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Joffe AD, Kangas M, Peters L. An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Emotional Labor. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39177682 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2024.2383937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of contextually appropriate emotions in the workplace is critical to fostering effective interpersonal interactions. What constitutes an appropriate emotional expression is determined by the display rules an employee perceives. Within the emotional labor framework, the management of emotional expression at work (i.e., ensuring alignment with display rules) occurs through the engagement in two primary strategies by employees. These are known as surface acting and deep acting. Despite theoretical efforts to synthesize these strategies with the broader emotion regulation framework and its strategies of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, no empirical examination of their relationship exists. The present study aimed to investigate this empirical relationship to provide clarity on the extent to which these constructs (i.e., strategies) are unique across frameworks. A second aim was to assess whether method bias could explain any overlap between these constructs. A total of 800 participants (Mage = 22.4 years, 78.8% female) who worked across a range of service industries completed measures of emotion regulation and emotional labor under two conditions designed to manipulate the presence of method bias (i.e., varying the order of item administration). Participants also completed the DASS-21, a measure of affective symptom severity. Using multigroup analysis, the results indicated that analogous latent constructs (cognitive reappraisal and deep acting; expressive suppression and surface acting) yielded significant, small-to-moderate correlations, and that correlation coefficients were invariant regardless of how items were administered. The pattern of correlations with affective symptoms also differed across constructs. Together, the limited correlations between the analogous strategies, and the differential associations with affective symptoms, suggest a relative independence between these constructs. Findings carry theoretical and practical implications across research and clinical settings.
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Erschens R, Armbruster I, Adam SH, Rapp F, Braun L, Schröpel C, Zipfel S, Rieger MA, Gündel H, Rothermund E, Junne F. Unveiling social relationships: exploring the importance of relationships as a moderator of the link between effort-reward imbalance and leader-member exchange among healthcare professionals. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2169. [PMID: 39127619 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Healthcare professionals are at increased risk of experiencing occupational stress and its detrimental stress-sequalae. Relevant theories that contribute to the subjective experience of occupational stress have been identified, such as the model of effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and the concept of leader-member exchange (LMX). The aim of this study was to examine how the perceived importance of social relationships at work moderates the relationship between LMX and imbalance ERI. METHODS A survey was conducted among N = 1,137 healthcare professionals from diverse occupational categories in a tertiary hospital in Germany. ERI was gauged using the German version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (ERI-S 10). The quality of leader-employee dyadic relationships was assessed using the German version of the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX-7). The importance of social relationships was assessed on the basis of a previously validated polarity profile. RESULTS More than 75% of healthcare professionals reported high levels of ERI, with those involved in direct patient care particularly affected. On average, leaders rated relationship quality higher than their respective followers. Subjectively higher LMX was associated with lower ERI. This association was moderated by the perceived importance of social relationships at work. Higher subjective ratings of their importance led to a stronger association. CONCLUSION The study highlights the particular challenges faced in the healthcare sector. The results emphasize that the perceived importance of social relationships at work can play a key role in healthcare professionals' job stress and underline the need for stress prevention programs that engage both leaders and followers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Erschens
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany.
| | - Ines Armbruster
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Helen Adam
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Rapp
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm University, 89070, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Braun
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Carla Schröpel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika A Rieger
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Eva Rothermund
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Florian Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
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Mitello L, Marti F, Mauro L, Siano L, Pucci A, Tarantino C, Rocco G, Stievano A, Iacorossi L, Anastasi G, Ferrara R, Marucci AR, Varrassi G, Giannarelli D, Latina R. The Usefulness of Virtual Reality in Symptom Management during Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4374. [PMID: 39124641 PMCID: PMC11312944 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Virtual reality (VR) emerges as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for managing symptoms and providing distraction during chemotherapy. This study aims to assess VR's effectiveness on cancer-related symptoms, vital signs, and the patients' perception of chemotherapy in lung cancer patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 100 patients. Participants were allocated into an intervention group (n = 55), which experienced immersive VR, and a comparison group (n = 45), which received usual care. Data were collected through questionnaires and checklists, including feedback on the VR experience, pain, vital signs, and common cancer symptoms, assessed through the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale. Results: VR had a significant impact on reducing the perception of chemotherapy length. Patients reported high levels of satisfaction and tolerability. No adverse events were observed. VR did not have significant influence on pain intensity or vital signs. The only exceptions were oxygen saturation, where a significant difference (p = 0.02) was reported, and the perception of chemotherapy duration. Conclusions: As a non-pharmacological intervention, VR proves to be beneficial in minimizing the perceived length of chemotherapy sessions for lung cancer patients, enhancing their overall treatment experience. The intervention was found to be a safe, feasible, and well-accepted distraction technique. Future research should explore VR's potential effects on a wider range of symptoms and evaluate its impact on long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mitello
- Department of Health Professions, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Flavio Marti
- Department of Health Professions, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (A.R.M.)
