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Sarmadi S, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Najafi H. Vaccine approaches and treatment aspects against Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever. Virusdisease 2024; 35:377-383. [PMID: 39071873 PMCID: PMC11269551 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-024-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever [CCHF] is a severe infectious viral disease caused by a tick borne virus which can lead to fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans. It has been reported from some continents including Africa, Asia and Europe. Virus is transmitted to human mainly through tick bite, whose acquire infection from reservoirs wild and domesticated mammalians and ostriches. Currently no approved vaccine or drug is available for CCHF and prevention is mainly based on biosecurity measures. Ribavirin is the only approved drug that has been used in some countries to treat human disease, however some new studies did not prove the Ribavirin efficacy. Different strategies to design effective vaccines, have been conducted through years, from inactivated virus to nucleotide-based ones including DNA and mRNA vaccines. In this study we review of pioneering vaccine candidate platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Sarmadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Najafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Shaker DA, Abd MT, Alsalih NJ, Mahdi SG, Alsaadawi M, Aakef IR, Aljandeel TJ. A retrospective study of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq. Afr Health Sci 2024; 24:59-68. [PMID: 38962343 PMCID: PMC11217854 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v24i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background CCHF is transmitted via ticks biting and directly by contact with tissue or blood of infected patients or viremic animals. This study intends to determine the occurrence of CCHF in Iraq between 2015 and 2019. Methods This study was designed as a retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study. It was approved the occurrence of CCHF in Iraq with relation to some epidemiological and demographic data reported in the Iraqi Communicable Diseases Control Center (CDC)/zoonotic diseases section between 2015-2019. Results Out of 206 suspected cases, only 17 were diagnosed as CCHF with a total fatality ratio of 52%, 25%, and 80% in 2015 and 2018 respectively. However, no mortality was reported during 2016, 2017, and 2019. The mean age of the patients was 33 years± 18 SD, in males mainly (76%). Moreover, the risk groups were 29 %, 23 %, 18 % 12 %, and 6 % for butchers, animal dealers, gainers, both housewives and students and children respectively. Conclusion Strict precautions and precise surveillance should be implemented to control the disease and protect the community by improving the diagnosis and treatment of CCHF. The authors recommend another future study to detect the genotyping and sequencing of CCHFV in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Adnan Shaker
- Communicable Diseases Control Center, Zoonotic Diseases section, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Muna Tawfeeq Abd
- College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Muthanna University, Samawah, Iraq
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3
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Paquette SJ, Simon AY, XIII A, Kobinger GP, Shahhosseini N. Medically Significant Vector-Borne Viral Diseases in Iran. Microorganisms 2023; 11:3006. [PMID: 38138150 PMCID: PMC10745727 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11123006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne viral diseases (VBVDs) continue to pose a considerable public health risk to animals and humans globally. Vectors have integral roles in autochthonous circulation and dissemination of VBVDs worldwide. The interplay of agricultural activities, population expansion, urbanization, host/pathogen evolution, and climate change, all contribute to the continual flux in shaping the epidemiology of VBVDs. In recent decades, VBVDs, once endemic to particular countries, have expanded into new regions such as Iran and its neighbors, increasing the risk of outbreaks and other public health concerns. Both Iran and its neighboring countries are known to host a number of VBVDs that are endemic to these countries or newly circulating. The proximity of Iran to countries hosting regional diseases, along with increased global socioeconomic activities, e.g., international trade and travel, potentially increases the risk for introduction of new VBVDs into Iran. In this review, we examined the epidemiology of numerous VBVDs circulating in Iran, such as Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Sindbis virus, West Nile virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Sandfly-borne phleboviruses, and Hantavirus, in relation to their vectors, specifically mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and rodents. In addition, we discussed the interplay of factors, e.g., urbanization and climate change on VBVD dissemination patterns and the consequent public health risks in Iran, highlighting the importance of a One Health approach to further surveil and to evolve mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jo Paquette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
| | - Ayo Yila Simon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Ara XIII
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.X.); (G.P.K.)
