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Begum MA, Hossain R, Jain D, Murti Y, Agrawal KK, Janmeda P, Neto ICP, Coutinho HDM, Raposo A, Saraiva A, Han H, Romão B, Lisboa P, Moreira P, Islam MT. Recent Insights into the Antimicrobial Properties of Phyllanthus emblica L.: A Comprehensive Review of Wonder Berry. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400747. [PMID: 38808441 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica L., or Amla, is known for its therapeutic properties and has been used as a medicinal plant. It is rich in vitamin C and other bioactive phytochemicals like polyphenols, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, leutolin, quercetin, etc. Different parts of this plant are used to treat various viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. This review article summarizes the recent literature relevant to the antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal effects of P. emblica. A variety of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia, etc.), fungi (Alternaria alternate Botroyodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum corcori, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium exquisite, Fusarium solanii, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Colletotrichum gleosparoitis, and Macrophomina phaseolina) and viruses, like Influenza A virus strain H3N2, hepatitis B, Human Immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) have experimented. Different techniques were used based on the way of identification. 'For example, disc diffusion, dilution methods, sound diffusion, Immuno-peroxidase monolayer assay, serum HBV and HBsAg assay, enzyme immunoassay, etc. The present review analyzed and summarized the antimicrobial activities of P. emblica and possible mechanisms of action to provide future directions in translating these findings clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosammat Asia Begum
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University; Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Hossain
- Department of Pharmocology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Divya Jain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yogesh Murti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, G.L.A. University, Mathura, India
| | | | - Pracheta Janmeda
- Departmentof Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | | | | | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413, Arucas, Spain
| | - Heesup Han
- College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwanjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Bernardo Romão
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Poliana Lisboa
- Department of Nutrition, University Center I. E.S.B., Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pablo Moreira
- Department of Nutrition, University Center I. E.S.B., Brasília, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka), 8100, Bangladesh
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Fang C, Fu W, Liu N, Zhao H, Zhao C, Yu K, Liu C, Yin Z, Xu L, Xia N, Wang W, Cheng T. Investigating the virulence of coxsackievirus B6 strains and antiviral treatments in a neonatal murine model. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105781. [PMID: 38097049 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B6 (CVB6), a member of the human enterovirus family, is associated with severe diseases such as myocarditis in children. However, to date, only a limited number of CVB6 strains have been identified, and their characterization in animal models has been lacking. To address this gap, in this study, a neonatal murine model of CVB6 infection was established to compare the replication and virulence of three infectious-clone-derived CVB6 strains in vivo. The results showed that following challenge with a lethal dose of CVB6 strains, the neonatal mice rapidly exhibited a series of clinical signs, such as weight loss, limb paralysis, and death. For the two high-virulence CVB6 strains, histological examination revealed myocyte necrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of CVB6 viral protein in these tissues. Real-time PCR assay also revealed higher viral loads in the skeletal and cardiac muscle than in other tissues at different time points post infection. Furthermore, the protective effect of passive immunization with antisera and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against CVB6 infection was evaluated in the neonatal mouse model. This study should provide insights into the pathogenesis of CVB6 and facilitate further research in the development of vaccines and antivirals against CVBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Wenkun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Nanyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Canyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Kang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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Rusakov YY, Semenov VA, Rusakova IL. On the Efficiency of the Density Functional Theory (DFT)-Based Computational Protocol for 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Chemical Shifts of Natural Products: Studying the Accuracy of the pecS- n ( n = 1, 2) Basis Sets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14623. [PMID: 37834068 PMCID: PMC10572908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The basis set issue has always been one of the most important factors of accuracy in the quantum chemical calculations of NMR chemical shifts. In a previous paper, we developed new pecS-n (n = 1, 2) basis sets purposed for the calculations of the NMR chemical shifts of the nuclei of the most popular NMR-active isotopes of 1-2 row elements and successfully approbated these on the DFT calculations of chemical shifts in a limited series of small molecules. In this paper, we demonstrate the performance of the pecS-n (n = 1, 2) basis sets on the calculations of as much as 713 1H and 767 13C chemical shifts of 23 biologically active natural products with complicated stereochemical structures, carried out using the GIAO-DFT(PBE0) approach. We also proposed new alternative contraction schemes for our basis sets characterized by less contraction depth of the p-shell. New contraction coefficients have been optimized with the property-energy consistent (PEC) method. The accuracies of the pecS-n (n = 1, 2) basis sets of both the original and newly contracted forms were assessed on massive benchmark calculations of proton and carbon chemical shifts of a vast variety of natural products. It was found that less contracted pecS-n (n = 1, 2) basis sets provide no noticeable improvement in accuracy. These calculations represent the most austere test of our basis sets as applied to routine calculations of the NMR chemical shifts of real-life compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina L. Rusakova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky St. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (Y.Y.R.); (V.A.S.)
