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Bimouhen A, Regragui Z, El Falaki F, Ihazmade H, Benkerroum S, Barakat A, Rguig A, Benamar T, Triki S, Bakri Y, Oumzil H. Circulation patterns and molecular epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus over five consecutive seasons in Morocco. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13203. [PMID: 37859975 PMCID: PMC10582604 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of HRSV in Morocco and explored trends in circulating genotypes through partial G gene analysis of HRSV strains prevalent from 2012 to 2017. Methods Respiratory samples were gathered from both outpatients and inpatients meeting ILI or SARI case definitions. The patients' ages varied from 1 month to 99 years old. Nucleic acids were extracted and HRSV type/subtype was detected by RT-qPCR. A subset of positive samples was randomly selected in each epidemic year, the complete viral genome was sequenced, phylogenetic analysis was performed using the MEGA7 program and the genotypes were confirmed. Results The 3679 specimens were collected from 2012 to 2017, of which 726 (19.7%) were positive for HRSV. The 35% (257/726) of HRSV-positives were of the HRSV-A subtype, while the HRSV-B subtype accounted for 61% (442/726). The co-infection rate was 3.7% (27/726). The virus circulates in a periodic pattern, where epidemics occur during the fall months through early spring. HRSV genotype was confirmed in 127 specimens (56 HRSV-A and 71 HRSV-B). Based on phylogenetic analysis, all HRSV-A were ON1 genotype, and HRSV-B were mostly BA9 genotype. HRSV-B belonging to the BA10 genotype was detected in 2012 exclusively. Conclusions BA9, BA10, and ON1 were the only HRSV genotypes detected between 2012 and 2017. Variations in the G gene amino acid chain were identified in local strains, which suggests an increased need for continuous genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Bimouhen
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of SciencesMohammed V University in RabatRabatMorocco
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Zakia Regragui
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Fatima El Falaki
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Hassan Ihazmade
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Samira Benkerroum
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Amal Barakat
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Ahmed Rguig
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease ControlMinistry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Touria Benamar
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease ControlMinistry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Soumia Triki
- World Health Organization Country Office of MoroccoRabatMorocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of SciencesMohammed V University in RabatRabatMorocco
- Center of human pathologies genomic, faculty of Medicine and PharmacyMohammed V university in RabatRabatMorocco
| | - Hicham Oumzil
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
- Pedagogy and Research Unit of Microbiology, School of Medicine and PharmacyMohammed V University in RabatRabatMorocco
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Pickens JA, Tripp RA. Verdinexor Targeting of CRM1 is a Promising Therapeutic Approach against RSV and Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E48. [PMID: 29361733 PMCID: PMC5795461 DOI: 10.3390/v10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two primary causes of respiratory tract infections are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, both of which remain major public health concerns. There are a limited number of antiviral drugs available for the treatment of RSV and influenza, each having limited effectiveness and each driving selective pressure for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Novel broad-spectrum antivirals are needed to circumvent problems with current disease intervention strategies, while improving the cytokine-induced immunopathology associated with RSV and influenza infections. In this review, we examine the use of Verdinexor (KPT-335, a novel orally bioavailable drug that functions as a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, SINE), as an antiviral with multifaceted therapeutic potential. KPT-335 works to (1) block CRM1 (i.e., Chromosome Region Maintenance 1; exportin 1 or XPO1) mediated export of viral proteins critical for RSV and influenza pathogenesis; and (2) repress nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, thus reducing cytokine production and eliminating virus-associated immunopathology. The repurposing of SINE compounds as antivirals shows promise not only against RSV and influenza virus but also against other viruses that exploit the nucleus as part of their viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Pickens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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3
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Intranasal administration of maleic anhydride-modified human serum albumin for pre-exposure prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Viruses 2015; 7:798-819. [PMID: 25690799 PMCID: PMC4353917 DOI: 10.3390/v7020798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pediatric viral respiratory tract infections. Neither vaccine nor effective antiviral therapy is available to prevent and treat RSV infection. Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, is the only product approved to prevent serious RSV infection, but its high cost is prohibitive in low-income countries. Here, we aimed to identify an effective, safe, and affordable antiviral agent for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of RSV infection in children at high risk. We found that maleic anhydride (ML)-modified human serum albumin (HSA), designated ML-HSA, exhibited potent antiviral activity against RSV and that the percentages of the modified lysines and arginies in ML- are correlated with such anti-RSV activity. ML-HSA inhibited RSV entry and replication by interacting with viral G protein and blocking RSV attachment to the target cells, while ML-HAS neither bound to F protein, nor inhibited F protein-mediated membrane fusion. Intranasal administration of ML-HSA before RSV infection resulted in significant decrease of the viral titers in the lungs of mice. ML-HSA shows promise for further development into an effective, safe, affordable, and easy-to-use intranasal regimen for pre-exposure prophylaxis of RSV infection in children at high risk in both low- and high-income countries.
