1
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Moore RE, Xu LL, Townsend SD. Prospecting Human Milk Oligosaccharides as a Defense Against Viral Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:254-263. [PMID: 33470804 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing maximal nutritional value for neonatal growth and development, human milk functions as an early defense mechanism against invading pathogens. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are abundant in human milk, are a diverse group of heterogeneous carbohydrates with wide ranging protective effects. In addition to promoting the colonization of beneficial intestinal flora, HMOs serve as decoy receptors, effectively blocking the attachment of pathogenic bacteria. HMOs also function as bacteriostatic agents, inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria. Based on this precedence, an emerging area in the field has focused on characterizing the antiviral properties of HMOs. Indeed, HMOs have been evaluated as antiviral agents, with many possessing activity against life-threatening infections. This targeted review provides insight into the known glycan-binding interactions between select HMOs and influenza, rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and norovirus. Additionally, we review the role of HMOs in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis, an intestinal disease linked to viral infections. We close with a discussion of what is known broadly regarding human milk oligosaccharides and their interactions with coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Lianyan L. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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2
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Hadpech S, Nangola S, Chupradit K, Fanhchaksai K, Furnon W, Urvoas A, Valerio-Lepiniec M, Minard P, Boulanger P, Hong SS, Tayapiwatana C. Alpha-helicoidal HEAT-like Repeat Proteins (αRep) Selected as Interactors of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Negatively Interfere with Viral Genome Packaging and Virus Maturation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16335. [PMID: 29180782 PMCID: PMC5703948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new generation of artificial proteins, derived from alpha-helicoidal HEAT-like repeat protein scaffolds (αRep), was previously characterized as an effective source of intracellular interfering proteins. In this work, a phage-displayed library of αRep was screened on a region of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein encompassing the C-terminal domain of the capsid, the SP1 linker and the nucleocapsid. This region is known to be essential for the late steps of HIV-1 life cycle, Gag oligomerization, viral genome packaging and the last cleavage step of Gag, leading to mature, infectious virions. Two strong αRep binders were isolated from the screen, αRep4E3 (32 kDa; 7 internal repeats) and αRep9A8 (28 kDa; 6 internal repeats). Their antiviral activity against HIV-1 was evaluated in VLP-producer cells and in human SupT1 cells challenged with HIV-1. Both αRep4E3 and αRep9A8 showed a modest but significant antiviral effects in all bioassays and cell systems tested. They did not prevent the proviral integration reaction, but negatively interfered with late steps of the HIV-1 life cycle: αRep4E3 blocked the viral genome packaging, whereas αRep9A8 altered both virus maturation and genome packaging. Interestingly, SupT1 cells stably expressing αRep9A8 acquired long-term resistance to HIV-1, implying that αRep proteins can act as antiviral restriction-like factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Hadpech
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Burapha University, Muang District, Chonburi Province, 20131, Thailand.,University Lyon 1, UMR754-INRA-EPHE, Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, 50, Avenue Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sawitree Nangola
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Koollawat Chupradit
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanda Fanhchaksai
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- University Lyon 1, UMR754-INRA-EPHE, Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, 50, Avenue Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Agathe Urvoas
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marie Valerio-Lepiniec
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Philippe Minard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- University Lyon 1, UMR754-INRA-EPHE, Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, 50, Avenue Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Saw-See Hong
- University Lyon 1, UMR754-INRA-EPHE, Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, 50, Avenue Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon Cedex 07, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 101, rue de Tolbiac, 75654, Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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3
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Abstract
Antiviral therapeutics with profiles of high potency, low resistance, panserotype, and low toxicity remain challenging, and obtaining such agents continues to be an active area of therapeutic development. Due to their unique three-dimensional structural features, spirooxindoles have been identified as privileged chemotypes for antiviral drug development. Among them, spiro-pyrazolopyridone oxindoles have been recently reported as potent inhibitors of dengue virus NS4B, leading to the discovery of an orally bioavailable preclinical candidate (R)-44 with excellent in vivo efficacy in a dengue viremia mouse model. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biologically active spirooxindoles for their antiviral potential, primarily focusing on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and modes of action, as well as future directions to achieve more potent analogues toward a viable antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Eric A. Wold
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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4