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Ponticelli M, Bellone ML, Parisi V, Iannuzzi A, Braca A, de Tommasi N, Russo D, Sileo A, Quaranta P, Freer G, Pistello M, Milella L. Specialized metabolites from plants as a source of new multi-target antiviral drugs: a systematic review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023; 22:1-79. [PMID: 37359711 PMCID: PMC10008214 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have always been the main global health challenge, as several potentially lethal viruses, including the hepatitis virus, herpes virus, and influenza virus, have affected human health for decades. Unfortunately, most licensed antiviral drugs are characterized by many adverse reactions and, in the long-term therapy, also develop viral resistance; for these reasons, researchers have focused their attention on investigating potential antiviral molecules from plants. Natural resources indeed offer a variety of specialized therapeutic metabolites that have been demonstrated to inhibit viral entry into the host cells and replication through the regulation of viral absorption, cell receptor binding, and competition for the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Many active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, coumarins, saponins, alkaloids, etc., have been identified as potential candidates for preventing and treating viral infections. Using a systematic approach, this review summarises the knowledge obtained to date on the in vivo antiviral activity of specialized metabolites extracted from plant matrices by focusing on their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bellone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Annamaria Iannuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunziatina de Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Sileo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Freer
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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An Overview of Cardiotonic Medicinal Plants from the Perspective of Iranian Traditional Medicine. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp-129338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Cardiovascular disorders are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in people with diabetes. Due to synthetic drugs’ adverse effects, new medicines are needed. Evidence Acquisition: Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) is one of the oldest medical systems. In this article, we first introduce a list of cardiotonic medicinal plants based on ITM. Then we review the cardio-related effects of these plants based on electronic databases. Results: Among the introduced medicinal plants from ITM, Phyllanthus emblica L., Rosa canina L., Ocimum basilicum L., and Melissa officinalis L. have cardiotonic effects. Also, P. emblica, O. basilicum, M. officinalis, Citrus medica L., Malus domestica Borkh., Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, and R. canina have cardioprotective effects and possess several biological activities that reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors. Conclusions: The cardiotonic medicinal plants based on ITM have excellent value; several pharmacological studies have proved some of their cardioprotective and cardiotonic effects. The other plants’ potential for improving the heart’s contractile power as a cardiotonic drug must be evaluated in further pharmacological and clinical studies.
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Yang Y, Liu G, Jia J, Zhong J, Yan R, Lin X, Zheng K, Zhu Q. In-vitro antiviral activity of doxepin hydrochloride against group B coxsackievirus. Virus Res 2022; 317:198816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Saini R, Sharma N, Oladeji OS, Sourirajan A, Dev K, Zengin G, El-Shazly M, Kumar V. Traditional uses, bioactive composition, pharmacology, and toxicology of Phyllanthus emblica fruits: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114570. [PMID: 34480995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn or Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Phyllanthaceae), (FPE) commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, gained immense importance in indigenous traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. It is used to cure several diseases such as common cold, fever, cough, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, cephalalgia, ophthalmopathy, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, erysipelas, skin diseases, leprosy, hematogenesis, inflammation, anemia, emaciation, hepatopathy, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, cardiac disorders, and premature greying of hair. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present review, we presented a comprehensive analysis of the ethnopharmacology, bioactive composition, and toxicity of P. emblica to identify the gap between research and the current applications and to help explore the trends and perspectives for future studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected the literature published before April 2021 on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of FPE. Literature in English from scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, and Google Scholar, books. These reports were analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. The plant taxonomy was verified by "The Plant List" database (http://www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION s: FPE have been used as a rich source of vitamin C, minerals, and amino acids. Several bioactive molecules were isolated and identified from FPE such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid etc. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on FPE revealed its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, radioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-venom, wound healing, HIV-reverse transcriptase effect. Toxicological studies on fruits indicated the absence of any adverse effect even at a high dose after oral administration. CONCLUSIONS Although FPE showed remarkable therapeutic activities against several diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hepatitis B virus, and malaria, there were several drawbacks in some previous reports including the lack of information on the drug dose, standards, controls, and mechanism of action of the extract. Further in-depth studies are required to explain the mechanism of action of the extracts to reveal the role of the bioactive compounds in the reported activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshandha Saini
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Oluwole Solomon Oladeji
- Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Km 4, Ipetu Road, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Gökhan Zengin
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India.