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Highly sulfated K5 Escherichia coli polysaccharide derivatives inhibit respiratory syncytial virus infectivity in cell lines and human tracheal-bronchial histocultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4782-94. [PMID: 24914125 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02594-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exploits cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as attachment receptors. The interaction between RSV and HSPGs thus presents an attractive target for the development of novel inhibitors of RSV infection. In this study, selective chemical modification of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide was used to generate a collection of sulfated K5 derivatives with a backbone structure that mimics the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic precursor. The screening of a series of N-sulfated (K5-NS), O-sulfated (K5-OS), and N,O-sulfated (K5-N,OS) derivatives with different degrees of sulfation revealed the highly sulfated K5 derivatives K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) to be inhibitors of RSV. Their 50% inhibitory concentrations were between 1.07 nM and 3.81 nM in two different cell lines, and no evidence of cytotoxicity was observed. Inhibition of RSV infection was maintained in binding and attachment assays but not in preattachment assays. Moreover, antiviral activity was also evident when the K5 derivatives were added postinfection, both in cell-to-cell spread and viral yield reduction assays. Finally, both K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) prevented RSV infection in human-derived tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells cultured to form a pseudostratified, highly differentiated model of the epithelial tissue of the human respiratory tract. Together, these features put K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) forward as attractive candidates for further development as RSV inhibitors.
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Chung DH, Moore BP, Matharu DS, Golden JE, Maddox C, Rasmussen L, Sosa MI, Ananthan S, White EL, Jia F, Jonsson CB, Severson WE. A cell based high-throughput screening approach for the discovery of new inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus. Virol J 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23302182 PMCID: PMC3621174 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a highly contagious pathogen and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia for infants and children under one year of age. Worldwide, greater than 33 million children under five years of age are affected by hRSV resulting in three million hospitalizations and 200,000 deaths. However, severe lower respiratory tract disease may occur at any age, especially among the elderly or those with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems. There is no vaccine commercially available. Existing therapies for the acute infection are ribavirin and the prophylactic humanized monoclonal antibody (Synagis® from MedImmune) that is limited to use in high risk pediatric patients. Thus, the discovery of new inhibitors for hRSV would be clinically beneficial. Results We have developed and validated a 384-well cell-based, high-throughput assay that measures the cytopathic effect of hRSV (strain Long) in HEp-2 cells using a luminescent-based detection system for signal endpoint (Cell Titer Glo®). The assay is sensitive and robust, with Z factors greater than 0.8, signal to background greater than 35, and signal to noise greater than 24. Utilizing this assay, 313,816 compounds from the Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository were screened at 10 μM. We identified 7,583 compounds that showed greater than 22% CPE inhibition in the primary screen. The top 2,500 compounds were selected for confirmation screening and 409 compounds showed at least 50% inhibition of CPE and were considered active. We selected fifty-one compounds, based on potency, selectivity and chemical tractability, for further evaluation in dose response and secondary assays Several compounds had SI50 values greater than 3, while the most active compound displayed an SI50 value of 58.9. Conclusions A robust automated luminescent-based high throughput screen that measures the inhibition of hRSV-induced cytopathic effect in HEp-2 cells for the rapid identification of potential inhibitors from large compound libraries has been developed, optimized and validated. The active compounds identified in the screen represent different classes of molecules, including aryl sulfonylpyrrolidines which have not been previously identified as having anti-hRSV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Chung
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Costello HM, Ray WC, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Peeples ME. Targeting RSV with vaccines and small molecule drugs. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:110-28. [PMID: 22335496 DOI: 10.2174/187152612800100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most significant cause of pediatric respiratory infections. Palivizumab (Synagis®), a humanized monoclonal antibody, has been used successfully for a number of years to prevent severe RSV disease in at-risk infants. However, despite intense efforts, there is no approved vaccine or small molecule drug for RSV. As an enveloped virus, RSV must fuse its envelope with the host cell membrane, which is accomplished through the actions of the fusion (F) glycoprotein, with attachment help from the G glycoprotein. Because of their integral role in initiation of infection and their accessibility outside the lipid bilayer, these proteins have been popular targets in the discovery and development of antiviral compounds and vaccines against RSV. This review examines advances in the development of antiviral compounds and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Costello
