quality characteristics (drip loss, TBARS, and texture and fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat). Sixty-six barrows and females were slaughtered at 120 kg of BW. Performance and carcass yield were not changed by treatments. The high-dose mixture resulted in higher serum ferric reducing/antioxidant power (p = 0.0026), lower glucose (p = 0.03) and a tendency to have lower serum TBARS (p = 0.07) when compared to control. Percentage of drip loss, moisture content, intramuscular fat, or texture parameters were not modified by dietary treatments. Pigs supplemented with the high-dose mixture had higher PUFA (p = 0.0001), n-6 (p = 0.0001), n-3 (p = 0.0095) and lower MUFA (p = 0.0064) in the neutral lipid fraction of intramuscular fat. Free PUFA, mainly n-3 fatty acids (p = 0.0009), were also higher in the meat of pigs fed the high-dose mixture compared with the others. A higher mobilization (neutral to free fatty acids hydrolysis) of n-3 and MUFA fatty acids in the muscle from pigs fed the high-dose mixture was observed. However, dietary mixture supplementation tended to increase MUFA (p = 0.056) and decrease the total PUFA (p = 0.0074) proportions in muscle polar lipids. This specific fatty acid composition of meat from pigs supplemented with the high-dose mixture could be responsible for the higher meat lipid oxidation observed in this group when compared to the other groups. Consequently, the low-dose mixture would be more adequate for maintaining the oxidative status of pigs and, meat lipid stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Rey
- Departamento Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-3943889
| | - Patricia Puig
- Andres Pintaluba, S.A. Polígono Industrial Agro-Reus Prudenci Bertrana, 5, 43206 Reus, Spain; (P.P.); (P.W.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Paul William Cardozo
- Andres Pintaluba, S.A. Polígono Industrial Agro-Reus Prudenci Bertrana, 5, 43206 Reus, Spain; (P.P.); (P.W.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Teresa Hechavarría
- Andres Pintaluba, S.A. Polígono Industrial Agro-Reus Prudenci Bertrana, 5, 43206 Reus, Spain; (P.P.); (P.W.C.); (T.H.)
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Betaine improves growth performance by increasing digestive enzymes activities, and enhancing intestinal structure of weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mendoza SM, Boyd RD, Remus J, Wilcock P, Martinez GE, van Heugten E. Sow performance in response to natural betaine fed during lactation and post-weaning during summer and non-summer months. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:69. [PMID: 32626576 PMCID: PMC7330960 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary natural betaine on sow reproductive performance during summer (Exp. 1) and non-summer months (Exp. 2). Treatments were designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factors including dietary betaine (0 or 0.2%) and period of supplementation (lactation or post-weaning until 35 days post-insemination). In Exp. 1, 322 and 327 sows and in Exp. 2, 300 and 327 sows representing young (parity 1 and 2) and mature (parity 3 to 6) sows, respectively, were used. Results In Exp. 1, supplementation of betaine during lactation increased sow body weight losses (− 11.95 vs. −14.63 kg; P = 0.024), reduced feed intake (4.12 vs. 4.28 kg/d; P = 0.052), and tended to reduce percentage of no-value pigs (P = 0.071). Betaine fed post-weaning reduced weaning-to-estrus interval (5.75 vs. 6.68 days; P = 0.054) and farrowing rate (86.74% vs. 91.36%; P = 0.060), regardless of parity group. Post-hoc analysis with sows clustered into 3 parity groups (1, 2 and 3, and 4+) indicated that betaine fed in lactation to parity 4+ sows (P = 0.026) and betaine fed post-weaning to parity 1 sows increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle (P ≤ 0.05). In Exp. 2, betaine fed during lactation tended to reduce the weaning-to-estrus interval (6.64 vs. 7.50 days; P = 0.077) and farrowing rate (88.23% vs. 83.54%; P = 0.089), regardless of parity group. Feeding betaine post-weaning reduced number of pigs born (13.00 vs. 13.64; P = 0.04) and pigs born alive (12.30 vs. 12.82; P = 0.075), regardless of parity group. Conclusions Using 0.2% betaine during the non-summer months did not benefit sow performance. During the summer, betaine supplementation in lactation increased subsequent litter size in parity 4+ sows. Betaine fed during the post-weaning period reduced the wean-to-estrus interval and farrowing rate, increased total number of pigs born for parity 1 sows and reduced total number of pigs born to parity 4+ sows. Further research is needed to determine if the detrimental effects on feed intake and farrowing rate may be correlated and depend on dietary betaine level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mendoza
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - R D Boyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.,The Hanor Company Inc., Franklin, KY 42134 USA
| | - J Remus
- DuPont Animal Nutrition, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | | | - G E Martinez
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - E van Heugten
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