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.X.); (G.P.K.)
| | - Nariman Shahhosseini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
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Sadeghi H, Nikkhahi F, Maleki MR, Simiari A, Bakht M, Gholamzadeh Khoei S. Status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks in Iran: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023:106153. [PMID: 37295483 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a re-emerging viral haemorrhagic fever causing outbreaks in Iran in the last 15 years. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in ticks would be evaluated. PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed original papers published between 2000 and 1 July 2022. We included papers that evaluated the prevalence of CCHFV in individual ticks using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The pooled prevalence of CCHFV was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5-7.9%), with heterogeneity (I2 = 82.706; P < 0.0001). The prevalence of CCHFV was higher related to regions with above sea level of 1001-1500 m (6.4%; 95% CI: 4.3-9.5%), an average temperature of ≤15 °C (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.6-12.0%), latitude of ≥36° (8.1%; 95% CI: 5.2-12.3%), an annual rainfall of 101-300 mm (9.8%; 95% CI: 6.1-15.4%) and humidity of ≥61% (10.2%; 95% CI: 5.1-19.3%). Due to the importance of CCHF, it is better to do new epidemiologic studies on ticks by related organizations and adjacent regions of some provinces in which human cases have been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sadeghi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maleki
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Kowsar Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aboutaleb Simiari
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Kowsar Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakht
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Fereidouni M, Apanaskevich DA, Pecor DB, Pshenichnaya NY, Abuova GN, Tishkova FH, Bumburidi Y, Zeng X, Kuhn JH, Keshtkar-Jahromi M. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Central, Eastern, and South-eastern Asia. Virol Sin 2023; 38:171-183. [PMID: 36669701 PMCID: PMC10926685 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), is endemic in Africa, Asia, and Europe, but CCHF epidemiology and epizootiology is only rudimentarily defined for most regions. Here we summarize what is known about CCHF in Central, Eastern, and South-eastern Asia. Searching multiple international and country-specific databases using a One Health approach, we defined disease risk and burden through identification of CCHF cases, anti-CCHFV antibody prevalence, and CCHFV isolation from vector ticks. We identified 2313 CCHF cases that occurred in 1944-2021 in the three examined regions. Central Asian countries reported the majority of cases (2,026). In Eastern Asia, China was the only country that reported CCHF cases (287). In South-eastern Asia, no cases were reported. Next, we leveraged our previously established classification scheme to assign countries to five CCHF evidence levels. Six countries (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) were assigned to level 1 or level 2 based on CCHF case reports and the maturity of the countries' surveillance systems. Two countries (Mongolia and Myanmar) were assigned to level 3 due to evidence of CCHFV circulation in the absence of reported CCHF cases. Thirteen countries in Eastern and South-eastern Asia were categorized in levels 4 and 5 based on prevalence of CCHFV vector ticks. Collectively, this paper describes the past and present status of CCHF reporting to inform international and local public-health agencies to strengthen or establish CCHFV surveillance systems and address shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fereidouni
- Jahrom University of Medical Sciences (دانشگاه علوم پزشكي خدمات بهداشتی درمانی جهرم), Jahrom, Fars Province, 74148-46199, Iran
| | - Dmitry A Apanaskevich
- U.S. National Tick Collection, The James H. Oliver Jr. Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA; Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Зоологический институт Российской академии наук), 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David B Pecor
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD 20746-2863, USA; One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Natalia Yu Pshenichnaya
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии), 111123, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gulzhan N Abuova
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy (Оңтүстік Қазақстан медицина академиясы), Shymkent, 160016, Kazakhstan
| | - Farida H Tishkova
- Tajik Science and Research Institute of Preventive Medicine (Институти илмй-тадкикотии тибби профилактикии Тоцикистон), 734025 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Yekaterina Bumburidi
- Central Asian Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Large outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iraq, 2022. IJID REGIONS 2023; 6:76-79. [PMID: 36818019 PMCID: PMC9931897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is reported sporadically in Iraq. The lack of preventive veterinary activities during 2 years of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (2020 and 2021) led to the largest CCHF outbreak in Iraq since 1979. Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of CCHF cases that occurred during the first half of 2022 in Iraq in terms of age, sex, residence, history of contact with another case, and history of contact with animals. Materials and methods This descriptive study included laboratory-confirmed cases of CCHF between 1st January 2022 and 26th June 2022. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the demographic and epidemiologic criteria of the cases. The epidemic curve of the cases was used to describe the timing and duration of the outbreak. Results In total, there were 219 confirmed cases of CCHF from 1st January 2022 to 26th June 2022. The first confirmed case was reported in March 2022, and cases continued to occur through June 2022. The median age of the cases was 34.5 years. The majority of cases were male (n=130, 59.4%), had an unspecified job (n=126, 57.5%) and lived in southern Iraq (n=142, 64.8%). The first case was reported in week 10 of 2022. Case numbers peaked in week 24 (30 cases were reported), and subsequently declined in week 25 (24 cases were reported). The case fatality rate was 16.4%. Conclusion and recommendations The CCHF outbreak in 2022 was the largest in Iraq since the disease was first reported four decades ago. Identification of CCHF strains in Iraq is recommended, together with exploration of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of high-risk groups for CCHF, and a national survey of CCHF vectors in Iraq.
