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Hu R, Wu F, Zheng YQ. Ivacaftor attenuates gentamicin-induced ototoxicity through the CFTR-Nrf2-HO1/NQO1 pathway. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2332038. [PMID: 38563333 PMCID: PMC10993751 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2332038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gentamicin is one of the most common ototoxic drugs that can lower patients' quality of life. Oxidative stress is a key factors inducing sensory hair cell death during gentamicin administration. So far, there are no effective drugs to prevent or treat gentamicin- induced hearing loss. A recent study found cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) as a new target to modulate cellular oxidative balance. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of the CFTR activator ivacaftor on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity and determine its mechanism. METHODS The hair cell count was analyzed by Myosin 7a staining. Apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL Apoptosis Kit. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by DCFH-DA probes. The Nrf2 related proteins expression levels were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS An in vitro cochlear explant model showed that gentamicin caused ROS accumulation in sensory hair cells and induced apoptosis, and this effect was alleviated by pretreatment with ivacaftor. Western blotting showed that ivacaftor administration markedly increased the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). The protective effect of ivacaftor was abolished by the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385. DISCUSSION Our results indicate the protective role of the CFTR-Nrf2-HO1/NQO1 pathway in gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Ivacaftor may be repositioned or repurposed towards aminoglycosides-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shanwei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yi-Qing Zheng
- Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shanwei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Okayasu T, Mitani K, Kitahara T. Reviewing Kampo medicine (Traditional Japanese Herbal Medicine) for otology/neurotology diseases. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:25-30. [PMID: 37137794 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Kampo medicine, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, is used for the treatment of otologic and neurotologic diseases in Japan and other Asian countries. However, only Japanese medical doctors can prescribe both Kampo and modern (Western) medicine. Since a medical doctor can perform not only the diagnosis but also Kampo treatment, it is expected that the quality of clinical studies on traditional herbal medicine is higher in Japan than that in other countries. However, there is no Kampo review written in English language for the treatment of otology/neurotology diseases. Herein, we would like to demonstrate evidence of Kampo treatment for otology/neurotology diseases according to previous studies in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Okayasu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijyo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Mitani
- Yamato Kampo Medical Pharmaceutical Center, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijyo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara 634-8522, Japan; Mitani Family Clinic, 4-354-1 Primo Otori 1F, Otorihigashi-cho, Nishi-ku, Sakai-city, Osaka, 593-8324, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kitahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijyo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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Ding L, Wang J. MiR-106a facilitates the sensorineural hearing loss induced by oxidative stress by targeting connexin-43. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14080-14093. [PMID: 35730503 PMCID: PMC9342191 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a common clinical side effect resulted from the overusing of aminoglycoside antibacterial drugs, such as gentamicin. Oxidative stress is recently evidenced to be an important inducer for SNHL, which is reported to be associated with the knockdown of connexin-43. MiR-106a is recently found as a regulator of connexin-43. The present study aims to investigate whether miR-106a is a vital mediator in the development of SNHL. Firstly, upregulated miR-106a was observed in the peripheral blood sample of SNHL patients. Glucose oxidase (GO) was utilized to induce oxidative injury in isolated rat cochlear marginal cells (MCs), followed by introducing the miR-106a inhibitor. We found that the declined proliferation ability, increased apoptosis, and activated oxidative stress in GO-stimulated MCs were dramatically abolished by the miR-106a inhibitor, accompanied by the upregulation of connexin-43. The targeting correlation between miR-106a and connexin-43 was predicted and confirmed by the dual luciferase gene reporter assay. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of miR-106a inhibitor against the proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in GO-treated MCs were dramatically abolished by the knockdown of connexin-43. Gentamicin was utilized to establish the SNHL model in rats, followed by the treatments of antagomir-106a and antagomir-106a combined with carbenoxolone, an inhibitor of connexin-43. The alleviated pathological state, reduced apoptosis, and ameliorated oxidative stress in cochlea tissues were observed in antagomir-106a treated SNHL rats, which were dramatically reversed by the co-administration of carbenoxolone. Collectively, miR-106a facilitated the SNHL induced by oxidative stress via targeting connexin-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- ENT Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Subsidiary Dongfang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- ENT Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Subsidiary Dongfang Hospital, Beijing, China