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Mauro
- Department of Health Professions, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Ludovica Siano
- Emergency Department, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonello Pucci
- Department of Health Professions, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Concetta Tarantino
- Department of Health Professions, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Gennaro Rocco
- Center of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, OPI of Rome, 00136 Rome, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, 1005 Tirana, Albania
| | - Alessandro Stievano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Laura Iacorossi
- Department of Life, Health and Health Professions Sciences Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Anastasi
- Department of Trauma, AOU G. Martino University Hospital, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Ferrara
- Department of Anatomy Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Rita Marucci
- Department of Health Professions, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | | | - Diana Giannarelli
- Facility of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Latina
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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Yikilmaz I, Surucu L, Maslakci A, Dalmis AB, Toros E. Exploring the Relationship between Surface Acting, Job Stress, and Emotional Exhaustion in Health Professionals: The Moderating Role of LMX. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:637. [PMID: 39199033 PMCID: PMC11351417 DOI: 10.3390/bs14080637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid organizational changes due to technological advancements, high-efficiency expectations, and uncertainties, particularly in healthcare, have led to a global stress epidemic among em-ployees. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and evolving workplace practices. Surface acting, or the suppression and faking of emotions, significantly contributes to this stress and burnout, impacting not only individual healthcare professionals but also healthcare systems' overall effectiveness and sustainability. Providing adequate resources in high-demand work environments is, thus, essential to mitigate these negative experiences. Leader-member exchange (LMX) can play a pivotal role in understanding and addressing the needs and expectations of healthcare professionals. Drawing on Conservation of Resources (COR), Job Demands-Resources (JD-R), Social Exchange theories, and Grandey's Emotional Regulation Model, this study analyzed data from a convenience sample of 350 healthcare professionals. The results reveal that surface acting intensifies healthcare professionals' experiences of job stress and emotional exhaustion. Notably, the study empirically demonstrated that high levels of LMX in healthcare professionals' relationships with their leaders can mitigate the impact of surface acting on job stress and emotional exhaustion. These findings offer valuable insights for managers and policymakers, highlighting the importance of LMX in maintaining sustainable management practices in complex and stressful healthcare organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yikilmaz
- Department of Management and Organization, Faculty of Business Administration, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Lutfi Surucu
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics, Administrative, and Social Sciences, Bahçeşehir Cyprus University, Mersin 10, Nicosia 99010, Turkey; (L.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ahmet Maslakci
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics, Administrative, and Social Sciences, Bahçeşehir Cyprus University, Mersin 10, Nicosia 99010, Turkey; (L.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Alper Bahadir Dalmis
- Department of Management and Organization, Aeronautical Vocational School of Higher Education, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Ankara 06790, Turkey;
| | - Emete Toros
- Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences, University of Kyrenia, Mersin 10, Kyrenia 99320, Turkey;
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Young AM, Garver KA, Gulani V. Positive Leadership within Breast Imaging: Impact on Burnout, Intent to Leave, and Engagement. Radiology 2024; 311:e232329. [PMID: 38742975 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.232329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background High rates of provider burnout and turnover, as well as staffing shortages, are creating crises within radiology departments. Identifying ways to support health care workers, such as the Positively Energizing Leadership program, is important during these ongoing crises. Purpose To identify the relationship between leadership behaviors and workplace climate and health care worker outcomes (ie, burnout, intent to leave, and engagement) and to determine whether the positive leadership program could improve workplace climate and health care worker outcomes. Materials and Methods This prospective study involved two parts. First, a web-based survey was administered to faculty and staff in a breast imaging unit of a large academic medical center in February 2021 to identify relationships between leadership behaviors and workplace climate and health care worker outcomes. Second, a web-based survey was administered in February 2023, following the implementation of a positive leadership program, to determine improvement in engagement and reduction of burnout and intent to leave since 2021. Multiple regression, the Sobel test, Pearson correlation, and the t test were used, with a conservative significance level of P < .001. Results The sample consisted of 88 respondents (response rate, 95%) in 2021 and 85 respondents (response rate, 92%) in 2023. Leadership communication was associated with a positive workplace climate (β = 