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Zhong RH, Long JA, Wang F, Chen S, Luo Y, Lu XT, Yishake D, Chen YM, Fang AP, Zhu HL. Association between serum choline and betaine concentrations and longitudinal changes of body composition in community-dwelling middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:737-744. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that betaine and choline may be beneficial for body composition. However, no longitudinal study has been conducted to illustrate if choline and betaine have long-term effects on changes in body composition. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between serum choline and betaine concentrations and 3-year changes in body composition in community-dwelling Chinese adults. This present analysis used data from 1384 women and 554 men aged 40–75 years. Serum concentrations of betaine and choline at baseline were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Body composition parameters, i.e., muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), and body fat percentage (FM%) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the first and the second follow-ups. After adjustment for potential cofounders, higher serum choline concentrations were associated with a lower decrease in MM in men (β = 0.022, P = 0.025) and a lower increase in FM and FM% in women with baseline choline concentrations below 21.5 μmol/L (all P for nonlinearity = 0.007); higher serum betaine concentrations were associated with a lower decline in MM and a lower increase in FM and FM% among men whose betaine concentrations were lower than 55 μmol/L (all P for nonlinearity < 0.05). These findings suggest that higher concentrations of serum choline and betaine may be associated with favorable changes in body composition profiles among men and women who have relatively low concentrations, especially in men. Novelty Higher concentrations of serum choline and betaine were associated with favorable changes in body composition. Such favorable associations were more pronounced in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-huan Zhong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jing-an Long
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Dinuerguli Yishake
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yu-ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ai-ping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui-lian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Li S, Xu S, Zhao Y, Wang H, Feng J. Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051399. [PMID: 32414094 PMCID: PMC7284822 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely reported how betaine addition regulates lipid metabolism but how betaine affects cholesterol metabolism is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of betaine in hepatic cholesterol metabolism of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were randomly allocated to four groups and fed with a basal diet or a high-fat diet with or without 1% betaine. The experiment lasted 28 days. The results showed that dietary betaine supplementation reduced the feed intake of rats with final weight unchanged. Serum low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol was increased with the high-fat diet. The high-fat diet promoted cholesterol synthesis and excretion by enhancing the HMG-CoA reductase and ABCG5/G8, respectively, which lead to a balance of hepatic cholesterol. Rats in betaine groups showed a higher level of hepatic total cholesterol. Dietary betaine addition enhanced cholesterol synthesis as well as conversion of bile acid from cholesterol by increasing the levels of HMGCR and CYP7A1. The high-fat diet decreased the level of bile salt export pump, while dietary betaine addition inhibited this decrease and promoted bile acid efflux and increased total bile acid levels in the intestine. In summary, dietary betaine addition promoted hepatic cholesterol metabolism, including cholesterol synthesis, conversion of bile acids, and bile acid export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Haichao Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 430068, China;
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88982121
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Lan R, Kim I. Effects of feeding diets containing essential oils and betaine to heat-stressed growing-finishing pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:368-378. [PMID: 30014712 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1492806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effects of dietary essential oils (EO) and betaine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum hormones in growing-finishing pigs under heat stress conditions. A total of 96 crossed pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.7 ± 0.27 kg were used in an 18-week trial. Pigs were randomly allocated to four treatments according to BW and gender. There were six replication pens in each treatment, with four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) per pen. Treatment groups were: (1) control group (CON), basal diet + 23°C for 24 h; (2) heat stress group (HC) with basal diet + 37°C for 9 h, 23°C for 15 h; (3) group HEO, HC with 0.01% EO; (4) group HBE, HC with 0.1% betaine. During the overall period, groups HEO and HBE had higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain than group HC. At week 6, group HC had a lower apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) (p < 0.05), but at week 12, this group had lower ATTD of DM, nitrogen and gross energy than group HEO (p < 0.05). At week 12 and 18, dietary EO decreased (p < 0.05) serum cortisol and norepinephrine concentration. At week 18, dietary EO and betaine decreased (p < 0.05) epinephrine concentration. Conclusively, dietary EO may be a potential nutritional strategy to alleviate heat stress in growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- a Department of Animal Science , College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , P.R. China.,b Department of Animal Resource & Science , Dankook University , Cheonan , South Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- b Department of Animal Resource & Science , Dankook University , Cheonan , South Korea