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Enayati A, Banach M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Protective role of nutraceuticals against myocarditis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112242. [PMID: 34953630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that mostly affects young adults. The disease is commonly caused by viral infection, medications, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Nearly 50% of the cases of myocarditis are due to post-viral immune response in a setting of an identifiable or non-identifiable infection. The clinical manifestation is nonspecific ranging from asymptomatic courses to sudden death in infants and young patients. This review describes the properties of phytochemicals as plant-derived active ingredients which can be used in the prevention and treatment of myocarditis and its associated risk factors. Meanwhile, it has illustrated epidemiological analyses, mechanism of action, and the metabolism of phytochemicals in animal and human clinical trials. We also mentioned the precise mechanism of action by which phytochemicals elicit their anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects and how they regulate signal transduction pathways. Nevertheless, comprehensive clinical trials are required to study the properties of phytochemicals in vivo, in vitro, and in silico for a proper management of myocarditis. Our findings indicate that phytochemicals function as potent adjunctive therapeutic drugs in myocarditis and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesheh Enayati
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Comparison and Analysis on the Existing Single-Herbal Strategies against Viral Myocarditis. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:9952620. [PMID: 34456633 PMCID: PMC8371739 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9952620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herbal medicine is one of crucial symbols of Chinese national medicine. Investigation on molecular responses of different herbal strategies against viral myocarditis is immeasurably conducive to targeting drug development in the current international absence of miracle treatment. Methods Literature retrieval platforms were applied in the collection of existing empirical evidences for viral myocarditis-related single-herbal strategies. SwissTargetPrediction, Metascape, and Discovery Studio coordinating with multidatabases investigated underlying target genes, interactive proteins, and docking molecules in turn. Results Six single-herbal medicines consisting of Huangqi (Hedysarum Multijugum Maxim), Yuganzi (Phyllanthi Fructus), Kushen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix), Jianghuang (Curcumaelongae Rhizoma), Chaihu (Radix Bupleuri), and Jixueteng (Spatholobus Suberectus Dunn) meet the requirement. There were 11 overlapped and 73 unique natural components detected in these herbs. SLC6A2, SLC6A4, NOS2, PPARA, PPARG, ACHE, CYP2C19, CYP51A1, and CHRM2 were equally targeted by six herbs and identified as viral myocarditis-associated symbols. MCODE algorithm exposed the hub role of SRC and EGFR in strategies without Jianghuang. Subsequently, we learned intermolecular interactions of herbal components and their targeting heart-tissue-specific CHRM2, FABP3, TNNC1, TNNI3, TNNT2, and SCN5A and cardiac-myocytes-specific IL6, MMP1, and PLAT coupled with viral myocarditis. Ten interactive characteristics such as π-alkyl and van der Waals were modeled in which ARG111, LYS253, ILE114, and VAL11 on cardiac troponin (TNNC1-TNNI3-TNNT2) and ARG208, ASN106, and ALA258 on MMP1 fulfilled potential communicating anchor with ellagic acid, 5α, 9α-dihydroxymatrine, and leachianone g via hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction, respectively. Conclusions The comprehensive outcomes uncover differences and linkages between six herbs against viral myocarditis through component and target analysis, fostering development of drugs.
