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Stevanoska M, Folz J, Beekmann K, Aichinger G. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling as a new approach methodology (NAM) for predicting systemic levels of gut microbial metabolites. Toxicol Lett 2024; 396:94-102. [PMID: 38685289 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
There is a clear need to develop new approach methodologies (NAMs) that combine in vitro and in silico testing to reduce and replace animal use in chemical risk assessment. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models are gaining popularity as NAMs in toxico/pharmacokinetics, but their coverage of complex metabolic pathways occurring in the gut are incomplete. Chemical modification of xenobiotics by the gut microbiome plays a critical role in the host response, for example, by prolonging exposure to harmful metabolites, but there is not a comprehensive approach to quantify this impact on human health. There are examples of PBK models that have implemented gut microbial biotransformation of xenobiotics with the gut as a dedicated metabolic compartment. However, the integration of microbial metabolism and parameterization of PBK models is not standardized and has only been applied to a few chemical transformations. A challenge in this area is the measurement of microbial metabolic kinetics, for which different fermentation approaches are used. Without a standardized method to measure gut microbial metabolism ex vivo/in vitro, the kinetic constants obtained will lead to conflicting conclusions drawn from model predictions. Nevertheless, there are specific cases where PBK models accurately predict systemic concentrations of gut microbial metabolites, offering potential solutions to the challenges outlined above. This review focuses on models that integrate gut microbial bioconversions and use ex vivo/in vitro methods to quantify metabolic constants that accurately represent in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Stevanoska
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Folz
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
| | - Georg Aichinger
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Li HZ, Yang C, Qian HL, Xu ST, Yan XP. Pore Size Adjustment Strategy for the Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Covalent Organic Framework Nanospheres at Room Temperature for Selective Extraction of Zearalenone in Cereal Samples. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3561-3568. [PMID: 38372135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are attractive adsorbents for sample pretreatment due to their unique structure and properties. However, the selectivity of COFs for the extraction of hazardous compounds is still limited due to the lack of specific interactions between COFs and targets. Herein, we report a pore size adjustment strategy for room-temperature synthesis of molecularly imprinted COF (MICOF) for selective extraction of zearalenone (ZEN) in complex food samples. The three-dimensional building block tetra(4-aminophenyl) methane was used as a functional monomer, while dialdehyde monomers with different numbers of benzene ring were used to adjust the pore size of MICOF to match with the size of ZEN molecules. The prepared MICOF gave the largest adsorption capacity of 177.2 mg g-1 and the highest imprinting factor of 10.1 for ZEN so far. MICOF was used as the adsorbent for dispersed solid-phase extraction in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of trace ZEN in cereals. The high selectivity of the developed method allows simple aqueous standard calibration for the matrix effect-free determination of ZEN in food samples. The limit of detection and the recoveries of the developed method were 0.21 μg kg-1 and 93.7-101.4%, respectively. The precision for the determination of ZEN was less than 3.8% (RSD, n = 6). The developed method is promising for the selective determination of ZEN in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hai-Long Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shu-Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Bzducha-Wróbel A, Janowicz M, Bryła M, Grzesiuk I. Adsorption of Zearalenone by Aureobasidium pullulans Autolyzed Biomass Preparation and Its Detoxification Properties in Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:105. [PMID: 38393183 PMCID: PMC10892388 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Different preventive strategies are needed to minimize the intake risks of mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEN). The aim of this study was to determine the ZEN adsorption ability of an autolyzed biomass preparation of polymorphic yeast Aureobasidium pullulans A.p.-3. The evaluation of the antitoxic properties of the preparation was also performed in relation to Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (ATCC 2366, ATCC 7090 and ATCC 9763) used as a model cell exposed to a toxic ZEN dose. The preparation at a dose of 5 mg/mL showed the adsorption of ZEN present in model systems at concentrations between 1 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. The highest degree of adsorption was established for ZEN concentrations of 1 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL, becoming limited at higher doses of the toxin. Based on the Langmuir model of adsorption isotherms, the predicted maximum ZEN adsorption was approx. 