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Caso MF, D’Alonzo D, D’Errico S, Palumbo G, Guaragna A. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Lamivudine (3TC) and Emtricitabine (FTC) by a Novel N-Glycosidation Procedure. Org Lett 2015; 17:2626-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Federica Caso
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele D’Alonzo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palumbo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guaragna
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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5
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Chang KY, Yang JR. Analysis and prediction of highly effective antiviral peptides based on random forests. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70166. [PMID: 23940542 PMCID: PMC3734225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine and predict antiviral peptides. Although antiviral peptides hold great potential in antiviral drug discovery, little is done in antiviral peptide prediction. In this study, we demonstrate that a physicochemical model using random forests outperform in distinguishing antiviral peptides. On the experimental benchmark, our physicochemical model aided with aggregation and secondary structural features reaches 90% accuracy and 0.79 Matthew's correlation coefficient, which exceeds the previous models. The results suggest that aggregation could be an important feature for identifying antiviral peptides. In addition, our analysis reveals the characteristics of the antiviral peptides such as the importance of lysine and the abundance of α-helical secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Y Chang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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6
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Nangola S, Urvoas A, Valerio-Lepiniec M, Khamaikawin W, Sakkhachornphop S, Hong SS, Boulanger P, Minard P, Tayapiwatana C. Antiviral activity of recombinant ankyrin targeted to the capsid domain of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein. Retrovirology 2012; 9:17. [PMID: 22348230 PMCID: PMC3308923 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ankyrins are cellular mediators of a number of essential protein-protein interactions. Unlike intrabodies, ankyrins are composed of highly structured repeat modules characterized by disulfide bridge-independent folding. Artificial ankyrin molecules, designed to target viral components, might act as intracellular antiviral agents and contribute to the cellular immunity against viral pathogens such as HIV-1. Results A phage-displayed library of artificial ankyrins was constructed, and screened on a polyprotein made of the fused matrix and capsid domains (MA-CA) of the HIV-1 Gag precursor. An ankyrin with three modules named AnkGAG1D4 (16.5 kDa) was isolated. AnkGAG1D4 and MA-CA formed a protein complex with a stoichiometry of 1:1 and a dissociation constant of Kd ~ 1 μM, and the AnkGAG1D4 binding site was mapped to the N-terminal domain of the CA, within residues 1-110. HIV-1 production in SupT1 cells stably expressing AnkGAG1D4 in both N-myristoylated and non-N-myristoylated versions was significantly reduced compared to control cells. AnkGAG1D4 expression also reduced the production of MLV, a phylogenetically distant retrovirus. The AnkGAG1D4-mediated antiviral effect on HIV-1 was found to occur at post-integration steps, but did not involve the Gag precursor processing or cellular trafficking. Our data suggested that the lower HIV-1 progeny yields resulted from the negative interference of AnkGAG1D4-CA with the Gag assembly and budding pathway. Conclusions The resistance of AnkGAG1D4-expressing cells to HIV-1 suggested that the CA-targeted ankyrin AnkGAG1D4 could serve as a protein platform for the design of a novel class of intracellular inhibitors of HIV-1 assembly based on ankyrin-repeat modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitree Nangola
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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7
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Shapira A, Shapira S, Gal-Tanamy M, Zemel R, Tur-Kaspa R, Benhar I. Removal of hepatitis C virus-infected cells by a zymogenized bacterial toxin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32320. [PMID: 22359682 PMCID: PMC3281143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and has become a global health threat. No HCV vaccine is currently available and treatment with antiviral therapy is associated with adverse side effects. Moreover, there is no preventive therapy for recurrent hepatitis C post liver transplantation. The NS3 serine protease is necessary for HCV replication and represents a prime target for developing anti HCV therapies. Recently we described a therapeutic approach for eradication of HCV infected cells that is based on protein delivery of two NS3 protease-activatable recombinant toxins we named "zymoxins". These toxins were inactivated by fusion to rationally designed inhibitory peptides via NS3-cleavable linkers. Once delivered to cells where NS3 protease is present, the inhibitory peptide is removed resulting in re-activation of cytotoxic activity. The zymoxins we described suffered from two limitations: they required high levels of protease for activation and had basal activities in the un-activated form that resulted in a narrow potential therapeutic window. Here, we present a solution that overcame the major limitations of the "first generation zymoxins" by converting MazF ribonuclease, the toxic component of the E. coli chromosomal MazEF toxin-antitoxin system, into an NS3-activated zymoxin that is introduced to cells by means of gene delivery. We constructed an expression cassette that encodes for a single polypeptide that incorporates both the toxin and a fragment of its potent natural antidote, MazE, linked via an NS3-cleavable linker. While covalently paired to its inhibitor, the ribonuclease is well tolerated when expressed in naïve, healthy cells. In contrast, activating proteolysis that is induced by even low levels of NS3, results in an eradication of NS3 expressing model cells and HCV infected cells. Zymoxins may thus become a valuable tool in eradicating cells infected by intracellular pathogens that express intracellular proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Shapira