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Mardani M, Aghazadeh Sarhangipour K, Nikpour S, Hakamifard A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05518. [PMID: 35280091 PMCID: PMC8894572 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the COVID-19 pandemic, the overlap of clinical features between other viral infections makes a reliable diagnosis difficult in the initial stage of illness. We describe a confirmed case of CCHF in Tehran Province during this year, who was first misdiagnosed as COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Mardani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Kouros Aghazadeh Sarhangipour
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Infectious DiseasesFaculty of MedicineAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shahriar Nikpour
- Department of Adult Gastroenterology and HepatologyLoghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Atousa Hakamifard
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Is the Reduced Incidence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Related to the Preventive Measures of COVID-19? ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.109182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Soltan-Alinejad P, Soltani A. Vector-borne diseases and tourism in Iran: Current issues and recommendations. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 43:102108. [PMID: 34111565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iran is one of the largest countries in the Middle East with lots of historical and natural attractions. This country has always been considered to be one of the most important tourist destinations in the world. Several important vector-borne diseases have been reported from different parts of the country. Thus, having comprehensive and adequate knowledge about the main vector-borne diseases in Iran and their high-risk areas are really important. In this review, different provinces of Iran have been studied in terms of arthropod-borne diseases reported in the last decades. Reports indicated that some vector-borne diseases such as Leishmaniasis and CCHF had the highest incidence rate and they need serious attention. However, some diseases reported from Iran are not endemic, and all cases were imported such as Dengue fever. A group of arthropod-borne diseases was reported only from animals, and the health of travelers is not threatened such as Eyeworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Soltan-Alinejad
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Hanafi-Bojd AA, Jafari S, Telmadarraiy Z, Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Moradi-Asl E. Spatial Distribution of Ticks (Arachniada: Argasidae and Ixodidae) and Their Infection Rate to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 15:41-59. [PMID: 34277855 PMCID: PMC8271239 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i1.6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases with a mortality rate of about 30% among humans. The disease, caused by a Nairovirus, is transmitted to humans and animals by hard and soft ticks. This study aimed to determine the distribution of soft and hard ticks in the past three decades in Iran with an emphasis on the vectors of the CCHF virus. Methods: In this study, all studies that were carried out in different regions of Iran from 1979 to 2018 and their results were published in prestigious journals were used to create a database. The distribution of ticks was mapped using ArcMap10.3. Results: Based on the results, nine genera and 37 species of soft and hard ticks were recorded in Iran. So far, six genera and 16 species of hard and soft ticks were reported to be infected with the CCHF virus. The infection to this virus was reported from 18 out of 31 provinces, with a high rate in Sistan and Baluchistan as well as Khuzestan provinces. The highest levels of CCHF infection belonged to Hyalomma marginatum and H. anatolicum. Conclusion: The main vectors of CCHF, H. marginatum and H. anatolicum, were reported in more than 38.7% of Iran's provinces, and these two species were identified as invasive species in Iran. Thus, control activities should be strengthened to avoid the outbreaks of CCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samin Jafari
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Eslam Moradi-Asl
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Parhizgari N, Piazak N, Mostafavi E. Vector-borne diseases in Iran: epidemiology and key challenges. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:51-69. [PMID: 33438476 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases have become a global health concern in recent decades as a result of global warming, globalization, growth in international trade and travel, use of insecticide and drug resistance. This review study addressed the key vector-borne diseases and their current status in Iran to emphasize the requirements for further research on vector-borne diseases. The dispersion patterns of these diseases differ in various regions. Some of them such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever are distributed all across Iran, whereas some others such as plague, leishmaniasis, tularemia, and malaria are restricted to specific areas. The high prevalence of vectors throughout the country necessitates enhancing the monitoring and surveillance of emerging and reemerging vector-borne diseases and their potential vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Parhizgari
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging & Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Norair Piazak
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging & Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia & Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