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Inhibition of human respiratory syncytial virus infectivity by a dendrimeric heparan sulfate-binding peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5278-88. [PMID: 22850525 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00771-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to initiate infection. The interaction of RSV with HSPGs thus presents an attractive target for the development of novel inhibitors of RSV infection. In the present study, a minilibrary of linear, dimeric, and dendrimeric peptides containing clusters of basic amino acids was screened with the aim of identifying peptides able to bind HSPGs and thus block RSV attachment and infectivity. Of the compounds identified, the dendrimer SB105-A10 was the most potent inhibitor of RSV infectivity, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) of 0.35 μM and 0.25 μM measured in Hep-2 and A549 cells, respectively. SB105-A10 was found to bind to both cell types via HSPGs, suggesting that its antiviral activity is indeed exerted by competing with RSV for binding to cell surface HSPGs. SB105-A10 prevented RSV infection when added before the viral inoculum, in line with its proposed HSPG-binding mechanism of action; moreover, antiviral activity was also exhibited when SB105-A10 was added postinfection, as it was able to reduce the cell-to-cell spread of the virus. The antiviral potential of SB105-A10 was further assessed using human-derived tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells cultured to form a pseudostratified, highly differentiated model of the epithelial tissue of the human respiratory tract. SB105-A10 strongly reduced RSV infectivity in this model and exhibited no signs of cytotoxicity or proinflammatory effects. Together, these features render SB105-A10 an attractive candidate for further development as a RSV inhibitor to be administered by aerosol delivery.
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Najarro P, Angell R, Powell K. The Prophylaxis and Treatment with Antiviral Agents of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 22:139-50. [DOI: 10.3851/imp1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider recent advances in the discovery and development of antiviral agents for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. A background to the various manifestations of human RSV infection and current treatments is provided. The technical, clinical and commercial issues surrounding the development of such antiviral agents are discussed.
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9
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Collins PL, Melero JA. Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: still crazy after all these years. Virus Res 2011; 162:80-99. [PMID: 21963675 PMCID: PMC3221877 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects everyone worldwide early in life and is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the pediatric population as well as in the elderly and in profoundly immunosuppressed individuals. RSV is an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-sense RNA virus that is classified in Family Paramyxoviridae and is one of its more complex members. Although the replicative cycle of RSV follows the general pattern of the Paramyxoviridae, it encodes additional proteins. Two of these (NS1 and NS2) inhibit the host type I and type III interferon (IFN) responses, among other functions, and another gene encodes two novel RNA synthesis factors (M2-1 and M2-2). The attachment (G) glycoprotein also exhibits unusual features, such as high sequence variability, extensive glycosylation, cytokine mimicry, and a shed form that helps the virus evade neutralizing antibodies. RSV is notable for being able to efficiently infect early in life, with the peak of hospitalization at 2-3 months of age. It also is notable for the ability to reinfect symptomatically throughout life without need for significant antigenic change, although immunity from prior infection reduces disease. It is widely thought that re-infection is due to an ability of RSV to inhibit or subvert the host immune response. Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis remain controversial. RSV is notable for a historic, tragic pediatric vaccine failure involving a formalin-inactivated virus preparation that was evaluated in the 1960s and that was poorly protective and paradoxically primed for enhanced RSV disease. RSV also is notable for the development of a successful strategy for passive immunoprophylaxis of high-risk infants using RSV-neutralizing antibodies. Vaccines and new antiviral drugs are in pre-clinical and clinical development, but controlling RSV remains a formidable challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Child
- Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration
- Cytokines/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Infant
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - José A. Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Lundin A, Bergström T, Andrighetti-Fröhner CR, Bendrioua L, Ferro V, Trybala E. Potent anti-respiratory syncytial virus activity of a cholestanol-sulfated tetrasaccharide conjugate. Antiviral Res 2011; 93:101-9. [PMID: 22101246 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of different viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) initiate infection of cells by binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans and sulfated oligo- and polysaccharide mimetics of these receptors exhibit potent antiviral activity in cultured cells. We investigated whether the introduction of different lipophilic groups to the reducing end of sulfated oligosaccharides would modulate their anti-RSV activity. Our results demonstrate that the cholestanol-conjugated tetrasaccharide (PG545) exhibited ∼5- to 16-fold enhanced anti-RSV activity in cultured cells compared with unmodified sulfated oligosaccharides. Furthermore, PG545 displayed virus-inactivating (virucidal) activity, a feature absent in sulfated oligosaccharides. To inhibit RSV infectivity PG545 had to be present during the initial steps of viral infection of cells. The anti-RSV activity of PG545 was due to both partial inhibition of the virus attachment to cells and a more profound interference with some post-attachment steps as PG545 efficiently neutralized infectivity of the cell-adsorbed virus. The anti-RSV activity of PG545 was reduced when tested in the presence of human nasal secretions. Serial passages of RSV in the presence of increasing concentrations of PG545 selected for weakly resistant viral variants that comprised the F168S and the P180S amino acid substitutions in the viral G protein. Altogether we identified a novel and potent inhibitor of RSV, which unlike sulfated oligo- and polysaccharide compounds, could irreversibly inactivate RSV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lundin