0.76, P < .001) and a positive workplace climate was associated with improved engagement (β = 0.53, P < .001), reduction in burnout (β = -0.42, P < .001), and reduction in intent to leave (β = -0.49, P < .001). Following a 2-year positive leadership program, improved perceptions were observed for leadership communication (pretest mean, 4.59 ± 1.51 [SD]; posttest mean, 5.80 ± 1.01; t = 5.97, P < .001), workplace climate (pretest mean, 5.09 ± 1.43; posttest mean, 5.77 ± 1.11; t = 3.35, P < .001), and engagement (pretest mean, 5.27 ± 1.20, posttest mean, 5.68 ± 0.96; t = 2.50, P < .01), with a reduction in burnout (pretest mean, 2.69 ± 0.94; posttest mean, 2.18 ± 0.74; t = 3.50, P < .001) and intent to leave (pretest mean, 3.12 ± 2.23; posttest mean, 2.56 ± 1.84; t = 1.78, P < .05). Conclusion After implementation of a positive leadership program in a radiology department breast imaging unit, burnout and intention to leave decreased among health care workers, while engagement increased. © RSNA, 2024 See also the editorial by Thrall in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Young
- From the Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, 701 Tappan St, Room R3480, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382 (A.M.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich (A.M.Y., K.A.G., V.G.)
| | - Kimberly A Garver
- From the Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, 701 Tappan St, Room R3480, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382 (A.M.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich (A.M.Y., K.A.G., V.G.)
| | - Vikas Gulani
- From the Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, 701 Tappan St, Room R3480, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382 (A.M.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich (A.M.Y., K.A.G., V.G.)
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Saei E, Sarshar S, Lee RT. Emotional labor and burnout among nurses in Iran: core self-evaluations as mediator and moderator. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2024; 22:14. [PMID: 38336699 PMCID: PMC10858547 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-024-00896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the mediating and moderating impact of core self-evaluations in the path from emotional labor to burnout. Our hypothesized associations are based on Hobfoll (Rev Gen Psychol 6:307-24, 2002) conservation of resources theory. METHOD Three hundred nurses from four hospitals in Abadan, Iran, were invited to participate in our study. Of the 300, 255 completed all sections and questions in our survey for an 85% response rate. The posited direct and indirect effects were evaluated with structural equation modeling and the interaction effects were evaluated with hierarchical moderated regression and simple regression slope plots. RESULT Deep acting has indirect effects on burnout through core self-evaluations. Though unrelated to surface acting, core self-evaluations moderate its impact: under low core self-evaluations, surface acting is strongly related to emotional exhaustion and inversely related to personal accomplishment, whereas, under high core self-evaluations, surface acting is unrelated to these burnout dimensions. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal the dual functions of CSE as a psychological resource and buffer to offset the interpersonal demands of patient care. Limitations, directions for future research, and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Saei
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Soheil Sarshar
- Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raymond T Lee
- Department of Business Administration, Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Lin H, Li Z, Yan M. Burn-out, emotional labour and psychological resilience among gastroenterology nurses during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e064909. [PMID: 36585132 PMCID: PMC9808751 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between burn-out, emotional labour and psychological resilience of gastroenterology nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the factors associated with these specific variables. DESIGN A multicentre cross-sectional study with anonymous self-reporting was conducted from 24 November 2021 to 26 December 2021. SETTING The study was conducted in Fujian Province, China. PARTICIPANTS The participants were 345 gastroenterology nurses from 7 tertiary hospitals. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Burn-out, emotional labour and psychological resilience were the primary outcome measures. Using a convenience sampling method, the data were collected using Questionnaire Star (a tool for questionnaire surveys) via WeChat. The Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Chinese version of the Emotional Labour Scale and the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale were used to evaluate burn-out, emotional labour and psychological resilience, respectively. RESULTS The total scores for burn-out, emotional labour and psychological resilience in gastroenterology nurses were 53.07±19.63, 38.79±12.22 and 69.97±22.38, respectively, with less use of deep acting and more use of surface acting. Pearson correlation analysis showed that burn-out was positively correlated with two dimensions of emotional labour; surface acting and emotional expression, and negatively correlated with deep acting. There was a negative correlation between emotional labour and all three dimensions of psychological resilience. CONCLUSIONS Greater adoption of deep acting by nurses can be promoted by improving their psychological resilience during events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which can help improve emotional labour, thereby reducing burn-out and decreasing turnover rates. Senior management in hospitals must pay attention to nurses' psychological status. Further interventional studies could be conducted in the future to explore relevant measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Afiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhangjie Li