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Betaine Improves Intestinal Functions by Enhancing Digestive Enzymes, Ameliorating Intestinal Morphology, and Enriching Intestinal Microbiota in High-salt stressed Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070907. [PMID: 30012963 PMCID: PMC6073560 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of betaine in the intestinal functions of high-salt stressed rats, 32 four-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 128.0 (SD 5.06) g were randomly allotted to four groups. The control group was fed with standard chow diet (0.4% NaCl), while the treatment groups were fed a high-salt diet (4.0% NaCl) supplemented with betaine at 0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively. The experiment lasted 28 days. The results showed that rats in the high-salt stressed groups had a significant increase in both water intake and kidney index (p < 0.05). The level of cortisol (COR) was increased in the high-salt stressed rats (p < 0.05), and returned to normal levels with betaine supplementation (p < 0.05). Aldosterone (ALD) was decreased in all high-salt diet groups (p < 0.05). Betaine supplementation decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels significantly (p < 0.05). High salt stress decreased the activities of amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the small intestinal luminal contents (p < 0.05), however, these activities increased with betaine supplementation (p < 0.05). The gut villus height of small intestine was significantly decreased in the high-salt diet group (p < 0.05). However, they were higher in the betaine supplementation groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). A similar result was observed in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (p < 0.05). Both alpha diversity indexes and beta diversity indexes showed that high salt stress decreased the diversity of intestinal microbiota, while supplementation with betaine counteracted the negative effect. In conclusion, the results indicate that betaine improves intestinal function by enhancing the digestive enzymes, ameliorating intestinal morphology, and enriching intestinal microbiota of high-salt stressed rats.
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Omer NA, Hu Y, Hu Y, Idriss AA, Abobaker H, Hou Z, Dong H, Zhao R. Dietary betaine activates hepatic VTGII expression in laying hens associated with hypomethylation of GR gene promoter and enhanced GR expression. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:2. [PMID: 29375826 PMCID: PMC5773019 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitellogenin (VTG) is a precursor of egg yolk proteins synthesized within the liver of oviparous vertebrates. Betaine is an important methyl donor that is reported to improve egg production of laying hens with an unclear mechanism. In the present study, we fed betaine-supplemented diet (0.5%) to laying hens for 4 wk and investigated its effect on VTGII expression in the liver. Results Betaine did not affect chicken weight, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased egg laying rate accompanied with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in hepatic concentration and plasma level of VTGII. Plasma estrogen level did not change, but the hepatic expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) mRNA was significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated. Betaine did not affect the protein content of ERα, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased hepatic expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at both mRNA and protein levels. Also, ERα/GR interaction tended to be enhanced in the liver nuclear lysates of betaine-supplemented hens as determined by co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, dietary betaine supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the hepatic expression of methyl-transfer enzymes, such as BHMT, GNMT, and DNMT1, which was associated with higher SAM/SAH ratio and hypomethylation of GR promoter regions. Conclusions Betaine activates hepatic VTGII expression in association with modified DNA methylation of GR gene promoter, GR expression and ERα/GR interaction. Activation of hepatic VTGII expression may contribute, at least partly, to improved egg production in betaine-supplemented hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagmeldin A Omer
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hu
- 4Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Abdulrahman A Idriss
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Halima Abobaker
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Hou
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Dong
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
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Dunshea F, D'Souza D, Channon H. Metabolic modifiers as performance-enhancing technologies for livestock production. Anim Front 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F.R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC Australia
| | - D.N. D'Souza
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC Australia
| | - H.A. Channon
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC Australia
- Australian Pork Limited, P.O. Box 4746, Kingston ACT 2604 Australia
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Madeira MS, Alfaia CM, Costa P, Lopes PA, Martins SV, Lemos JPC, Moreira O, Santos-Silva J, Bessa RJB, Prates JAM. Effect of betaine and arginine in lysine-deficient diets on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4721-33. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Madeira
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C. M. Alfaia
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P. Costa
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P. A. Lopes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S. V. Martins
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J. P. C. Lemos
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - O. Moreira
- UEISPA, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Fonte Boa, 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - J. Santos-Silva
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- UEISPA, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Fonte Boa, 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - R. J. B. Bessa
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- UEISPA, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Fonte Boa, 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - J. A. M. Prates