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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DeVincenzo JP, Wilkinson T, Vaishnaw A, Cehelsky J, Meyers R, Nochur S, Harrison L, Meeking P, Mann A, Moane E, Oxford J, Pareek R, Moore R, Walsh E, Studholme R, Dorsett P, Alvarez R, Lambkin-Williams R. Viral load drives disease in humans experimentally infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1305-14. [PMID: 20622030 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201002-0221oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of childhood lower respiratory infection, yet viable therapies are lacking. Two major challenges have stalled antiviral development: ethical difficulties in performing pediatric proof-of-concept studies and the prevailing concept that the disease is immune-mediated rather than being driven by viral load. OBJECTIVES The development of a human experimental wild-type RSV infection model to address these challenges. METHODS Healthy volunteers (n = 35), in five cohorts, received increasing quantities (3.0-5.4 log plaque-forming units/person) of wild-type RSV-A intranasally. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Overall, 77% of volunteers consistently shed virus. Infection rate, viral loads, disease severity, and safety were similar between cohorts and were unrelated to quantity of RSV received. Symptoms began near the time of initial viral detection, peaked in severity near when viral load peaked, and subsided as viral loads (measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction) slowly declined. Viral loads correlated significantly with intranasal proinflammatory cytokine concentrations (IL-6 and IL-8). Increased viral load correlated consistently with increases in multiple different disease measurements (symptoms, physical examination, and amount of nasal mucus). CONCLUSIONS Viral load appears to drive disease manifestations in humans with RSV infection. The observed parallel viral and disease kinetics support a potential clinical benefit of RSV antivirals. This reproducible model facilitates the development of future RSV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P DeVincenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, USA.
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12
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Lüsebrink J, Schildgen V, Schildgen O. Novel therapies for an old virus: treatment of RSV infections in the 21st Century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 7:1125-9. [PMID: 19883332 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a pathogen whose existence has been known for decades, causing mild-to-severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections that bear the risk of subsequent asthma and can even lead to a fatal outcome. RSV infects all groups of patients and is a major cause of hospitalization in children and in the elderly. This review briefly summarizes the current status of RSV drug development and clinical trials for drugs available for the treatment of RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lüsebrink
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Cartuyvels E, Van Hecke K, Van Meervelt L, Görller-Walrand C, Parac-Vogt TN. Structural characterization and reactivity of gamma-octamolybdate functionalized by proline. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1589-98. [PMID: 18374986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of molybdate and dl-proline at pH 3.4 results in the formation of a Na(4)[Mo(8)O(26)(proO)(2)] x 22H(2)O complex (pro=proline) in which two proline ligands are attached to molybdenum(VI) ions via monodentate coordination of the carboxylate groups. The structure of the complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and by combination of (1)H, (13)C and (95)Mo NMR spectroscopy techniques in solution. The structure of the complex is strongly dependent on the pH. At native pH 3.4 the octamolybdate-type structure seems to be present in solution, but the increase of pH to 5.8 resulted in a rearrangement of the structure to a heptamolybdate-type structure. At physiological pH, the polyoxometalate framework was completely dissociated into the monomeric MoO(4)(2-) unit. The reactivity of the Na(4)[Mo(8)O(26)(proO)(2)] x 22H(2)O towards the hydrolysis of ATP was tested at different pH values. While in solution at pH 3.4 the hydrolysis proceeded to yield AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) in nearly equal amounts, reaction mixture at pH 5.8 gave ADP as the only product of hydrolysis after 24h of reaction. At neutral pH, the hydrolysis of ATP was slower, but it proceeded to yield 75% of ADP after 48 h of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Cartuyvels
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Yanagie H, Ogata A, Mitsui S, Hisa T, Yamase T, Eriguchi M. Anticancer activity of polyoxomolybdate. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:349-52. [PMID: 16860529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer polyoxomolybdates have been investigated for medical application of polyoxometalates as discrete cluster anions of metal oxides. [NH3Pri]6[Mo7O24].3H2O (PM-8) has been recognized as one of significant antitumoral polyoxomolybdates. PM-8 had shown the growth suppression against several tumors, for examples, Co-4, human colon cancer, MX-1, human breast cancer, and OAT, human lung cancer. PM-8 showed the tumor growth suppression for MKN-45 human gastric cancer in tumor bearing mice. PM-8 inhibited the cell growth of AsPC-1 which depended on the dose with showing DNA ladder formation and DNA fragmentation, and positive Hoechst staining indicating apoptosis. The ratio of apoptotic cells on flow cytometry analysis were 35%, and 57% with treatment of PM-8 after 48, and 72 h, respectively. One of the anti-tumor activity of PM-8 result from the activation of apoptotic pathway. It is thought that polyoxomolybdates will be applied as a novel anti-tumor agent especially against cancers which are difficult to be treated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yanagie
- Department of Intellectual Property, Project of Cancer Metastasis Inhibition, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.