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Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever viruses circulating in Pakistan during 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008238. [PMID: 32598383 PMCID: PMC7351229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Being an endemic country for Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), this study aimed to explore the genetic diversity of CCHF virus (CCHFV) detected in Pakistan during 2019. Serum samples from patients with clinical signs of hemorrhagic fever attending tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan were tested for CCHFV RNA using real-time PCR at Department of Virology, National Institute of Health. The partial S-gene fragments were directly sequenced to determine the prevailing CCHFV genotypes and their molecular epidemiology in Pakistan. During January-December 2019, 280 samples from suspected CCHF patients were tested and 28 (10%) were found positive on real-time PCR. Positive cases were detected from 14 districts and across all four provinces of Pakistan with majority reported during August-September. The mean age of CCHFV positive patients was 37.25 years (range 5–65 years) with a high frequency in males (92.8%; n = 26) and a case fatality rate of 40.7% was observed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S- segment of 2019 PAK CCHFV strains (n = 13) belonged to Asia-1 genotype and clustered with regional strains from Iran, Oman, and Afghanistan. We conclude that Asia-1 genotype of CCHF virus remains endemic in Pakistan. Our findings emphasize to establish a laboratory based surveillance program to monitor the disease burden and identify outbreak hotspots for effective control. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, a tick-borne viral disease is a zoonotic priority disease in Pakistan. During the current study, we found a mortality rate of 40.7% due CCHF which is high in comparison to studies from regional countries Iran, Afghanistan and Oman. The disease was commonly associated with people involved in animal husbandry and farming however other occupations were also affected. High proportion of cases was observed in the summer months, around the Eid-Al-Ahda festival. Genetic analysis revealed Pakistani CCHF viruses to be closely related with strains from bordering countries Iran and Afghanistan as well as with Oman indicating that animal trade and movement of people serve as a common source for the disease transmission.
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Nasirian H. New aspects about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) cases and associated fatality trends: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101429. [PMID: 32062190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most popular tick-borne disease causing by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). There are several valuable reviews considering some fields of the CCHF aspects. While there is no a systematic review about means and trends of CCHF cases and fatality rate, means and trends of CCHF cases and fatality rates of human occupations involved in CCHF. Therefore, this meta-analysis review performed to highlight and provide a global detailed of the above CCHF aspects. Among 398 collected papers, 173 papers were become this meta-analysis review. The study results confirm that an apparent increasing CCHF cases occurred through the past decades. The trends of annually and periodically CCHF cases and fatality rates were also increased. The means of annually and periodically CCHF cases and fatality rates were 57 and 432 cases, and 10 cases and 32.2 % and 49 cases and 28.8 %, respectively. The means of annually and periodically CCHF fatality rates are about one-tenth of CCHF human cases. The mean of CCHF fatality rates in Africa (22.0 %) is lower than Asia (33.5 %) and Europe (33.8 %). Among occupations involved in CCHF, agricultural (28.9 %), health-care (19.2 %) and slaughterhouse (16.7 %) workers, and farmers (13.9 %) had the maximum CCHF fatality rates in order. Based on literature review of CCHFV S-segment aspects, several clades and genotypes are reported to distribute in Africa, Asia and Europe regions. There are very wide fields to investigate the epidemiology characteristics of CCHFV clades, genotypes and their distribution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Blair PW, Kuhn JH, Pecor DB, Apanaskevich DA, Kortepeter MG, Cardile AP, Polanco Ramos A, Keshtkar-Jahromi M. An Emerging Biothreat: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Southern and Western Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:16-23. [PMID: 30652673 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is endemic in numerous countries, but the epidemiology and epizoology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) remain to be defined for most regions of the world. Using a broad database search approach, we reviewed the literature on CCHF and CCHFV in Southern and Western Asia to better define the disease burden in these areas. We used a One Health approach, moving beyond a focus solely on human disease burden to more comprehensively define this burden by reviewing CCHF case reports, human and animal CCHFV seroprevalence studies, and human and animal CCHFV isolations. In addition, we used published literature to estimate the distribution of Hyalomma ticks and infection of these ticks by CCHFV. Using these data, we propose a new classification scheme for organizing the evaluated countries into five categories by level of evidence for CCHF endemicity. Twelve countries have reported CCHF cases, five from Southern Asia and seven from Western Asia. These were assigned to level 1 or 2. Eleven countries that have evidence of vector circulation but did not report confirmed CCHF cases were assigned to level 3 or 4. This classification scheme was developed to inform policy toward strengthening CCHF disease surveillance in the Southern and Western Asia regions. In particular, the goal of this review was to inform international organizations, local governments, and health-care professionals about current shortcomings in CCHFV surveillance in these two high-prevalence regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David B Pecor
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, Maryland
| | | | | | - Anthony P Cardile