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Yang Y, Chen X, Tian K, Tian C, Chen L, Mi W, Li Q, Qiu J, Lin Y, Zha D. Heme Oxygenase-1 Protects Hair Cells From Gentamicin-Induced Death. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:783346. [PMID: 35496911 PMCID: PMC9043494 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.783346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin ototoxicity can generate free radicals within the inner ear, leading to permanent damage to sensory hair cells (HCs) and eventually hearing loss. The following study examined the alterations of oxidative damage-related genes in the cochlea and important molecules responsible for oxidation following gentamicin injury in vitro. The RT2 Profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was used to screen candidate targets for treatment to prevent hearing loss caused by gentamicin. We found that during gentamicin-induced death in HCs, Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) had a high fold change in the HCs of the cochlea. Moreover, the use of CoPPIX to induce HO-1 inhibited gentamicin-induced HC death, while HO-1 inhibitors ZnPPIX after CoPPIX reversed this process. Furthermore, the inhibitors of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) reduced the expression of HO-1 and inhibited the protective effect of HO-1 after gentamicin, thus suggesting that the Nrf2/HO-1 axis might regulate gentamicin-associated ototoxicity. We further demonstrated that induction of HO-1 up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 in both cochlear and HEI-OC1 cells. In summary, these findings indicated that HO-1 protects HCs from gentamicin by up-regulating its expression in HCs and interacting with Nrf2 to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Keyong Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chaoyong Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- Smartgenomics Technology Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjuan Mi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Lin,
| | - Dingjun Zha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Dingjun Zha,
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Li W, Zhang Y, Xu J, Chen J, Gao X. Fasudil prevents neomycin-induced hair cell damage by inhibiting autophagy through the miR-489/NDP52 signaling pathway in HEI-OC1 cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:43. [PMID: 34849158 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common sensory disorder that is mainly caused by the loss of hair cells (HCs). Drug-induced deafness, for which there is currently no effective treatment, is mainly caused by the inappropriate use of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Fasudil (Fas), a novel isoquinoline sulfonamide derivative, has exhibited antioxidant abilities in a number of previous studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of Fas against neomycin (Neo)-induced hair cell damage and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis were used to detect the effects of Fas on cell apoptosis and to determine the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, LC3B and Beclin 1, induced by Neo. Mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected using fluorescent probes. The effect of Fas on Neo-induced hair cell injury marker, GFP-LC3B, was also examined using the immunofluorescence technique. Fas was found to inhibit Neo-induced mitochondrial autophagy and mitochondrial membrane potential decline, in addition to reducing ROS levels and cell apoptosis caused by Neo treatment. However, Fas failed to inhibit the Neo-induced these above changes in cells with NDP52 overexpression. The putative binding sites of microRNA (miR)-489 on the 3'-untranslated region of nuclear dot protein 52 (NDP52) were predicted using the TargetScan 7.0 online tool, and this association was further verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, the expression of miR-489 negatively regulated the expression of NDP52. Fas and miR-489 mimic inhibited the Neo-induced mitochondrial autophagy and mitochondrial membrane potential decline, in addition to reducing ROS levels and cell apoptosis. Knockdown of miR-489 expression using a miR-489 inhibitor blocked the inhibitory effects of Fas on the mitochondrial membrane potential, cell apoptosis and ROS production. Therefore, Fas may upregulate the expression of miR-489 to negatively regulate the expression of NDP52 at the post-transcriptional level, which in turn inhibits the activation of mitophagy and cell injury induced by Neo. Thus, Fas may act as a novel therapeutic option in the clinical treatment of hearing loss in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Jincan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Xia Gao
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Gulou Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Gulou Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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6
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Regulation of autophagy: a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of hearing loss. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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7
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Zhou M, Sun G, Zhang L, Zhang G, Yang Q, Yin H, Li H, Liu W, Bai X, Li J, Wang H. STK33 alleviates gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in cochlear hair cells and House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5286-5299. [PMID: 30256516 PMCID: PMC6201369 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase 33 (STK33), a member of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase (CAMK), plays vital roles in a wide spectrum of cell processes. The present study was designed to investigate whether STK33 expressed in the mammalian cochlea and, if so, what effect STK33 exerted on aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity in House Ear Institute‐Organ of Corti 1 (HEI‐OC1) cells. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed to investigate STK33 expression in cochlear hair cells (HCs) and HEI‐OC1 cells with or without gentamicin treatment. CCK8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were employed to detect the effects of STK33 knockdown, and/or U0126, and/or N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) on the sensitivity to gentamicin‐induced ototoxicity in HEI‐OC1 cells. We found that STK33 was expressed in both mice cochlear HCs and HEI‐OC1 cells, and the expression of STK33 was significantly decreased in cochlear HCs and HEI‐OC1 cells after gentamicin exposure. STK33 knockdown resulted in an increase in the cleaved caspase‐3 and Bax expressions as well as cell apoptosis after gentamicin damage in HEI‐OC1 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of STK33 led to activated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway as well as augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation after gentamicin damage. Moreover, STK33 was involved in extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 pathway in primary culture of HCs and HEI‐OC1 cells in response to gentamicin insult. The findings from this work indicate that STK33 decreases the sensitivity to the apoptosis dependent on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by regulating ROS generation after gentamicin treatment, which provides a new potential target for protection from the aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zhou
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Gaoying Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Hongrui Li
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
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8
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He Z, Guo L, Shu Y, Fang Q, Zhou H, Liu Y, Liu D, Lu L, Zhang X, Ding X, Liu D, Tang M, Kong W, Sha S, Li H, Gao X, Chai R. Autophagy protects auditory hair cells against neomycin-induced damage. Autophagy 2017; 13:1884-1904. [PMID: 28968134 PMCID: PMC5788479 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1359449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides are toxic to sensory hair cells (HCs). Macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential and highly conserved self-digestion pathway that plays important roles in the maintenance of cellular function and viability under stress. However, the role of autophagy in aminoglycoside-induced HC injury is unknown. Here, we first found that autophagy activity was significantly increased, including enhanced autophagosome-lysosome fusion, in both cochlear HCs and HEI-OC-1 cells after neomycin or gentamicin injury, suggesting that autophagy might be correlated with aminoglycoside-induced cell death. We then used rapamycin, an autophagy activator, to increase the autophagy activity and found that the ROS levels, apoptosis, and cell death were significantly decreased after neomycin or gentamicin injury. In contrast, treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or knockdown of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins resulted in reduced autophagy activity and significantly increased ROS levels, apoptosis, and cell death after neomycin or gentamicin injury. Finally, after neomycin injury, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine could successfully prevent the increased apoptosis and HC loss induced by 3-MA treatment or ATG knockdown, suggesting that autophagy protects against neomycin-induced HC damage by inhibiting oxidative stress. We also found that the dysfunctional mitochondria were not eliminated by selective autophagy (mitophagy) in HEI-OC-1 cells after neomycin treatment, suggesting that autophagy might not directly target the damaged mitochondria for degradation. This study demonstrates that moderate ROS levels can promote autophagy to recycle damaged cellular constituents and maintain cellular homeostasis, while the induction of autophagy can inhibit apoptosis and protect the HCs by suppressing ROS accumulation after aminoglycoside injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhong He
- a Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences , Southeast University , Nanjing , China.,b Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Lingna Guo
- a Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences , Southeast University , Nanjing , China.,c Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Yilai Shu
- d Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Institute , Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,e Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine , National Health and Family Planning Commission , Shangha i, China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- a Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences , Southeast University , Nanjing , China.,c Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Han Zhou
- f Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory) , Nanjing , China
| | - Yongze Liu
- f Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory) , Nanjing , China
| | - Dingding Liu
- f Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory) , Nanjing , China
| | - Ling Lu
- f Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory) , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- f Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory) , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ding
- g Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital , Southeast University , Nanjing , China
| | - Dong Liu
- c Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- a Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences , Southeast University , Nanjing , China.,c Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Weijia Kong
- b Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Suhua Sha
- h Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Huawei Li
- d Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Institute , Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,e Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine , National Health and Family Planning Commission , Shangha i, China
| | - Xia Gao
- f Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory) , Nanjing , China.,i Research Institute of Otolaryngology , Nanjing , China
| | - Renjie Chai
- a Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences , Southeast University , Nanjing , China.,c Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong , China.,i Research Institute of Otolaryngology , Nanjing , China
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