190 µg/mL, regardless of pH. The growth of three strains of S. cerevisiae yeast cells in the medium with ZEN at concentrations within the range of 1.56 μg/mL-100 μg/mL was analyzed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The growth of all tested strains was especially limited by high doses of ZEN, i.e., 50 and 100 μg/mL. The protective effect of the tested preparation was noted in relation to yeast cells exposed to toxic 100 μg/mL ZEN doses. The highest yeast cell growth (app. 36% percentage) was noted for a S. cerevisiae ATCC 9763 strain compared to the medium with ZEN but without preparation. More detailed tests determining the antitoxic mechanisms of the A. pullulans preparation are planned in the future, including cell culture bioassays and animal digestive tract models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Janowicz
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka Str. 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Iga Grzesiuk
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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Cai P, Liu S, Tu Y, Shan T. Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168648. [PMID: 37992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Liu T, Liu G, Xu Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Xu Y. Zearalenone Induces Blood-Testis Barrier Damage through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Paraptosis of Sertoli Cells in Goats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:553. [PMID: 38203724 PMCID: PMC10778680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is present worldwide as a serious contaminant of food and feed and causes male reproductive toxicity. The implication of paraptosis, which is a nonclassical paradigm of cell death, is unclear in ZEA-induced male reproductive disorders. In this study, the toxic effects of ZEA on the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the related mechanisms of paraptosis were detected in goats. ZEA exposure, in vivo, caused a significant decrease in spermatozoon quality, the destruction of seminiferous tubules, and damage to the BTB integrity. Furthermore, ZEA exposure to Sertoli cells (SCs) in vitro showed similar dysfunction in structure and barrier function. Importantly, the formation of massive cytoplasmic vacuoles in ZEA-treated SCs corresponded to the highly swollen and dilative endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and paraptosis inhibition significantly alleviated ZEA-induced SC death and vacuolization, which indicated the important contribution of paraptosis in ZEA-induced BTB damage. Meanwhile, the expression of ER stress marker proteins was increased after ZEA treatment but decreased under the inhibition of paraptosis. The vacuole formation and SC death, induced by ZEA, were remarkably blocked by ER stress inhibition. In conclusion, these results facilitate the exploration of the mechanisms of the SC paraptosis involved in ZEA-induced BTB damage in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Gengchen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yinghuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuqi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yunxuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongjie Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongping Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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7
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Bisconsin-Junior A, Feitosa BF, Silva FL, Barros Mariutti LR. Mycotoxins on edible insects: Should we be worried? Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 177:113845. [PMID: 37209938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are a solid alternative to meet the growing demand for animal protein. However, there are doubts regarding the safety of insect consumption. Mycotoxins are substances of concern for food safety, as they may cause harmful effects on the human organism and accumulate in the tissues of some animals. This study focuses on the characteristics of the main mycotoxins, the mitigation of human consumption of contaminated insects, and the effects of mycotoxins on insect metabolism. To date, studies reported the interaction of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and T-2, isolated or combined, in three insect species from Coleoptera and one from Diptera order. The use of rearing substrates with low mycotoxin contamination did not reduce the survival and development of insects. Fasting practices and replacing contaminated substrate with a decontaminated one decreased the concentration of mycotoxins in insects. There is no evidence that mycotoxins accumulate in the tissues of the insects' larvae. Coleoptera species showed high excretion capacity, while Hermetia illucens had a lower excretion capacity of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Thus, a substrate with low mycotoxin contamination could be used for raising edible insects, particularly from the Coleoptera order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bisconsin-Junior
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Federal Institute of Rondônia, Ariquemes, RO, Brazil.