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Herbal plants as immunity modulators against COVID-19: A primary preventive measure during home quarantine. J Herb Med 2021; 32:100501. [PMID: 34377631 PMCID: PMC8340568 DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a deadly virus which has spread globally and claimed millions of lives. This novel virus transmits mainly through droplets and close human contact. It’s impact in different countries varies depending on geographical location, climatic conditions, food habits, and cultural activities. Several precautionary measures, as well as many medicines, are applied in different combinations to limit the spread of infection. This results in a preliminary relief of people infected in the first stage of infection. An alternative approach has been introduced which proposes natural herbs, which have minimal or no side effects, and improve overall immunity. Some essential herbs with their immunomodulatory effects are mentioned in this article along with suggestions for improved immunity and protection.
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Yousefi H, Mashouri L, Okpechi SC, Alahari N, Alahari SK. Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review describing drug mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 183:114296. [PMID: 33191206 PMCID: PMC7581400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a major public health concern across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh coronavirus that is known to cause human disease. As of September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in 213 countries and more than 31 million cases have been confirmed, with an estimated mortality rate of ∼3%. Unfortunately, a drug or vaccine is yet to be discovered to treat COVID-19. Thus, repurposing of existing cancer drugs will be a novel approach in treating COVID-19 patients. These drugs target viral replication cycle, viral entry and translocation to the nucleus. Some can enhance innate antiviral immune response as well. Hence this review focuses on comprehensive list of 22 drugs that work against COVID-19 infection. These drugs include fingolimod, colchicine, N4-hydroxycytidine, remdesivir, methylprednisone, oseltamivir, icatibant, perphanizine, viracept, emetine, homoharringtonine, aloxistatin, ribavirin, valrubicin, famotidine, almitrine, amprenavir, hesperidin, biorobin, cromolyn sodium, and antibodies- tocilzumab and sarilumab. Also, we provide a list of 31 drugs that are predicted to function against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, we provide succinct overview of various therapeutic modalities. Among these 53 drugs, based on various clinical trials and literature, remdesivir, nelfinavir, methylpredinosolone, colchicine, famotidine and emetine may be used for COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE: It is of utmost important priority to develop novel therapies for COVID-19. Since the effect of SARS-CoV-2 is so severe, slowing the spread of diseases will help the health care system, especially the number of visits to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of any country. Several clinical trials are in works around the globe. Moreover, NCI developed a recent and robust response to COVID-19 pandemic. One of the NCI's goals is to screen cancer related drugs for identification of new therapies for COVID-19. https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/covid-19-cancer-nci-response?cid=eb_govdel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ladan Mashouri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AK, USA
| | - Samuel C Okpechi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nikhilesh Alahari
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Stanley Scott Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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12
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Khanna M, Gautam A, Rajput R, Sharma L. Natural Products as a Paradigm for the Treatment of Coxsackievirus - induced Myocarditis. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:607-616. [PMID: 31995007 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200129094516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is considered to be one of the most important infectious agents to cause virus-induced myocarditis. Despite improvements in studying viral pathology, structure and molecular biology, as well as diagnosis of this disease, there is still no virus-specific drug in clinical use. Structural and nonstructural proteins produced during the coxsackievirus life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, WIN (for Winthrop) compounds and application of nucleic-acid based strategies were shown to target viral capsid, entry and viral proteases, but have not reached to the clinical trials as a successful antiviral agent. There is an urgent need for diverse molecular libraries for phenotype-selective and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khanna
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Anju Gautam
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Roopali Rajput