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Liu Y, Li J, Li Y, Gao T, Zhang L, Gao F, Zhou G. Effects of dietary supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid and combination of guanidinoacetic acid and betaine on postmortem glycolysis and meat quality of finishing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Betaine alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation via enhancing hepatic lipid export and fatty acid oxidation in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1835-43. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of betaine on hepatic lipid accumulation and investigate the underlying mechanism, thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 100 (sd 2·50) g were divided into four groups, and started on one of four treatments: basal diet, basal diet with betaine administration, high-fat diet and high-fat diet with betaine administration. The results showed that no significant difference of body weight was found among experimental groups. Compared with high-fat diet-fed rats, a betaine supplementation decreased (P< 0·05) hepatic TAG accumulation induced by high-fat diet, which was also supported by hepatic histology results. Additionally, hepatic betaine–homocysteine methyltransferase activity as well as its mRNA abundance and lecithin level were found increased (P< 0·05) by betaine supplementation in both basal diet-fed rats and high-fat diet-fed rats. Betaine administration in high-fat diet-fed rats exhibited a higher (P< 0·05) activity of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) compared with high-fat diet-fed rats. High-fat diet inhibited (P< 0·05) the gene expression of hepatic PPARα and CPT1. However, betaine administration in high-fat diet-fed rats elevated (P< 0·05) the gene expression of PPARα and CPT1. Moreover, concentration, gene and protein expressions of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were increased (P< 0·05) in response to betaine administration in high-fat diet group; meanwhile the gene expression of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase was increased (P< 0·05) as well. The results suggest that betaine administration enhanced hepatic lipid export and fatty acid oxidation in high-fat diet-fed rats, thus effectively alleviating fat accumulation in the liver.
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He S, Zhao S, Dai S, Liu D, Bokhari SG. Effects of dietary betaine on growth performance, fat deposition and serum lipids in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:897-903. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun He
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Shujing Zhao
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Sifa Dai
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Deyi Liu
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Shehla Gul Bokhari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
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Cottrell JJ, Liu F, Hung AT, DiGiacomo K, Chauhan SS, Leury BJ, Furness JB, Celi P, Dunshea FR. Nutritional strategies to alleviate heat stress in pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are comparatively less heat tolerant than other species of production animals, which poses challenges for stock productivity and management during seasonal heat waves that occur in summer. The issues surrounding heat and pig production are predicted to increase, based on the actions of climate change increasing the intensity, frequency and duration of heat waves. Furthermore, future growth areas of pig production are going to be in tropical regions such as South-east Asia and Latin America. Efforts by the pig to dissipate excess body heat come at a cost to health and divert energy away from growth, compromising efficient pig production. Management of heat stress requires multiple strategies, and recent research is improving the understanding of the application of nutritional strategies to ameliorate the effects of heat stress. In particular the use of feed additives is an important, flexible and economical method to alleviate heat stress and the intensive nature of pig production lends itself to the use of additives. Some specific examples include antioxidants, betaine and chromium, which have been proved effective or being tested in mitigating some certain impacts of heat stress in pigs. The aim of this review is to summarise recent advances in the nutritional management of heat stress in pigs.
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Higher serum concentrations of betaine rather than choline is associated with better profiles of DXA-derived body fat and fat distribution in Chinese adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:465-71. [PMID: 25152241 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sales J. Effects of access to pasture on performance, carcass composition, and meat quality in broilers: A meta-analysis. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1523-33. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Quantification of the effects of castration on carcass and meat quality of sheep by meta-analysis. Meat Sci 2014; 98:858-68. [PMID: 24880975 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After an extensive literature search, meta-analytic techniques (fixed effect, random effects and hierarchical Bayesian models) were applied to numerically describe sizes and precision of effects caused by castration of intact rams on several performance, carcass and meat quality response variables. According to random effects models, rams presented greater (P<0.05) average daily gain, loin muscle area (leaner carcasses) and instrumental meat tenderness (more tough), with lower feed conversion ratios, dressing percentages and backfat thickness (less carcass fat) compared to castrates. These results could be applied in further strategies on the use of castration in male sheep.