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Zhang G, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Chen W, Wu S, Yang H, Zhou Y. MnO 2 nanosheets-triggered oxVB 1 fluorescence immunoassay for detection zearalenone. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121954. [PMID: 36228491 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-mediated fluorescence immunoassay for detecting zearalenone (ZEN) was established based on the oxVB1 fluorescence signal modulated by MnO2 nanosheets (MnO2 NS). As the ALP-antibody content increased, more 2-phosphoascorbic acid (AAP) was hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid (AA) which destroyed the MnO2 NS rapidly. In the lack of MnO2 NS, VB1 cannot be oxidized to oxVB1 for emitting fluorescence. On the contrary, the fluorescence of oxVB1 recovered slowly with the decrease of the ALP-antibody concentration. In the optimization condition, the detection limit of this method was 15.5 pg mL-1. Moreover, the recovery of ZEN in real samples ranged from 94.24 % to 108.26 %, which indicated the remarkable accuracy and reliability of this approach. Meanwhile, the proposal of this fluorescence immunoassay provided a new possibility for detecting other targets by replacing antibodies and antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xingping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Shixiang Wu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
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Chen Z, Wang F, Zhang W, Zhou S, Wen D, Mu R. Chronic exposure to zearalenone induces intestinal inflammation and oxidative injury in adult Drosophila melanogaster midgut. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114555. [PMID: 36680988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN)-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects have been increasingly attracting worldwide attention. This study aimed to determine the gastrointestinal adverse effects of ZEN in Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) and reveal possible mechanisms of action of ZEN in insects. Here, chronic exposure of D. melanogaster to ZEN killed flies in a dose-dependent manner (2-20 µM). ZEN (20 µM) decreased the survival rates and climbing ability of flies, and activated immune deficiency-mediated intestinal immunity in midgut, leading to the production of antimicrobial peptides. Meanwhile, ZEN exposure induced morphological alteration of adult midgut. Further study suggested that high levels of oxidative stress was observed in ZEN-treated midgut due to the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression and activities of cellular antioxidant enzyme, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. ZEN-induced oxidative stress then caused cell death, impaired gut barrier function and increased gut permeability, leading to oxidative injury in midgut. Subsequently, ZEN-induce midgut injury further disrupted intestinal stem cell (ISC) homeostasis, stimulating ISC proliferation and tissue regeneration, but did not alter cell fate specification of ISC. Additionally, activation of Jun N-terminal kinase pathway was involved in ZEN-induced oxidative injury and tissue regeneration in midgut. Antioxidant vitamin E alleviated ZEN-induced oxidative injury to midgut epithelium. Collectively, this study provided additional evidences for ZEN-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects from an invertebrate model, extended our understanding of the mechanisms mediating mycotoxin toxicity in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China.
| | - Fen Wang
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhou
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Di Wen
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China.
| | - Ren Mu
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China.
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Gan M, Hu J, Wan K, Liu X, Chen P, Zeng R, Wang F, Zhao Y. Isolation and Characterization of Lactobacillus paracasei 85 and Lactobacillus buchneri 93 to Absorb and Biotransform Zearalenone. TOXICS 2022; 10:680. [PMID: 36355971 PMCID: PMC9695132 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent estrogenic mycotoxins in cereals and animal feed, zearalenone (ZEN) can cause serious reproductive disorders. ZEN control in food and feed commodities has been an imperative area of research. In this study, 87 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from pickles and their ZEN (5 mg/L) removal abilities ranged from 0% to 68.4%. Then, five strains with potent ZEN removal ability (>50%) were identified: Lactobacillus plantarum 22, L. plantarum 37, L. plantarum 47, L. paracasei 85, and L. buchneri 93. Under optimization conditions (48 h, pH 4.0, 37 °C, and 5 mg/L), the highest ZEN removal abilities of L. paracasei 85 and L. buchneri 93 reached 77.7% and 72.8%, respectively. Moreover, the two lactic acid bacteria decreased the toxicity of ZEN, because the levels of β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) transformed from ZEN were more than two-fold higher than α-zearalenol (α-ZOL). Additionally, cell free supernatant and pellet biotransformation of ZEN to α-ZOL and β-ZOL in LAB were detected for the first time. Furthermore, chemical and enzymatical treatments combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that exopolysaccharides, proteins, and lipids on the cell wall could bond to ZEN through hydrophobic interactions. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that cell structure damage occurred during the ZEN clearance to L. buchneri 93, but it did not with L. paracasei 85. In addition, various organic acids, alcohols, and esters of the two LAB participated in ZEN removal. Hence, L. paracasei 85 and L. buchneri 93 can be considered as potential detoxification agents for ZEN removal for food and feedstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Tangshan Food and Drug Comprehensive Testing Center, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Kai Wan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Peirong Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fuhua Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yarong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
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11
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Wang R, Cui N, Yiannikouris A, Huang Y, Zhao W, Su X, Lin G, Zhu R, Song Z, Wang P. New Insights into the Deposition of Zearalenone in Minipigs: A Suitable Bioindicator for Internal Exposure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14032-14042. [PMID: 36269318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental footprint of mycotoxins in agriculture and on animal production has been widely recognized, especially in swine. Despite an increased number of research evaluating the toxicokinetics of mycotoxins in animal organisms, the absorption, distribution, metabolization, and excretion (ADME) patterns of zearalenone (ZEN) need further understanding. Furthermore, in vivo bioindicator for ZEN exposure in individual pigs has yet to be characterized. This study explored the ADME of ZEN in Bama Aroma pigs, a Chinese miniature pig breed, that has been used herein as a swine model. The findings revealed that ZEN was mainly metabolized into α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), and both ZEN and α-ZOL were mostly found in conjugated forms in the plasma, urine, and bile. The concentration and composition patterns of ZEN and its metabolites were tissue-specific, implying that the small intestine, liver, kidney, and lung play different roles in ZEN metabolism. The plasma concentrations of ZEN + α-ZOL highly correlated (R2 = 0.993) with the ZEN dietary exposure and may be utilized as a bioindicator to investigate animal exposure and mitigation efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifiers. This research would provide both fundamental information and a useful animal model for ZEN toxicity and detoxification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Na Cui
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc., 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, Kentucky 40356, United States
| | - Yuan Huang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Beijing Alltech Biological Products (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100600, China
| | - Ronghua Zhu
- Beijing Alltech Biological Products (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100600, China
| | - Zhichao Song
- Henan Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
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12
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Qin S, She F, Zhao F, Li L, Chen F. Selenium-chitosan alleviates the toxic effects of Zearalenone on antioxidant and immune function in mice. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1036104. [PMID: 36277059 PMCID: PMC9582340 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1036104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the protective effects of selenium-chitosan (SC) against antioxidant and immune function-related damage induced by zearalenone (ZEN) in mice. In total, 150 female mice were allotted to five groups for a 30-day study. Control mice were fed a basal diet. Mice in the ZEN, ZEN-Se1, ZEN-Se2 and ZEN-Se3 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with same dose of ZEN (2 mg/kg) and different doses of SC, 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, respectively (calculated by selenium). After 30 days, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in plasma and liver, as well as Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation, plasma interleukins concentrations and liver interleukin mRNA expression levels were determined. The plasma and liver GSH-Px activities, liver T-AOC levels, Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation, interleukin (IL) contents and mRNA expression levels in the ZEN group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), whereas plasma and liver MDA contents in the ZEN group were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Additionally, plasma and liver GSH-Px activities, liver T-AOC levels, Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-2 and IL-6 contents and mRNA expression levels in ZEN+Se2 and ZEN+Se3 groups were significantly higher than in the ZEN