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA, Rafinejad J, Pourmand MR, Maleki-Ravasan N, Salehi-Vaziri M, Telmadarraiy Z, Karimian F, Koosha M, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Masoomi S, Arzamani K, Nejati J, Karami M, Mozaffari E, Salim-Abadi Y, Moradi-Asl E, Taghilou B, Shirani M. Effect of Meteorological Factors on Hyalomma Species Composition and Their Host Preference, Seasonal Prevalence and Infection Status to Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2019; 13:268-283. [PMID: 31879667 PMCID: PMC6928388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of environmental factors and host on Hyalomma spp. community structure and abundance in the main Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) foci of Iran is largely unknown. METHODS Biotic and abiotic factors, including host, temperature, humidity, altitude, Köppen-Geiger climate types, season, and precipitation on Hyalomma spp. community structure and abundances in 11 provinces of Iran were investigated. Additionally, the possible infection of ticks with CCHF virus was evaluated using reverse transcription PCR technique. RESULTS Species analyses demonstrated the presence of Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum, H. dromedarii, H. asiaticum, H. detritum and H. schulzei in the study area. Hyalomma anatolicum was the dominant species in the southern and northern parts, whereas H. dromedarii was distributed mostly in central parts of the country. The highest tick infestation was recognized in hot season. Spatial variation in tick relative density was observed between habitat types where more ticks were collected in deserts, semi-deserts, and Mediterranean habitats. Except for H. dromedarii, which was more prevalent on camel (P= 0.044), there were no significant variations in the frequencies of other Hyalomma species on different hosts. Hyalomma anatolicum, H. dromedarii frequencies had significant positive and negative association with temperature and precipitation respectively. Also humidity has positive impact on H. asiaticum frequency. CONCLUSION Data presented here will help improve ecological models to forecast the distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks, to evaluate the risk of CCHF and other tick-borne diseases, and to design proper vector control measures to suppress Hyalomma populations in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyereh Choubdar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, E-mail:
| | - Javad Rafinejad
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi-Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safdar Masoomi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Arzamani
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Jalil Nejati
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zahedan Unversity of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mozaffari
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim-Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Eslam Moradi-Asl
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghilou
- Zanjan Health Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Shirani
- Mamasani Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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16
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Two-Decade Experience of Crimean-Conge Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Management in Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.97887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Saghafipour A, Mousazadeh-Mojarrad A, Arzamani N, Telmadarraiy Z, Rajabzadeh R, Arzamani K. Molecular and seroepidemiological survey on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Northeast of Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:41. [PMID: 31456965 PMCID: PMC6708110 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a prevalent tick-borne disease in different regions of Iran. This molecular and serologic study was performed to investigate the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in collected ticks and in blood samples of some domestic animals in North Khorasan, Northeast of Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 136 blood samples from domestic animals (sheep, goats, and cows) collected in the Northeast region in Iran were examined using IgG ELISA assay. Ticks (n = 1478) were collected from sheep, goats, and cows. Out of all collected ticks, 62 specimens were investigated for CCHF virus genome using RT-PCR technique. The data were descriptively presented by median and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: CCHFV infection rate was 8.1% in studied ticks. Two species of ticks, Hy. anatolicum (n=3; 15%, 95% CI 9.41-20.59) and Rh. sanguineus (n=2; 6.9%, 95%CI 4.33-8.58), were infected with CCHFV genome and were probable vectors of CCHF virus in the area. Infection rate was 15.4% for CCHFV in tested domestic animals. Serologic tests detected CCHFV specific IgG antibodies in 16.2% (95% CI 13.49-18.83) (99/16) and 19.2% (95% CI 13.26-25.20) (26/5) of sheep and goats, respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed that domestic animals and ticks were infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and that the disease was endemic in North Khorasan province, Iran. However, further surveillance and prevention programs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedin Saghafipour
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Niloofar Arzamani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zakyeh Telmadarraiy
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Rajabzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Kourosh Arzamani
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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18