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Latika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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Emblica officinalis (Amla) with a Particular Focus on Its Antimicrobial Potentials: A Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Li ML, Lin JY, Chen BS, Weng KF, Shih SR, Calderon JD, Tolbert BS, Brewer G. EV71 3C protease induces apoptosis by cleavage of hnRNP A1 to promote apaf-1 translation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221048. [PMID: 31498791 PMCID: PMC6733512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) induces apoptosis to promote viral particle release. Earlier work showed that EV71 utilizes its 3C protease to induce apoptosis in a caspase-3-dependent pathway, though the mechanism is unknown. However, work from Vagner, Holcik and colleagues showed that host protein heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) binds the IRES of cellular apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (apaf-1) mRNA to repress its translation. In this work, we show that apaf-1 expression is essential for EV71-induced apoptosis. EV71 infection or ectopic expression of 3C protease cleaves hnRNP A1, which abolishes its binding to the apaf-1 IRES. This allows IRES-dependent synthesis of apaf-1, activation of caspase-3, and apoptosis. Thus, we reveal a novel mechanism that EV71 utilizes for virus release via a 3C protease-hnRNP A1-apaf-1-caspase-3-apoptosis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shiun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jesse Davila Calderon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Blanton S. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
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15
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Li XQ, Liu XX, Wang XY, Xie YH, Yang Q, Liu XX, Ding YY, Cao W, Wang SW. Cinnamaldehyde Derivatives Inhibit Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Viral Myocarditis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:279-287. [PMID: 27737525 PMCID: PMC5424638 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical property of cinnamaldehyde is unstable in vivo, although early experiments have shown its obvious therapeutic effects on viral myocarditis (VMC). To overcome this problem, we used cinnamaldehyde as a leading compound to synthesize derivatives. Five derivatives of cinnamaldehyde were synthesized: 4-methylcinnamaldehyde (1), 4-chlorocinnamaldehyde (2), 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (3), α-bromo-4-methylcinnamaldehyde (4), and α-bromo-4-chlorocinnamaldehyde (5). Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and HeLa cells infected by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) were used to evaluate their antiviral and cytotoxic effects. In vivo BALB/c mice were infected with CVB3 for establishing VMC models. Among the derivatives, compound 4 and 5 inhibited the CVB3 in HeLa cells with the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations values of 11.38 ± 2.22 μM and 2.12 ± 0.37 μM, respectively. The 50% toxic concentrations of compound 4 and 5-treated cells were 39-fold and 87-fold higher than in the cinnamaldehyde group. Compound 4 and 5 effectively reduced the viral titers and cardiac pathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, compound 4 and 5 significantly inhibited the secretion, mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in CVB3-infected cardiomyocytes, indicating that brominated cinnamaldehyde not only improved the anti-vital activities for VMC, but also had potent anti-inflammatory effects in cardiomyocytes induced by CVB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xue-Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan-Hua Xie
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin-Xin Liu
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ding
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Si-Wang Wang
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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16
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Li J, Yao Y, Chen Y, Xu X, Lin Y, Yang Z, Qiao W, Tan J. Enterovirus 71 3C Promotes Apoptosis through Cleavage of PinX1, a Telomere Binding Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:e02016-16. [PMID: 27847364 PMCID: PMC5215332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02016-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases in infants and young children due to their underdeveloped immunocompetence. EV71 infection can induce cellular apoptosis through a variety of pathways, which promotes EV71 release. The viral protease 3C plays an important role in EV71-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for 3C-triggered apoptosis remains elusive. Here, we found that EV71 3C directly interacted with PinX1, a telomere binding protein. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PinX1 at the site of Q50-G51 pair through its protease activity. Overexpression of PinX1 reduced the level of EV71-induced apoptosis and EV71 release, whereas depletion of PinX1 by small interfering RNA promoted apoptosis induced by etoposide and increased EV71 release. Taken together, our study uncovered a mechanism that EV71 utilizes to promote host cell apoptosis through cleavage of cellular protein PinX1 by 3C. IMPORTANCE EV71 3C plays an important role in processing viral proteins and interacting with host cells. In this study, we showed that 3C promoted apoptosis through cleaving PinX1, a telomere binding protein, and that this cleavage facilitated EV71 release. Our study demonstrated that PinX1 plays an important role in EV71 release and revealed a novel mechanism that EV71 utilizes to induce apoptosis. This finding is important in understanding EV71-host cell interactions and has potential impact on understanding other enterovirus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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17