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Sales J. Effects of pharmacological concentrations of dietary zinc oxide on growth of post-weaning pigs: a meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 152:343-9. [PMID: 23463368 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological dietary zinc (Zn) concentrations of 1,000 to 3,000 mg/kg diet from Zn oxide have been found to increase growth in post-weaning pigs. However, results were inconsistent among studies. A frequentist meta-analysis, in which effects were numerically described with standardized effect sizes (Hedges's g), was conducted in order to identify and quantify the responses in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G/F) in post-weaning pigs upon dietary Zn supplementation from Zn oxide. The inability of independent continuous variables to explain significant heterogeneity obtained with fixed effect models necessitated the use of random effects models to calculate summary statistics. Dietary Zn supplementation increased (P < 0.05) ADG (mean effect size = 1.086, 95 % confidence intervals = 0.905-1.266, 26 studies, 72 comparisons), ADFI (mean effect size = 0.794, 95 % confidence intervals = 0.616-0.971, 25 studies, 71 comparisons), and G/F (mean effect size = 0.566, 95 % confidence intervals = 0.422-0.710, 24 studies, 70 comparisons). Zinc oxide provided a feasible alternative to in-feed antibiotics to improve growth in post-weaning pigs, and its reduction in diets due to potential environmental pollution will have to be negated by alternative feed additives and management strategies in order to prevent economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sales
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, Uhříněves, 104 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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Sales J. A review on the use of indigestible dietary markers to determine total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in horses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Effects of Betaine on Energy Utilization in Growing Pigs - A ReviewOne of the well known biological functions of betaine is that of a methyl donor. Therefore, betaine may partly replace choline and methionine in the diet. Another widely documented role of betaine is to restore and maintain the osmotic balance. As an organic osmotic compound, betaine regulates the water balance, thus exerting a stabilizing influence on tissue metabolism, particularly within the digestive tract. As a donor of methyl groups necessary for various reactions in the body, betaine is indirectly involved in lipid metabolism. Due to its metabolic functions, betaine is also believed to play a significant role in energy metabolism in pigs. Of particular note are the results of experiments in which a positive effect of betaine supplementation was observed as the energy content of the diet was decreased.
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Sales J, Jancík F. Effects of dietary chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finishing swine: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:4054-67. [PMID: 21788425 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary Cr supplementation has potential to decrease fat and increase lean in carcasses of growing-finishing swine. However, effects of Cr supplementation on performance and economically important carcass and meat quality characteristics varied considerably among studies. Therefore, a meta-analysis was designed to quantitatively describe effects obtained in several independent studies. To accommodate differences in methodology among studies, standardized effect sizes (Hedges's g) were calculated for results from 31 studies, in which Cr was supplemented as complexes of Cr Met chelate, Cr nanocomposite, Cr nicotinate, Cr propionate, Cr tripicolinate, or Cr yeast in diets for growing-finishing swine. Summary statistics were calculated by frequentist fixed and random effects, and hierarchical Bayesian models. With characteristics related to carcass quality, observed heterogeneity (P < 0.10) could not adequately be explained in a meta-regression by differences in initial BW and amount of Cr supplemented. Random effects and Bayesian models to summarize effect sizes for these characteristics showed similar results. According to random effects models, dietary Cr supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) 10th-rib fat thickness (mean effect size = -0.479; 95% confidence intervals = -0.680 to -0.279; 24 studies; 59 comparisons), whereas percentage carcass lean (mean effect size = 0.614; 95% confidence intervals = 0.366 to 0.863; 22 studies; 52 comparisons) and LM area (mean effect size = 0.571; 95% confidence intervals = 0.364 to 0.778; 29 studies; 72 comparisons) increased. Average daily gain and G:F, which did not present heterogeneity, were improved by Cr supplementation, whereas no effects were detected in characteristics (CIE color, drip loss, cook loss, shear force) related to meat quality. Some publication, or other small-study bias, was evident in results on growth and feed efficiency. However, directions of mean effect sizes were not changed by application of the trim-and-fill method to correct for bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sales
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Sales J, Jančík F, Homolka P. Quantifying differences in total tract nutrient digestibilities between goats and sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:660-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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