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Nasirian H. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) seroprevalence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2019; 196:102-120. [PMID: 31108083 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread, tick-borne viral disease affecting humans and therefore this paper performed a meta-analysis to highlight seroprevalence features of CCHF in a global context. After a preliminary review of the 396 papers representing areas throughout the world, 206 were selected for detailed meta-analysis. In general the total means of CCHF seroprevalence were, respectively 4.7 and 24.6% for humans and animals; and 17.1, 18.9, 24.3, 29.3 and 27.1% for camels, cattle, goats, sheep and livestock. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in seroprevalence between humans and camels (P = 0.043), cattle (P = 0.010), goats (P = 0.015), sheep (P = 0.005) and livestock (P = 0.017). Regionally, there also was a difference between humans, and goats (P = 0.0001), sheep (P = 0.007) and livestock (P = 0.002). Globally, CCHF seroprevalence in at-risk professionals was 7.5 fold greater than in normal humans, while CCHF seroprevalence was 5 fold greater in animals, camels, cattle, goats, sheep and livestock than normal humans. Animal contact, animal husbandry, farming, tick bite history and secretion exposure were the most frequently reported CCHF seropositivity risk factors. This study serves as an important resource for epidemiological discussions related to CCHF and CCHF seroprevalence features, providing specific information in understanding human and animal mean and trend CCHF seroprevalence for different regions of the world and on an aggregate global scale; seroprevalence in at-risk professionals; and total mean and trend CCHF seropositivity involving risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enqelab Square, Zip code 1346689151, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Garrison AR, Smith DR, Golden JW. Animal Models for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Human Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:E590. [PMID: 31261754 PMCID: PMC6669593 DOI: 10.3390/v11070590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an important tick-borne human pathogen endemic throughout Asia, Africa and Europe. CCHFV is also an emerging virus, with recent outbreaks in Western Europe. CCHFV can infect a large number of wild and domesticated mammalian species and some avian species, however the virus does not cause severe disease in these animals, but can produce viremia. In humans, CCHFV infection can lead to a severe, life-threating disease characterized by hemodynamic instability, hepatic injury and neurological disorders, with a worldwide lethality rate of ~20-30%. The pathogenic mechanisms of CCHF are poorly understood, largely due to the dearth of animal models. However, several important animal models have been recently described, including novel murine models and a non-human primate model. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of CCHF-mediated pathogenesis and describe how animal models are helping elucidate the molecular and cellular determinants of disease. This information should serve as a reference for those interested in CCHFV animal models and their utility for evaluation of medical countermeasures (MCMs) and in the study of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura R Garrison
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
- Mailing address: Virology Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Darci R Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
- Mailing address: Virology Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joseph W Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
- Mailing address: Virology Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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20
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Al-Abri SS, Hewson R, Al-Kindi H, Al-Abaidani I, Al-Jardani A, Al-Maani A, Almahrouqi S, Atkinson B, Al-Wahaibi A, Al-Rawahi B, Bawikar S, Beeching NJ. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Oman. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007100. [PMID: 31022170 PMCID: PMC6504112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a serious disease with a high fatality rate reported in many countries. The first case of CCHF in Oman was detected in 1995 and serosurveys have suggested widespread infection of humans and livestock throughout the country. METHODOLOGY Cases of CCHF reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Oman between 1995 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by serology and/or molecular tests in Oman. Stored RNA from recent cases was studied by sequencing the complete open reading frame (ORF) of the viral S segment at Public Health England, enabling phylogenetic comparisons to be made with other S segments of strains obtained from the region. FINDINGS Of 88 cases of CCHF, 4 were sporadic in 1995 and 1996, then none were detected until 2011. From 2011-2017, incidence has steadily increased and 19 (23.8%) of 80 cases clustered around Eid Al Adha. The median (range) age was 33 (15-68) years and 79 (90%) were male. The major risk for infection was contact with animals and/or butchering in 73/88 (83%) and only one case was related to tick bites alone. Severe cases were over-represented: 64 (72.7%) had a platelet count < 50 x 109/L and 32 (36.4%) died. There was no intrafamilial spread or healthcare-associated infection. The viral S segments from 11 patients presenting in 2013 and 2014 were all grouped in Asia 1 (IV) lineage. CONCLUSIONS CCHF is well-established throughout Oman, with a single strain of virus present for at least 20 years. Most patients are men involved in animal husbandry and butchery. The high mortality suggests that there is substantial under-diagnosis of milder cases. Preventive measures have been introduced to reduce risks of transmission to animal handlers and butchers and to maintain safety in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seif S. Al-Abri
- Seif Al-Abri, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Roger Hewson
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Special Pathogens), Public Health England – National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Dept Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Institute of Tropical Medicine, Dept Emerging Disease, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hanan Al-Kindi
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Idris Al-Abaidani
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amina Al-Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal Al-Maani
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samira Almahrouqi
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Barry Atkinson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Special Pathogens), Public Health England – National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Surveillance, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bader Al-Rawahi
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Shyam Bawikar