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Cai Y, Zhang J, Chen NG, Shi Z, Qiu J, He C, Chen M. Recent Advances in Anticancer Activities and Drug Delivery Systems of Tannins. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:665-701. [PMID: 28004409 DOI: 10.1002/med.21422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tannins, polyphenols in medicinal plants, have been divided into two groups of hydrolysable and condensed tannins, including gallotannins, ellagitannins, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Potent anticancer activities have been observed in tannins (especially EGCG) with multiple mechanisms, such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of invasion and metastases. Furthermore, the combinational effects of tannins and anticancer drugs have been demonstrated in this review, including chemoprotective, chemosensitive, and antagonizing effects accompanying with anticancer effect. However, the applications of tannins have been hindered due to their poor liposolubility, low bioavailability, off-taste, and shorter half-life time in human body, such as EGCG, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. To tackle these obstacles, novel drug delivery systems have been employed to deliver tannins with the aim of improving their applications, such as gelatin nanoparticles, micelles, nanogold, liposomes, and so on. In this review, the chemical characteristics, anticancer properties, and drug delivery systems of tannins were discussed with an attempt to provide a systemic reference to promote the development of tannins as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuee Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Nelson G Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zhi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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18
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Abstract
Viral myocarditis remains a prominent infectious-inflammatory disease for patients throughout the lifespan. The condition presents several challenges including varied modes of clinical presentation, a range of timepoints when patients come to attention, a diversity of approaches to diagnosis, a spectrum of clinical courses, and unsettled perspectives on therapeutics in different patient settings and in the face of different viral pathogens. In this review, we examine current knowledge about viral heart disease and especially provide information on evolving understanding of mechanisms of disease and efforts by investigators to identify and evaluate potential therapeutic avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fung
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce McManus
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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19
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Mao X, Wu LF, Guo HL, Chen WJ, Cui YP, Qi Q, Li S, Liang WY, Yang GH, Shao YY, Zhu D, She GM, You Y, Zhang LZ. The Genus Phyllanthus: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7584952. [PMID: 27200104 PMCID: PMC4854999 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7584952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The plants of the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) have been used as traditional medicinal materials for a long time in China, India, Brazil, and the Southeast Asian countries. They can be used for the treatment of digestive disease, jaundice, and renal calculus. This review discusses the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies of Phyllanthus over the past few decades. More than 510 compounds have been isolated, the majority of which are lignins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. The researches of their remarkable antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities have become hot topics. More pharmacological screenings and phytochemical investigations are required to support the traditional uses and develop leading compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ling-Fang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hong-Ling Guo
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Jing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ya-Ping Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wen-Yi Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-Yan Shao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Gai-Mei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yun You
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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20
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Abstract
Myocarditis is a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by inflammation of the heart muscle. The primary clinical manifestations of myocarditis are heart failure and sudden death in children and young adults. Numerous interventions have been investigated for the treatment of myocarditis, including broad spectrum alteration of the immune response and antiviral treatments; however, success has been limited. Since the myocarditis treatment trials in the 1990s there has been an improved understanding of disease progression and new facets of the immune response have been discovered. This new information provides fresh opportunities to develop therapeutics to treat myocarditis. This review analyzes previous pharmacologic approaches including immunosuppression, high dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, immunoadsorption and antiviral treatments, and looks forward toward recently identified immune factors that can be exploited as targets for new treatments. Such strategies include bolstering beneficial regulatory T cells or mitigating the detrimental Th17 T cells which can drive autoimmunity in the heart. The surging interest of the application of humanized monoclonal antibodies makes targeting deleterious arms of the immune response like Th17 cells a tangible goal in the near future. Promising constituents of herbal remedies have also been identified that may hold potential as new pharmacological treatments for myocarditis, however, significant work remains to elucidate the pharmacokinetics and side-effects of these compounds. Finally, advances in our understanding of the function of Matrix Metalloproteinases yield another target for altering disease progression given their role in the development of fibrosis during Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In bringing to light the various new targets and treatments available since the last myocarditis treatment trials, the aim of this review is to explore the new treatments that are possible in new myocarditis treatment trials.
