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Rivero CW, De Benedetti EC, Gallego FL, Pessela BC, Guisán JM, Trelles JA. Biosynthesis of an antiviral compound using a stabilized phosphopentomutase by multipoint covalent immobilization. J Biotechnol 2017; 249:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lesniewska-Kowiel MA, Muszalska I. Strategies in the designing of prodrugs, taking into account the antiviral and anticancer compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 129:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Stevaert A, Naesens L. The Influenza Virus Polymerase Complex: An Update on Its Structure, Functions, and Significance for Antiviral Drug Design. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:1127-1173. [PMID: 27569399 PMCID: PMC5108440 DOI: 10.1002/med.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and pandemic outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and a huge cost. Since resistance to the existing anti‐influenza drugs is rising, innovative inhibitors with a different mode of action are urgently needed. The influenza polymerase complex is widely recognized as a key drug target, given its critical role in virus replication and high degree of conservation among influenza A (of human or zoonotic origin) and B viruses. We here review the major progress that has been made in recent years in unravelling the structure and functions of this protein complex, enabling structure‐aided drug design toward the core regions of the PA endonuclease, PB1 polymerase, or cap‐binding PB2 subunit. Alternatively, inhibitors may target a protein–protein interaction site, a cellular factor involved in viral RNA synthesis, the viral RNA itself, or the nucleoprotein component of the viral ribonucleoprotein. The latest advances made for these diverse pharmacological targets have yielded agents in advanced (i.e., favipiravir and VX‐787) or early clinical testing, besides several experimental inhibitors in various stages of development, which are all covered here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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San Martín B, Muñoz R, Cornejo J, Martínez MA, Araya-Jordán C, Maddaleno A, Anadón A. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy prediction indexes, and residue depletion of ribavirin in Atlantic salmon's (Salmo salar) muscle after oral administration in feed. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:388-97. [PMID: 26960624 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ribavirin is an antiviral used in human medicine, but it has not been authorized for use in veterinary medicine although it is effective against infectious salmon anemia (ISA) virus, between others. In this study, we present a pharmacokinetic profile of ribavirin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), efficacy prediction indexes, and the measure of its withdrawal time. To determine the pharmacokinetic profile, fishes were orally administered with a single ribavirin dose of 1.6 mg/kg bw, and then, plasma concentrations were measured at different times. From the time-vs.-concentration curve, Cmax = 413.57 ng/mL, Tmax = 6.96 h, AUC = 21394.01 μg·h/mL, t1/2 = 81.61 h, and K10 = 0.0421/h were obtained. Ribavirin reached adequate concentrations during the pharmacokinetic study, with prediction indexes of Cmax /IC50 = 20.7, AUC/IC50 = 1069.7, and T>IC50 = 71 h, where IC is the inhibitory concentration 50%. For ribavirin depletion study, fishes were orally administered with a dairy dose of 1.6 mg/kg bw during 10 days. Concentrations were measured on edible tissue on different days post-treatment. A linear regression of the time vs. concentration was conducted, obtaining a withdrawal time of 1966 °C days. Results obtained reveal that the dose of 1.6 mg/kg bw orally administered is effective for ISA virus, originating a reasonable withdrawal period within the productive schedules of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- B San Martín
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Muñoz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Cornejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Food Sciences Unit, Faculty of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M A Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Araya-Jordán
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Maddaleno
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Guo H, Sun S, Yang Z, Tang X, Wang Y. Strategies for ribavirin prodrugs and delivery systems for reducing the side-effect hemolysis and enhancing their therapeutic effect. J Control Release 2015; 209:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dong Z, Li Q, Guo D, Shu Y, Polli JE. Synthesis and Evaluation of Bile Acid-Ribavirin Conjugates as Prodrugs to Target the Liver. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2864-76. [PMID: 25645375 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is used to treat hepatitis C but causes serious hemolytic anemia. The objective of the study was to develop a ribavirin prodrug to achieve liver-specific drug delivery and to reduce its off-target effect in red blood cells (RBCs). The approach aimed to target the human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), which is a bile acid transporter predominately expressed in the liver. Six prodrugs with ribavirin conjugation at C-3 or C-24 of the bile acids were synthesized. In vitro uptake studies indicated that all six prodrugs were NTCP substrates. Metabolic studies in vitro indicated that ribavirin-l-Val-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) was able to release ribavirin in the mouse liver S9 fraction. Additionally, in vitro studies showed that ribavirin in RBC was reduced by 16.7-fold from prodrug compared with parent drug incubation. Moreover, almost no prodrug was present in RBC. In vivo study in mice also showed that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA could provide almost the same ribavirin exposure in the liver as ribavirin administration, but with about 1.8-fold less exposure of ribavirin in RBC, plasma, and kidney. Overall, the study suggested that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA has the potential to achieve ribavirin-specific liver delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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