- The School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mengting Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Afiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Wójcik G, Wontorczyk A, Barańska I. Job Demands, Resources and Burnout Among Polish Nurses During the Late Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Emotional Labor. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:931391. [PMID: 35898625 PMCID: PMC9309251 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.931391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Burnout has been recognized as a serious health problem. Nurses as a professional group are at a high risk of burnout occurrence, especially when facing burden associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite evidence that higher job demands lead to burnout, there is less known about the indirect effect of job demands and resources on burnout via surface acting. Using the JD-R framework, this study examined how job demands and resources affected burnout among Polish nurses and whether these relationships are mediated by surface acting and moderated by coping with the workload. Materials and Methods A sample of 270 nurses from the biggest hospital in Southern Poland filled out an online questionnaire at the time between the fourth and the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. The Polish adaptations of Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Organizational Constraints Scale (OCS), Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale (ICAWS), Areas of Worklife Survey (AWS), and Emotional Labor Scale (ELS) were used. Mediation and moderation analyses were carried out in the SPSS macro-PROCESS. Results Surface acting partially mediated the positive association between organizational constraints and interpersonal conflict at work and burnout, as well as the negative association between the perceived organizational support and burnout. Coping with workload moderated the direct effect of organizational constraints on burnout via surface acting. Conclusion The findings enrich the knowledge of the mediating and moderating mechanisms to explain the association between job demands, resources and burnout among nurses. There have been proposed interventions concerning increasing organizational support, effective emotional regulation of management education and psychological training regarding adequate coping strategies which could help reduce or prevent the occurrence of burnout in this professional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Wójcik
- Department of Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Antoni Wontorczyk
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ilona Barańska
- Department of Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Powell CAJ, Butler JP. The Role of Moral Distress on Physician Burnout during COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6066. [PMID: 35627603 PMCID: PMC9142098 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the role of moral distress on physician burnout during COVID-19. Physicians in the US were interviewed between February and March 2021; 479 responded to our survey. The results indicated that moral distress was a key mediator in explaining the relationship between perceived organizational support, medical specialization, emotional labor, and coping with burnout. Results did not support increased burnout among female physicians, and contracting COVID-19 likewise did not play a role in burnout. Our findings suggest that physician burnout can be mitigated by increasing perceived organizational support; likewise, physicians who engaged in deep emotional labor and problem-focused coping tended to fare better when it came to feelings of moral distress and subsequent burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A. J. Powell
- Department of Psychology, Thomas More University, Crestview Hills, KY 41017, USA
| | - John P. Butler
- Department of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Examining boss phubbing and employee outcomes through the lens of affective events theory. ASLIB J INFORM MANAG 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ajim-07-2021-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PurposeIn this study, the impact of boss phubbing, or using a phone during interaction with subordinates, on important employee outcomes — work meaningfulness and employee phubbing behavior — through the mediating role of self-esteem threat was investigated using affective events theory. The moderating role of rejection sensitivity was also examined.Design/methodology/approachData were collected in three time lags from head nurses (N = 178) working in public and private hospitals. The hypothesized relationships were tested using variance-based structural equation modeling with partial least squares.FindingsBoss phubbing negatively affected employees' sense of work meaningfulness and had a positive direct and indirect relationship with employee phubbing behavior through self-esteem threat. The hypothesized moderating role of rejection sensitivity was not supported.Practical implicationsThe authors recommend that organizations develop policies addressing boss phubbing in the workplace, particularly in contexts in which a high leader–member exchange is desired for organizational effectiveness, such as health-related services. Superiors, such as doctors, should review their mobile phone usage during interactions with subordinates because it is detrimental to employee outcomes.Originality/valueThis study is a nascent attempt to test the hypothesized relationships on the emerging phenomenon of phubbing at work in the human–computer interaction domain in Pakistan, a developing country, particularly in hospital settings where a high leader–member exchange is pivotal.