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Shiran Shapira
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Meital Gal-Tanamy
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Romy Zemel
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ran Tur-Kaspa
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Department of Medicine D and Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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8
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Shapira A, Gal-Tanamy M, Nahary L, Litvak-Greenfeld D, Zemel R, Tur-Kaspa R, Benhar I. Engineered toxins "zymoxins" are activated by the HCV NS3 protease by removal of an inhibitory protein domain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15916. [PMID: 21264238 PMCID: PMC3021518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of inactive enzyme precursors, also known as "zymogens," serves as a mechanism for regulating the execution of selected catalytic activities in a desirable time and/or site. Zymogens are usually activated by proteolytic cleavage. Many viruses encode proteases that execute key proteolytic steps of the viral life cycle. Here, we describe a proof of concept for a therapeutic approach to fighting viral infections through eradication of virally infected cells exclusively, thus limiting virus production and spread. Using the hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a model, we designed two HCV NS3 protease-activated "zymogenized" chimeric toxins (which we denote "zymoxins"). In these recombinant constructs, the bacterial and plant toxins diphtheria toxin A (DTA) and Ricin A chain (RTA), respectively, were fused to rationally designed inhibitor peptides/domains via an HCV NS3 protease-cleavable linker. The above toxins were then fused to the binding and translocation domains of Pseudomonas exotoxin A in order to enable translocation into the mammalian cells cytoplasm. We show that these toxins exhibit NS3 cleavage dependent increase in enzymatic activity upon NS3 protease cleavage in vitro. Moreover, a higher level of cytotoxicity was observed when zymoxins were applied to NS3 expressing cells or to HCV infected cells, demonstrating a potential therapeutic window. The increase in toxin activity correlated with NS3 protease activity in the treated cells, thus the therapeutic window was larger in cells expressing recombinant NS3 than in HCV infected cells. This suggests that the "zymoxin" approach may be most appropriate for application to life-threatening acute infections where much higher levels of the activating protease would be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Shapira
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Meital Gal-Tanamy
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Limor Nahary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Litvak-Greenfeld
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Romy Zemel
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ran Tur-Kaspa
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Department of Medicine D and Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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9
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Michelow IC, Dong M, Mungall BA, Yantosca LM, Lear C, Ji X, Karpel M, Rootes CL, Brudner M, Houen G, Eisen DP, Kinane TB, Takahashi K, Stahl GL, Olinger GG, Spear GT, Ezekowitz RAB, Schmidt EV. A novel L-ficolin/mannose-binding lectin chimeric molecule with enhanced activity against Ebola virus. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24729-39. [PMID: 20516066 PMCID: PMC2915709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses constitute a newly emerging public threat because they cause rapidly fatal hemorrhagic fevers for which no treatment exists, and they can be manipulated as bioweapons. We targeted conserved N-glycosylated carbohydrate ligands on viral envelope surfaces using novel immune therapies. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and L-ficolin (L-FCN) were selected because they function as opsonins and activate complement. Given that MBL has a complex quaternary structure unsuitable for large scale cost-effective production, we sought to develop a less complex chimeric fusion protein with similar ligand recognition and enhanced effector functions. We tested recombinant human MBL and three L-FCN/MBL variants that contained the MBL carbohydrate recognition domain and varying lengths of the L-FCN collagenous domain. Non-reduced chimeric proteins formed predominantly nona- and dodecameric oligomers, whereas recombinant human MBL formed octadecameric and larger oligomers. Surface plasmon resonance revealed that L-FCN/MBL76 had the highest binding affinities for N-acetylglucosamine-bovine serum albumin and mannan. The same chimeric protein displayed superior complement C4 cleavage and binding to calreticulin (cC1qR), a putative receptor for MBL. L-FCN/MBL76 reduced infection by wild type Ebola virus Zaire significantly greater than the other molecules. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy revealed that L-FCN/MBL76 was significantly less tall than the other molecules despite similar polypeptide lengths. We propose that alterations in the quaternary structure of L-FCN/MBL76 resulted in greater flexibility in the collagenous or neck region. Similarly, a more pliable molecule might enhance cooperativity between the carbohydrate recognition domains and their cognate ligands, complement activation, and calreticulin binding dynamics. L-FCN/MBL chimeric proteins should be considered as potential novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Michelow
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bruce A. Mungall
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - L. Michael Yantosca