- Department of Surveillance, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nicholas J. Beeching
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Sajid M, Kausar A, Iqbal A, Abbas H, Iqbal Z, Jones M. An insight into the ecobiology, vector significance and control of Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A review. Acta Trop 2018; 187:229-239. [PMID: 30118698 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ticks (Acari:Ixodoidea) are important ectoparasites infesting livestock and human populations around the globe. Ticks can cause damage directly by affecting the site of infestation, or indirectly as vectors of a wide range of protozoa, bacteria and viruses which ultimately lead to lowered productivity of livestock populations. Hyalomma is a genus of hard ticks, having more than 30 species well-adapted to hot, humid and cold climates. Habitat diversity, vector ability, and emerging problem of acaricidal resistance in enzootic regions typify this genus in various countries around the world. This paper reviews the epidemiology, associated risk factors (temperature, climate, age, sex, breed etc.), vector role, vector-pathogen association, and reported control strategies of genus Hyalomma. The various proteins in saliva of Hyalomma secreted into the blood stream of host and the prolonged attachment are responsible for the successful engorgement of female ticks in spite of host immune defense system. The various immunological approaches that have been tried by researchers in order to cause tick rejection are also discussed. In addition, the novel biological control approaches involving the use of entomo-pathogenic nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis) serovar thuringiensis H14; an endotoxin, for their acaricidal effect on different species and life cycle stages of Hyalomma are also presented.
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22
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Rahpeyma M, Samarbaf-Zadeh A, Makvandi M, Ghadiri AA, Dowall SD, Fotouhi F. Expression and characterization of codon-optimized Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Gn glycoprotein in insect cells. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1951-1962. [PMID: 28316015 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a major cause of tick-borne viral hemorrhagic disease in the world. Despite of its importance as a deadly pathogen, there is currently no licensed vaccine against CCHF disease. The attachment glycoprotein of CCHFV (Gn) is a potentially important target for protective antiviral immune responses. To characterize the expression of recombinant CCHFV Gn in an insect-cell-based system, we developed a gene expression system expressing the full-length coding sequence under a polyhedron promoter in Sf9 cells using recombinant baculovirus. Recombinant Gn was purified by affinity chromatography, and the immunoreactivity of the protein was evaluated using sera from patients with confirmed CCHF infection. Codon-optimized Gn was successfully expressed, and the product had the expected molecular weight for CCHFV Gn glycoprotein of 37 kDa. In time course studies, the optimum expression of Gn occurred between 36 and 48 hours postinfection. The immunoreactivity of the recombinant protein in Western blot assay against human sera was positive and was similar to the results obtained with the anti-V5 tag antibody. Additionally, mice were subjected to subcutaneous injection with recombinant Gn, and the cellular and humoral immune response was monitored. The results showed that recombinant Gn protein was highly immunogenic and could elicit high titers of antigen-specific antibodies. Induction of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 was also detected. In conclusion, a recombinant baculovirus harboring CCHFV Gn was constructed and expressed in Sf9 host cells for the first time, and it was demonstrated that this approach is a suitable expression system for producing immunogenic CCHFV Gn protein without any biosafety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rahpeyma
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Samarbaf-Zadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ata A Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Stuart D Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Al-Abri SS, Abaidani IA, Fazlalipour M, Mostafavi E, Leblebicioglu H, Pshenichnaya N, Memish ZA, Hewson R, Petersen E, Mala P, Nhu Nguyen TM, Rahman Malik M, Formenty P, Jeffries R. Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 58:82-89. [PMID: 28259724 PMCID: PMC7110796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the status of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in countries across the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO EMR). The increasing incidence of CCHF disease in the region and its spread to new geographical areas is highlighted. Knowledge gaps concerning the burden and circulation of CCHF virus in the WHO EMR are identified. A strategic framework is described, which details the research and development work necessary to curb the ongoing and new threats posed by CCHF virus.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread, tick-borne viral disease affecting humans. The disease is endemic in many regions, such as Africa, Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe, and Central Asia. Recently, the incidence of CCHF has increased rapidly in the countries of the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO EMR), with sporadic human cases and outbreaks of CCHF being reported from a number of countries in the region. Despite the rapidly growing incidence of the disease, there are currently no accurate data on the burden of the disease in the region due to the different surveillance systems used for CCHF in these countries. In an effort to increase our understanding of the epidemiology and risk factors for the transmission of the CCHF virus (CCHFV; a Nairovirus of the family Bunyaviridae) in the WHO EMR, and to identify the current knowledge gaps that are hindering effective control interventions, a sub-regional meeting was organized in Muscat, Oman, from December 7 to 9, 2015. This article summarizes the current knowledge of the disease in the region, identifies the knowledge gaps that present challenges for the prevention and control of CCHFV, and details a strategic framework for research and development activities that would be necessary to curb the ongoing and new threats posed by CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- Department of Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakan Leblebicioglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Natalia Pshenichnaya