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21
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Yadav CH, Najmi AK, Akhtar M, Khanam R. Cardioprotective role of H3R agonist imetit on isoproterenol-induced hemodynamic changes and oxidative stress in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:235-40. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.997946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang T, Podok P, Xu D, Lu L. Proteomic identification and characterization of Ctenopharyngodon idella tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (CiTrap1): an anti-apoptosis factor upregulated by grass carp reovirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:449-459. [PMID: 25655331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (Trap1) is a mitochondrial protein identical to heat shock protein 75 (HSP75) that plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (designated as CiTrap1) was identified through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis and its pattern of expression was investigated in grass carp kidney (CIK) cells infected with grass carp reovirus (GCRV). The full length cDNA of CiTrap1 contained an opening reading frame of 2157 bp that encoded a peptide of 718 amino acids. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the CiTrap1 shared 87% identity with its homologue from zebrafish (Danio rerio). The transcriptional level of CiTrap1 in CIK cells was upregulated post virus infection as well as poly (I: C) stimulation. Following virus infection, grass carp PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Sorcin, whose coding proteins interact with Trap1 in human, were simultaneously upregulated with CiTrap1. Typical characteristics of apoptosis were observed in CIK cells infected with GCRV by DAPI staining, DNA ladder electrophoresis, TUNEL assay and Annexin Ⅴ labeling. RNAi-mediated silencing of CiTrap1 in CIK cells resulted in the increased rate of virus-induced apoptotic cells. The results of this study suggest that CiTrap1 is involved in the host's innate immune response to viral infection possibly through protecting infected cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Tu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Patarida Podok
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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23
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Qi W, Hua L, Gao K. Chemical constituents of the plants from the genus Phyllanthus. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:364-95. [PMID: 24634068 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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24
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Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Reddy J. Intricacies of cardiac damage in coxsackievirus B3 infection: implications for therapy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:330-339. [PMID: 25449464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in humans, and myocarditis is one predominant cause of heart failure in young adults. Patients affected with myocarditis can develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a common reason for heart transplantation, which to date is the only viable option for combatting DCM. Myocarditis/DCM patients show antibodies to coxsackievirus B (CVB)3 and cardiac antigens, suggesting a role for CVB-mediated autoimmunity in the disease pathogenesis; however, a direct causal link remains to be determined clinically. Experimentally, myocarditis can be induced in susceptible strains of mice using the human isolates of CVB3, and the disease pathogenesis of postinfectious myocarditis resembles that of human disease, making the observations made in animals relevant to humans. In this review, we discuss the complex nature of CVB3-induced myocarditis as it relates to the damage caused by both the virus and the host's response to infection. Based on recent data we obtained in the mouse model of CVB3 infection, we provide evidence to suggest that CVB3 infection accompanies the generation of cardiac myosin-specific CD4 T cells that can transfer the disease to naïve recipients. The therapeutic implications of these observations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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25
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The interplays between autophagy and apoptosis induced by enterovirus 71. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56966. [PMID: 23437282 PMCID: PMC3577684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the causative agent of human diseases with distinct severity, from mild hand, foot and mouth disease to severe neurological syndromes, such as encephalitis and meningitis. The lack of understanding of viral pathogenesis as well as lack of efficient vaccine and drugs against this virus impedes the control of EV71 infection. EV71 virus induces autophagy and apoptosis; however, the relationship between EV71-induced autophagy and apoptosis as well as the influence of autophagy and apoptosis on virus virulence remains unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, it was observed that the Anhui strain of EV71 induced autophagy and apoptosis in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD-A) cells. Additionally, by either applying chemical inhibitors or knocking down single essential autophagic or apoptotic genes, inhibition of EV71 induced autophagy inhibited the apoptosis both at the autophagosome formation stage and autophagy execution stage. However, inhibition of autophagy at the stage of autophagosome and lysosome fusion promoted apoptosis. In reverse, the inhibition of EV71-induced apoptosis contributed to the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-I (LC3-I) to LC3-II and degradation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/P62). Furthermore, the inhibition of autophagy in the autophagsome formation stage or apoptosis decreased the release of EV71 viral particles. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the results of this study not only revealed novel aspect of the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in EV71 infection, but also provided a new insight to control EV71 infection.