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Calli Lear
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Xin Ji
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Marshall Karpel
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Christina L. Rootes
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Matthew Brudner
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Damon P. Eisen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia, and
| | - T. Bernard Kinane
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kazue Takahashi
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Gregory L. Stahl
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gene G. Olinger
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Gregory T. Spear
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - R. Alan B. Ezekowitz
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Emmett V. Schmidt
- From the Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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10
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Hapgood JP, Tomasicchio M. Modulation of HIV-1 virulence via the host glucocorticoid receptor: towards further understanding the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1009-19. [PMID: 20446002 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a steroid receptor that regulates diverse functions, which include the immune response. In humans, the GR acts via binding to cortisol, resulting in the transcriptional modulation of key host genes. Several lines of evidence suggest that the host GR could be a key protein exploited by HIV at multiple levels to ensure its pathogenic success. Endogenous and therapeutic glucocorticoids play important roles in patients with HIV due to their well-established effects on immune function. AIDS patients develop glucocorticoid hypersensitivity, consistent with a mechanism involving an HIV-1-induced increase in expression or activity of the GR. Both the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr and the host GR affect transcription of viral proteins from the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of the HIV-1 promoter. In addition, Vpr modulates host GR function to affect transcription of host genes, most likely via direct interaction with the GR. Vpr appears to regulate GR function by acting as a co-activator for the GR. Since both the GR and Vpr are involved in apoptosis in T cells and dendritic cells, crosstalk between these proteins may also regulate apoptosis in these and other cells. Given that cortisol is not the only ligand that activates the GR, other endogenous as well as synthetic GR ligands such as progestins may also modulate HIV pathogenesis, in particular in the cervicovaginal environment. Investigating the molecular determinants, ligand-selectivity and role in HIV pathogenesis of the GR-Vpr interaction may lead to new strategies for development of anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Patricia Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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11
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Phan TTC, Ishizaki A, Phung DC, Bi X, Oka S, Ichimura H. Characterization of HIV type 1 genotypes and drug resistance mutations among drug-naive HIV type 1-infected patients in Northern Vietnam. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:233-5. [PMID: 20156106 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate HIV-1 drug resistance-associated mutations among drug-naive HIV-1-infected patients in Northern Vietnam, we performed sequence analysis of HIV-1 pol-PR and pol-RT in samples collected from 206 (161 men and 45 women) consenting patients in 2008. From these 206 samples, we successfully sequenced 173 pol-PR and 155 pol-RT genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all patients were infected with HIV-1 CRF01_AE. Major protease inhibitor resistance mutations, such as L33F, M46I, and M46L, were found in three patients (1.7%). Major reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) resistance mutations were found in seven patients (4.5%), four of whom had single mutations: A62V (nucleoside RTI resistance mutation) in two cases and K103N and Y181C (nonnucleoside RTI resistance mutation) in one case each. Three patients had multiple RTI resistance mutations: two, three, and seven, respectively. Thus, monitoring for drug-resistant HIV-1 and performing drug resistance testing before initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) are recommended to facilitate selection of the appropriate ART and better clinical outcomes in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Chung Phan
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Azumi Ishizaki
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Dac Cam Phung
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xiuqiong Bi
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Research and Clinical Center, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichimura
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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12
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Lihana RW, Khamadi SA, Lwembe RM, Kinyua JG, Muriuki JK, Lagat NJ, Okoth FA, Makokha EP, Songok EM. HIV-1 subtype and viral tropism determination for evaluating antiretroviral therapy options: an analysis of archived Kenyan blood samples. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:215. [PMID: 20040114 PMCID: PMC2804586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with HIV-1 is characterized by genetic diversity such that specific viral subtypes are predominant in specific geographical areas. The genetic variation in HIV-1 pol and env genes is responsible for rapid development of resistance to current drugs. This variation has influenced disease progression among the infected and necessitated the search for alternative drugs with novel targets. Though successfully used in developed countries, these novel drugs are still limited in resource-poor countries. The aim of this study was to determine HIV-1 subtypes, recombination, dual infections and viral tropism of HIV-1 among Kenyan patients prior to widespread use of antiretroviral drugs. METHODS Remnant blood samples from consenting sexually transmitted infection (STI) patients in Nairobi were collected between February and May 2001 and stored. Polymerase chain reaction and cloning of portions of HIV-1 gag, pol and env genes was carried out followed by automated DNA sequencing. RESULTS Twenty HIV-1 positive samples (from 11 females and 9 males) were analyzed. The average age of males (32.5 years) and females (26.5 years) was significantly different (p value < 0.0001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 90% (18/20) were concordant HIV-1 subtypes: 12 were subtype A1; 2, A2; 3, D and 1, C. Two samples (10%) were discordant showing different subtypes in the three regions. Of 19 samples checked for co-receptor usage, 14 (73.7%) were chemokine co-receptor 5 (CCR5) variants while three (15.8%) were CXCR4 variants. Two had dual/mixed co-receptor use with X4 variants being minor population. CONCLUSION HIV-1 subtype A accounted for majority of the infections. Though perceived to be a high risk population, the prevalence of recombination in this sample was low with no dual infections detected. Genotypic co-receptor analysis showed that most patients harbored viruses that are predicted to use CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael W Lihana
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samoel A Khamadi
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Raphael M Lwembe
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyceline G Kinyua
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph K Muriuki
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy J Lagat
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick A Okoth
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ernest P Makokha
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah M Songok
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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13
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Lihana RW, Khamadi SA, Lubano K, Lwembe R, Kiptoo MK, Lagat N, Kinyua JG, Okoth FA, Songok EM, Makokha EP, Ichimura H. HIV type 1 subtype diversity and drug resistance among HIV type 1-infected Kenyan patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:1211-7. [PMID: 19954302 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of HIV-1 infection with antiretroviral drugs has greatly improved the survival of those who are infected. However, HIV-1 diversity and drug resistance are major challenges in patient management, especially in resource-poor countries. To evaluate HIV-1 genetic diversity and drug resistance-associated mutations among drug-naive patients in Kenya prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART), a genetic analysis of HIV-1 pol-RT and env-gp41 was performed on samples collected from 53 (18 males and 35 females) consenting patients between April and June 2005. The average age, baseline CD4(+) T cell counts, and viral loads were 38 (range, 24-62) years, 475 (range, 203-799) cells/mm(3), and 4.7 (range, 3.4-5.9) log(10) copies/ml, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 40 samples (75.5%) were concordant subtypes for the two genes and 13 (24.5%) were discordant, suggesting possible recombination and/or dual infections. Prevalent subtypes included A1/A1(pol-RT/env-gp41), 31 (58.5%); D/D, 9 (16.9%); A1/C, 2 (3.8%); A1/D, 4 (7.5%); G/A1, 2 (3.8%); A1/A2, 1 (1.9%); C/A1, 2 (3.8%); D/A1, 1(1.9%); and D/A2, 1 (1.9%). Major reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) resistance-associated mutations were found in four patients (7.5%). Of these patients, three had nucleoside RTI resistance mutations, such as M184V, K65R, D67N, K70R, and K219Q. Nonnucleoside RTI resistance-associated mutations K103N and Y181C were detected in three patients and one patient, respectively. Multiple drug resistance mutations were observed in this drug-naive population. With increasing numbers of patients that require treatment and the rapid upscaling of ART in Kenya, HIV-1 drug resistance testing is recommended before starting treatment in order to achieve better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael W. Lihana
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Samoel A. Khamadi
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kizito Lubano
- Reproductive Health Research Unit, Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Raphael Lwembe
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael K. Kiptoo
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy Lagat
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Fredrick A. Okoth
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah M. Songok
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ernest P. Makokha
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hiroshi Ichimura
- Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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14
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Wu M, Long S, Frutos AG, Eichelberger M, Li M, Fang Y. Interrogation of phosphor-specific interaction on a high-throughput label-free optical biosensor system-Epic system. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 29:202-10. [PMID: 19640222 DOI: 10.1080/10799890903068474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Epic system, a high-throughput label-free optical biosensor system, is applied for the biochemical interrogation of phosphor-specific interactions of the 14-3-3 protein and its substrates. It has shown the capability not only for high-throughput characterization of binding rank and affinity but also for the exploration of potential interacting kinases for the substrates. A perspective of biochemical applications for diagnostics and biomarker discovery, as well as cell-based applications for endogenous receptors and viral infection characterization, are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center and Johns Hopkins Ion Channel Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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