group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), whereas plasma and liver MDA contents in the ZEN+Se2 and ZEN+Se3 groups were significantly lower than in the ZEN group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The plasma and liver GSH-Px activities, Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation, IL-1β and IL-6 contents, IL-2 and IL-17A mRNA expression levels in the ZEN+Se1 group were also significantly higher than in the ZEN group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), whereas the plasma MDA content in the ZEN+Se1 group was also significantly lower than in the ZEN group (P < 0.01). Thus, SC may alleviate antioxidant function-related damage and immunosuppression induced by ZEN in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuze She
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanghong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Fu Chen
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13
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Jing S, Liu C, Zheng J, Dong Z, Guo N. Toxicity of zearalenone and its nutritional intervention by natural products. Food Funct 2022; 13:10374-10400. [PMID: 36165278 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01545e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a toxic secondary metabolite mainly produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, and is often present in various food and feed ingredients such as corn and wheat. The structure of ZEN is similar to that of natural estrogen, and it can bind to estrogen receptors and has estrogenic activity. Therefore, it can cause endocrine-disrupting effects and promote the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive cell lines. In addition, ZEN can cause oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and other hazards, resulting in systemic toxic effects, including reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the past few decades, researchers have tried many ways to remove ZEN from food and feed, but it is still a challenge to eliminate it. In recent years, natural compounds have become of interest for their excellent protective effects on human health from food contaminants. Researchers have discovered that natural compounds often used as dietary supplements can effectively alleviate ZEN-induced systemic toxic effects. Most of the compounds mitigate ZEN-induced toxicity through antioxidant effects. In this article, the contamination of food and feed by ZEN and the various toxic effects and mechanisms of ZEN are reviewed, as well as the mitigation effects of natural compounds on ZEN-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Chunmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Zhijian Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Yuan T, Li J, Wang Y, Li M, Yang A, Ren C, Qi D, Zhang N. Effects of Zearalenone on Production Performance, Egg Quality, Ovarian Function and Gut Microbiota of Laying Hens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100653. [PMID: 36287922 PMCID: PMC9610152 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a ubiquitous contaminant in poultry feed, since ZEN and its metabolites can interfere with estrogen function and affect the reproductive ability of animals. The estrogen-like effect of ZEN on mammal is widely reported, while little information is available, regarding the effect of relatively low dose of ZEN on estrogen function and production performance of laying hens, and the relationship between them. This work was aimed to investigate the effects of ZEN on the production performance, egg quality, ovarian function and gut microbiota of laying hens. A total of 96 Hy-line brown laying hens aged 25-week were randomly divided into 3 groups including basal diet group (BD group), basal diet supplemented with 250 μg/kg (250 μg/kg ZEN group) and 750 μg/kg (750 μg/kg ZEN group) ZEN group. Here, 750 μg/kg ZEN resulted in a significant increase in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (g feed/g egg) (p < 0.05), a decrease in the egg production (p > 0.05), albumen height and Haugh unit (p > 0.05), compared to the BD group. The serum Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels significantly decreased in ZEN supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Serum Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Progesterone (P) levels in the 750 μg/kg ZEN group were significantly lower than those in the BD group (p < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that ZEN reduced cecum microbial diversity (p < 0.05) and altered gut microbiota composition. In contrast to 250 μg/kg ZEN, 750 μg/kg ZEN had more dramatic effects on the gut microbiota function. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed negative correlations between the dominant bacteria of the 750 μg/kg ZEN group and the production performance, egg quality and ovarian function of hens. Overall, ZEN was shown to exert a detrimental effect on production performance, egg quality and ovarian function of laying hens in this study. Moreover, alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota induced by ZEN may be involved in the adverse effects of ZEN on laying hens.