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15
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Yan H, Li G, Yan H, Chen H, Gong W, Qian L, Ji M. Establishment and characterization of a novel genetic hybrid cell line for propagation of four pathogens. J Virol Methods 2006; 134:86-91. [PMID: 16423414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal DNAs were purified from human epidermoid carcinoma (HEP-2) cells and transfected into human embryonic lung (HEL) cells to establish a genetic hybrid cell line susceptible to infections by toxoplasma, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus. Karyotype analysis showed that the resultant hybrid cells, designated D3, had a chromosome number of 96, which was stable after passage for 100 generations. Direct microscopy and immunofluorescence showed that the D3 cells could be infected by the four pathogens with overt cytopathic effects. The toxoplasma and three viruses were purified from infected D3 cells by sucrose gradient centrifugation and used as the antigens for detection of specific IgG and/or IgM in serum samples from pregnant women with suspicious infections by the four pathogens, the results of which were consistent with those of commercial kits. These data indicate that a stable genetic hybrid cell line has been generated, which is a valuable tool for the isolation of the four intrauterine pathogens and for the preparation of antigens for serological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, PR China.
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Ogata A, Mitsui S, Yanagie H, Kasano H, Hisa T, Yamase T, Eriguchi M. A novel anti-tumor agent, polyoxomolybdate induces apoptotic cell death in AsPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:240-4. [PMID: 15908170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumoral polyoxomolybdates have been investigated in the course of study of the medical application of polyoxometalates as discrete cluster anions of metal oxides. [NH(3)Pr(i)](6)[Mo(7)O(24)].3H(2)O (PM-8) has been recognized as one of significantly anti-tumoral polyoxomolybdates. PM-8 inhibited the cell growth of human pancreatic cells (AsPC-1) depending on the dose. DNA ladder formation and DNA fragmentation were observed by Hoechst and TUNEL staining and flowcytometry analysis. The ratio of apoptotic cells were 29%, 35%, and 57% with treatment of PM-8 after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, which suggested that the anti-tumor activity of PM-8 results from the activation of the apoptotic pathway. Polyoxomolybdates provide promising, novel anti-tumor agent, especially for the treatment of cancers that are difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ogata
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-21, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Sudo K, Miyazaki Y, Kojima N, Kobayashi M, Suzuki H, Shintani M, Shimizu Y. YM-53403, a unique anti-respiratory syncytial virus agent with a novel mechanism of action. Antiviral Res 2005; 65:125-31. [PMID: 15708639 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We performed a large-scale random screening of an in-house chemical library based on the inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced cytopathic effect on HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cells, and found a novel and specific anti-RSV agent, 6-{4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl) amino]benzoyl}-N-cyclopropyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-d][1]benzazepine-2-carboxamide (YM-53403). YM-53403 potently inhibited the replication of RSV strains belonging to both A and B subgroups, but not influenza A virus, measles virus, or herpes simplex virus type 1. A plaque reduction assay was used to determine the 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) value for YM-53403. The value, 0.20 microM, was about 100-fold more potent than ribavirin. The result of a time-dependent drug addition test showed that YM-53403 inhibited the life cycle of RSV at around 8h post-infection, suggesting an inhibitory effect on early transcription and/or replication of the RSV genome. Consistent with this result, two YM-53403-resistant viruses have a single point mutation (Y1631H) in the L protein which is a RNA polymerase for both the transcription and replication of the RSV genome. YM-53403 is an attractive compound for the treatment of RSV infection because of its highly potent anti-RSV activity and the new mode of action, which differs from that of currently reported antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sudo
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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