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26
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Li T, Peng T. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine as a source of molecules with antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:1-9. [PMID: 23153834 PMCID: PMC7114103 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) is widely used in the prevention and treatment of viral infectious diseases. However, the operative mechanisms of TCHM remain largely obscure, mainly because of its complicated nature and the fragmented nature of research. In recent years, systematic methodologies have been developed to discover the active compounds in TCHM and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent progress in TCHM-based antiviral research in China and other Asian countries. In particular, this review focuses on progress in targeting key steps in the viral replication cycle and key cellular components of the host defense system. Recent developments in centralized and standardized TCHM screening and databases are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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27
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The comparison of α-bromo-4-chlorocinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde on coxsackie virus B3-induced myocarditis and their mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:107-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Yu Z, Huang Z, Shao C, Huang Y, Zhang F, Yang J, Deng L, Zeng Z, Deng Q, Zeng W. Oral administration of interferon-α2b-transformed Bifidobacterium longum protects BALB/c mice against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Virol J 2011; 8:525. [PMID: 22151967 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple reports have claimed that low-dose orally administered interferon (IFN)-α is beneficial in the treatment of many infectious diseases and provides a viable alternative to high-dose intramuscular treatment. However, research is needed on how to express IFN stably in the gut. Bifidobacterium may be a suitable carrier for human gene expression and secretion in the intestinal tract for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. We reported previously that Bifidobacterium longum can be used as a novel oral delivery of IFN-α. IFN-transformed B. longum can exert an immunostimulatory role in mice; however the answer to whether this recombinant B. longum can be used to treat virus infection still remains elusive. Here, we investigated the efficacy of IFN-transformed B. longum administered orally on coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis in BALB/c mice. Our data indicated that oral administration of IFN-transformed B. longum for 2 weeks after virus infection reduced significantly the severity of virus-induced myocarditis, markedly down regulated virus titers in the heart, and induced a T helper 1 cell pattern in the spleen and heart compared with controls. Oral administration of the IFN-transformed B. longum, therefore, may play a potential role in the treatment of CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, Shenzhen, China
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29
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Yu Z, Huang Z, Sao C, Huang Y, Zhang F, Yang J, Lian J, Zeng Z, Luo W, Zeng W, Deng Q. Bifidobacterium as an oral delivery carrier of interleukin-12 for the treatment of Coxsackie virus B3-induced myocarditis in the Balb/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:125-30. [PMID: 22088614 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 plays an important role in the treatment of many infectious diseases by being administered intravenously or intramuscularly. However, intravenous or intramuscular administration is difficult and inconvenient and may cause side effects. The aim of this study is to develop a novel oral delivery system for IL-12 using genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum as the carrier and further investigate the efficacy of IL-12-expressed B. longum on the coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis in mice. A mIL-12 gene expression vector pBBADs-IL-12 for B. longum was constructed and transformed into Bifidobacterium. Subsequently, the expression of mIL-12 in the engineered B. longum was identified in vitro by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after l-arabinose induction. Moreover, our data indicated that oral administration of IL-12-expressed B. longum for two weeks after CVB3 infection in the Balb/c mice could downregulate the severity of virus-induced myocarditis, markedly reduce the virus titers in the heart and induce a Th1 pattern in the spleen and heart compared with the controls. In conclusion, a novel oral delivery system of Bifidobacterium for murine IL-12 has been successfully established. Oral administration of mIL-12-transformed B. longum may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of CVB3-induced myocarditis in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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30
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Ojha S, Golechha M, Kumari S, Arya DS. Protective effect of Emblica officinalis (amla) on isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:399-411. [PMID: 22033422 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711413798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emblica officinalis, commonly known as amla, is an important medicinal plant reputed for its dietary and therapeutic uses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of E. officinalis against isoproterenol (ISP)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats and elucidate the possible mechanism involved. Rats were administered E. officinalis (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (normal saline) for 30 days, with concurrent subcutaneous injections of ISP (85 mg/kg, at 24 h interval) on 29th and 30th day. ISP-induced cardiac dysfunction as evidenced by decreased mean arterial pressure, heart rate, contractility (+LVdP/dt) and relaxation (-LVdP/dt) along with increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure. ISP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and myocyte-injury-specific marker enzymes, creatine phosphokinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase in heart. A significant (p < 0.05) depletion of reduced glutathione and increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances along with histopathological alteration has further indicated the oxidative damage of myocardium. However, pretreatment with E. officinalis exhibited restoration of hemodynamic and left ventricular function along with significant preservation of antioxidants, myocytes-injury-specific marker enzymes and significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, histopathological salvage of myocardium reconfirmed the protective effects of E. officinalis. Results of the present study demonstrate cardioprotective potential of E. officinalis attributed to its potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by favorable improvement in hemodynamic, contractile function and tissue antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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