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Anitha EGN, Suganthi L. How organizational citizenship behavior is promoted among nurses: A moderated mediation model. Work 2021; 71:263-274. [PMID: 34719459 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care environment relies to a great extent on positive nursing behaviors. So in this study, individual difference factors were taken into account in explaining organizational citizenship behavior by integrating trait theory, conservation of resource theory, and affective event theory. OBJECTIVE The present study examines whether work burnout mediates the relationship between the extraversion trait and organizational citizenship behavior, then investigating whether the mediating effect is moderated by emotional contagion. METHOD The study employs cross-sectional design and questionnaire-based survey was used to collect the data from 311 nurses working in private hospitals. RESULTS The findings reveals that extraversion trait is positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. Then, work burnout partially mediates the relationship between extraversion and organizational citizenship behavior. Further, moderated mediation analysis discloses the indirect effect of extraversion on organizational citizenship behavior through work burnout is a decreasing function of emotional contagion. CONCLUSION The study reports extravert nurses are likely to exhibit more organizational citizenship behavior through reduced work burnout. However, nurses should maintain low level of emotional contagion to have stronger mediating effects. Training should be provided to nursing staff to understand and handle the level of emotional contagion exist among them unconsciously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elavarasi G N Anitha
- Department of Management Studies, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - L Suganthi
- Department of Management Studies, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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The Experience of Emotional Labor and Its Related Factors among Nurses in General Hospital Settings in Republic of Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the status of emotional labor and its related factors among nurses in general hospital settings in Korea. A total of seven electronic databases were comprehensively searched to find relevant cross-sectional studies published up to 28 January 2021. The meta-analysis was performed using Stata version 13.1. In total, 131 studies were included. The population showed a standardized mean difference of 3.38 (95% confidence interval, 3.34 to 3.42) in emotional labor assessed by a 1–5 Likert scale. The level of emotional labor had significant negative correlations with job satisfaction, social support, organizational engagement, coworker support, resilience, and nurses’ work environment, while it had significant positive correlations with emotional labor and burnout, turnover intention, and job stress. Although the methodological quality of the included studies was generally good, 24 of the included studies (18.32%) were evaluated as lacking generalization potential or otherwise as unclear. In conclusion, nurses in general hospital settings in Korea experience mild-to-moderate levels of emotional labor. There is some evidence that the emotional labor of nurses and its detrimental effects can be buffered at both the individual and hospital levels, and future research should focus on developing targeted interventions and evaluating their effectiveness.
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Yao Y, Wei W, Hu Y, Li Y, Zhang Y. Curvilinear relationship between emotional labour and work engagement in nurses: A correlational study. J Clin Nurs 2021; 30:3355-3365. [PMID: 33991149 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To examine if there was a curvilinear relationship between emotional labour and work engagement in Chinese nurses. BACKGROUND Emotional labour has both positive and negative effects on work engagement, but the curve relationship between the two has not been tested. DESIGN Correlational design. METHODS Multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to recruit samples, and 528 nurses from 5 tertiary first-class general hospitals were recruited in Henan Province. Data were collected by using Hong and Kim's Emotional Labor Scale for nurse and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9. Curve estimation was used to explore the functional model between emotional labour and work engagement. Results were reported according to the STROBE Statement. RESULTS The three dimensions of emotional labour, 'emotional control effort in profession', 'patient-focused emotional suppression' and 'emotional pretense by norms', had a function relationship of quadratic (R2 = .57, p < .001), quadratic (R2 = .569, p < .001) and cubic (R2 = .238, p < .001), respectively, with work engagement. CONCLUSIONS There was a one-way increasing quadratic function relationship between 'emotional control effort in profession' and work engagement. However, 'patient-focused emotion suppression' and 'emotional pretense by norms' had an inverted U-shaped curve relationship with work engagement. Below the moderate level, 'patient-focused emotion suppression' and 'emotional pretense by norms' were positively related to work engagement. After a certain level, they were negatively related to work engagement. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Our results may provide evidences to manage nurses' emotional labour and improve their work engagement. It seems that encouraging or training nurses to learn and master more strategies of emotional control may improve work engagement. Moreover, nursing managers should fully recognise the positive and negative effects of different levels of emotional suppression and emotional pretense on work engagement, so as to develop targeted management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wanhong Wei