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15
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Zhai C, Yu Y, Han J, Hu J, He D, Zhang H, Shi J, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Wang G, Xu J. Isolation, Characterization, and Application of Clostridium sporogenes F39 to Degrade Zearalenone under Anaerobic Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091194. [PMID: 35563917 PMCID: PMC9103434 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by Fusarium spp. and is widely found in moldy wheat, corn, and other grains. ZEN has a strong toxicity and causes reproductive and immune disorders and estrogenic syndrome in animals and humans. Biodegradation has been demonstrated as an efficient way to control the hazardous effect of ZEN. A promising way to apply biodegradation in feed is to introduce anaerobic ZEN-degrading microorganisms, which can function during the digestion process in animal intestines. The aim of this study was to isolate anaerobic ZEN-degrading bacteria from anaerobic environments. A strain named F39 was isolated from animal intestinal contents and had a ZEN-degradation rate of 87.35% in 48 h to form trace amount of α- and β-zearalenol. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences, F39 was identified as Clostridium sporogenes. The optimum temperature for the growth of F39 was 37 °C, the optimum pH was 7.0, and the most suitable carbon source was beef extract, while the optimal conditions for the degradation of ZEN were as follows: 35 °C, pH 7.0, and GAM medium. ZEN was degraded by F39 with a high efficiency in the concentration range of 1–15 mg/L. The bioactive factors responsible for ZEN degradation were mainly distributed intracellularly. F39 can degrade most of the ZEN present, but a small amount is broken down into two secondary metabolites, α- and β-zearalenol, and the toxicity of the degradation products is reduced. With an efficiency of 49%, F39 can more effectively degrade ZEN in wheat-based feedstuffs than in other feedstuff, and the degradation efficiency was pH related. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Clostridium sporogenes F39’s ability to maintain the biodegradation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congning Zhai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Yangguang Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Jun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Junqiang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza 12411, Egypt;
| | - Dawood H. Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianhong Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
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Sohrabi H, Majidi MR, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Pourmohammad S, Khataee A, Orooji Y. Recent advances in the highly sensitive determination of zearalenone residues in water and environmental resources with electrochemical biosensors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112082. [PMID: 34555403 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a significant class of mycotoxin which is considered as a xenoestrogen, permits, similar to natural estrogens, it's binding to the receptors of estrogen resulting in various reproductive diseases especially, hormonal misbalance. ZEN has toxic effects on human and animal health as a result of its teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. To ensure water and environmental resources safety, precise, rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical and conventional methods can be progressed for the determination of toxins such as ZEN. Different selective nanomaterial-based compounds are used in conjunction with different analytical detection approaches to achieve this goal. The current review demonstrates the state-of-the-art advances of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing assays including various sensing, apta-sensing and, immunosensing studies to the highly sensitive determination of various ZEN families. At first, a concise study of the occurrence, structure, toxicity, legislations, and distribution of ZEN in monitoring has been performed. Then, different conventional and clinical techniques and procedures to sensitive and selective sensing techniques have been reviewed and the efficient comparison of them has been thoroughly discussed. This study has also summarized the salient features and the requirements for applying various sensing and biosensing platforms and diverse immobilization techniques in ZEN detection. Finally, we have defined the performance of several electrochemical sensors applying diverse recognition elements couples with nanomaterials fabricated using various recognition elements coupled with nanomaterials (metal NPs, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), graphene, and CNT) the issues limiting development, and the forthcoming tasks in successful construction with the applied nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Arbabzadeh
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pegah Khaaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Pourmohammad
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey.
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
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Transcriptomics Reveals the Effect of Thymol on the Growth and Toxin Production of Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020142. [PMID: 35202169 PMCID: PMC8877954 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a harmful pathogen causing head blight in cereals such as wheat and barley, and thymol has been proven to inhibit the growth of many pathogens. This study aims to explore the fungistatic effect of thymol on F. graminearum and its mechanism. Different concentrations of thymol were used to treat F. graminearum. The results showed that the EC50 concentration of thymol against F. graminearum was 40 μg/mL. Compared with the control group, 40 μg/mL of thymol reduced the production of Deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-Ac-DON by 70.1% and 78.2%, respectively. Our results indicate that thymol can effectively inhibit the growth and toxin production of F. graminearum and cause an extensive transcriptome response. Transcriptome identified 16,727 non-redundant unigenes and 1653 unigenes that COG did not annotate. The correlation coefficients between samples were all >0.941. When FC was 2.0 times, a total of 3230 differential unigenes were identified, of which 1223 were up-regulated, and 2007 were down-regulated. Through the transcriptome, we confirmed that the expression of many genes involved in F. graminearum growth and synthesis of DON and other secondary metabolites were also changed. The gluconeogenesis/glycolysis pathway may be a potential and important way for thymol to affect the growth of F. graminearum hyphae and the production of DON simultaneously.
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