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- School of Nursing, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | | | - Yanhui Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Published Research on Burnout in Nursing in Spain in the Last Decade: Bibliometric Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040478. [PMID: 33198176 PMCID: PMC7711533 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific production in the last decades has evidenced an increase in burnout syndrome in healthcare professionals. The objective of this bibliometric study was to analyze scientific productions on burnout in nurses in 2009–2019. A search was made on the Web of Science database on burnout in nursing. The variables evaluated were number of publications per year, productivity based on the journal and relationships between authors. Data were analyzed using Bibexcel software, and Pajek was used to visualize the co-authorship network map. A total of 1528 publications related to burnout in nurses were identified. The years with the most productivity were 2016 to 2017, when the publication rate increased noticeably over previous years. The Spanish journal with the most production on the subject was Atención Primaria. The co-authorship network analyzed illustrated collaboration patterns among the researchers. Scientific publications on the subject have increased in recent years due to problems in the healthcare system, which is in need of prevention and intervention programs for healthcare professionals.
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Nabizadeh-Gharghozar Z, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Bolandianbafghi S. Nurses' Job Burnout: A Hybrid Concept Analysis. J Caring Sci 2020; 9:154-161. [PMID: 32963984 PMCID: PMC7492971 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2020.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Job burnout can significantly affect nurses’ physical and mental health and the quality of the care services they provide. Yet, there is no clear definition for job burnout in nursing. This study aimed to analyze the concept of nurses’ occupational burnout. Methods: This concept analysis was conducted, using the three-phase hybrid model. In the theoretical phase, online databases, namely Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), Science Direct, MagIran, ProQuest, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and PubMed were searched to retrieve studies published from 2007 to 2018. In the fieldwork phase, twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses and head-nurses selected from teaching hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. In the final analytic phase, the findings of the first and the second phases were combined. Results: Based on the findings of the theoretical and the fieldwork phases, job burnout can be defined as, “a state of physical, mental, emotional, and social exhaustion resulting from the negative effects of unmanaged occupational stress and inadequate managerial and social support, which reduces interest in and motivation for work, affects care quality, and results in negative attitudes and behavior towards self, clients, and the work”. Conclusion: This study provides an in-depth understanding of the concept of job burnout in the nursing context of Iran. Managers need to develop strategies for job burnout prevention and management based on its contributing factors.
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Yao Y, Wei W, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Chen M. Translation and psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the Emotional Labour Scale for nurses. J Nurs Manag 2020; 28:948-958. [DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- School of Nursing and Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Wanhong Wei
- School of Nursing and Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yanli Hu
- School of Nursing and Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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The Correlation between Leader-Member Exchange and Organisational Commitment among Spanish Registered Nurses: The Moderating Role of Sex and Hospital Size. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030721. [PMID: 31979125 PMCID: PMC7037745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of the supervisor in hospitals is to oversee and encourage the active work participation of registered nurses. In this context, leadership should be focused on the creation of a positive environment for the generation of high-quality care and the development of attitudes that have a beneficial influence on the work of the registered nurse. The aims of this study have been: (i) To verify if the quality of the supervisor-nurse interpersonal relationship was correlated with organisational commitment; (ii) to establish if the correlation could be moderated by empowerment, perceived organisational support, and leader-leader exchange. A cross-sectional survey with self-report questionnaires was performed. A total of 2541 registered nurses from nine public hospitals participated in the study. They completed scales measuring leader-member exchange, commitment, empowerment, perceived organisational support, and leader-leader exchange. There was a positive correlation between the quality of the leader-member exchange and commitment. Leader-leader exchange has a moderating effect on this relationship. The moderating effects of empowerment, perceived organisational support, and leader-member exchange on the supervisor-nurse interpersonal relationship and the nurse's organisational commitment are influenced by sex and/or hospital size. Organisations should design supervisor training strategies aimed at establishing high-quality supervisor-nurse interpersonal relationships.
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Ardiansyah RT, Putra FN, Soebagyo H, Weu BY. Factors Affecting Burnout Syndrome Among Nurses: A Systematic Review. JURNAL NERS 2020. [DOI: 10.20473/jn.v14i3.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Burnout syndrome is due to the fatigue felt from work, both physically and mentally. Work fatigue experienced by the health care team, especially the nurses, can threaten patient safety. There needs to be actions or policies put in place to decrease the level of nurse burnout syndrome. Before setting the policies or actions, it is important to know the factors that affect the occurrence of burnout syndrome. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that influence the occurrence and incidence of burnout syndrome.Method: The authors specified the topics and keywords used to search the literature, which in turn allowed for the seeking and obtaining of the appropriate literature criteria. The search found 15 pieces of literature.Result: There are several factors that cause burnout syndrome, but the most common factor in the working environment was the poor working conditions and motivation factors of nursing itself.Conclusion: Based on the results above, we can reduce burnout syndrome with modifications in the working environment or improving the nurse’s motivation through policies, dependent on the institution.
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Kim JS. Emotional Labor Strategies, Stress, and Burnout Among Hospital Nurses: A Path Analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh 2019; 52:105-112. [PMID: 31758662 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the associations among emotional labor strategies, stress from emotional labor, and burnout in nurses. DESIGN We employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data were collected from May to November 2018 in South Korea using structured questionnaires. Participants were 303 nurses from 27 hospitals, who were recruited by convenience sampling. METHODS Emotional labor strategies (surface acting, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions), stress, and burnout were self-reported. A path analysis using structural equation modeling was performed to examine the associations among the study variables. FINDINGS Bivariate analyses revealed that surface acting was positively correlated with stress and burnout, deep acting was negatively correlated with burnout, and naturally felt emotions were negatively correlated with stress and burnout. The path analysis revealed that surface acting was positively associated with stress, naturally felt emotions were negatively associated with burnout, and the stress from emotional labor was positively associated with burnout. Although surface acting was not directly associated with burnout, it was indirectly associated through stress. CONCLUSIONS Surface acting involves regulation and suppression of one's felt emotions. The findings of this study suggest that hospitals need to reduce expectations for surface acting to reduce nurses' stress and burnout. Organizational efforts to provide interventions that improve nurses' ability to manage their emotions in interactions with patients might effectively foster nurses' well-being. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surface acting might contribute to nurses' burnout, and naturally felt emotions might reduce nurses' burnout. Nurse managers should thus provide opportunities to discuss the utilized emotional labor strategies and encourage appropriate responses depending on the patient context. Programs that promote emotional competence may reduce the adverse effects associated with nurses' emotional labor and foster effective coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Kim
- Lambda Alpha-at-Large, Associate Professor, College of Nursing Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Analysis of the Risk and Protective Roles of Work-Related and Individual Variables in Burnout Syndrome in Nurses. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11205745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Burnout syndrome is a phenomenon that is becoming ever more widespread, especially in workers such as nurses who have heavy workloads and time pressures. The progression of burnout syndrome has been shown to be related to both individual and work-related variables. The objective of this study is to examine the risk and protective roles played by work-related and personal variables, both sociodemographic and psychological, in the development of burnout in nurses. Method: The sample was composed of 1236 nurses aged between 21 and 57 years, with a mean age of 31.50 years (SD = 6.18). Women accounted for 84.5% (n = 1044), and the remaining 15.5% (n = 192) were men. Exploratory tests were performed to understand the relationships between burnout and other variables, and a binary logistic regression was conducted to understand the roles of these variables in the incidence of this syndrome. Lastly, a regression tree was constructed. Results: The results show that the sociodemographic variables examined are not related to the level of burnout in nurses. However, certain work-related variables, such as spending more time with colleagues and patients and reporting good-quality relationships, exhibit a negative relationship with the occurrence of burnout. Of the psychological variables, the stress factors conflict-social acceptance and irritability-tension-fatigue, as well as informative communication, are shown to be risk factors for the appearance of burnout in nurses. In contrast, the communication skills factor, empathy, and energy-joy exert a protective function. Conclusion: Identifying the variables that influence the occurrence of burnout syndrome and understanding the manner in which they exert their influence are key elements in the development of effective prevention and intervention of burnout in nursing.
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