- Head of Infectious Diseases Department, Infectious Disease Department, Rostov State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Hubert Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Roger Hewson
- Arboviruses and VHFs, WHO Collaborating Centre (Special Pathogens), National Infection Service Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Peter Mala
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tran Minh Nhu Nguyen
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamunur Rahman Malik
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Pierre Formenty
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rosanna Jeffries
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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High infection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. among tick species collected from different geographical locations of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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MOZAFARI O, SHIRZADI MR, SHOROFI SA, MOZAFARI A. Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Persian Traditional Medicine. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:1243-1244. [PMID: 27957477 PMCID: PMC5149486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omid MOZAFARI
- Dept. of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Student Research Committe, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Dept. of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza SHIRZADI
- Center for Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Afshin SHOROFI
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Arezoo MOZAFARI
- Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Evaluation of Serum Level of Interleukin-6 in Patients With Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Zahedan, Iran, From 2012 to 2015. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.28029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Farhadpour F, Telmadarraiy Z, Chinikar S, Akbarzadeh K, Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Faghihi F, Fakoorziba MR, Jalali T, Mostafavi E, Shahhosseini N, Mohammadian M. Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from infested livestock populations in a New Endemic Area, South of Iran. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:340-7. [PMID: 26758985 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease with potentially fatal systemic effects on man. We aimed to determine the presence of CCHF virus among collected ticks from domestic livestock from October 2012 to September 2013. METHODS A total of 1245 hard and soft ticks were collected from naturally infested ruminants in Marvdasht County, Fars Province, south of Iran. Nine tick species and one unidentified species in four disparate genera were detected. A total of 200 ticks were randomly selected and analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of CCHF virus genome. RESULTS The viral genome was detected in 4.5% (9 samples) of the studied tick population. The infected ticks belonged to the species of Hyalomma marginatum' Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The viruses detected in these three tick species were clustered in the same lineage as Matin and SR3 strains in Pakistan and some other Iranian strains. These results indicate that the ticks were wildly infected with a genetically closely related CCHF virus in the region. CONCLUSION Regular controls and monitoring of livestock to reduce the dispersion of ticks and providing information to those involved in high-risk occupations are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Farhadpour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Telmadarraiy
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Chinikar
- National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M D Moemenbellah-Fard
- Research Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F Faghihi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M R Fakoorziba
- Research Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - T Jalali
- National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Shahhosseini
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Mohammadian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Seroepidemiological Studies of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Domestic and Wild Animals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004210. [PMID: 26741652 PMCID: PMC4704823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed, tick-borne viral disease. Humans are the only species known to develop illness after CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection, characterized by a nonspecific febrile illness that can progress to severe, often fatal, hemorrhagic disease. A variety of animals may serve as asymptomatic reservoirs of CCHFV in an endemic cycle of transmission. Seroepidemiological studies have been instrumental in elucidating CCHFV reservoirs and in determining endemic foci of viral transmission. Herein, we review over 50 years of CCHFV seroepidemiological studies in domestic and wild animals. This review highlights the role of livestock in the maintenance and transmission of CCHFV, and provides a detailed summary of seroepidemiological studies of wild animal species, reflecting their relative roles in CCHFV ecology.
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Salehi-Vaziri M, Baniasadi V, Jalali T, Mirghiasi SM, Azad-Manjiri S, Zarandi R, Mohammadi T, Khakifirouz S, Fazlalipour M. The First Fatal Case of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Caused by the AP92-Like Strain of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:344-6. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Vahid Baniasadi
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Tahmineh Jalali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
- Department of Biology, Shahed University
| | - S. Maryam Mirghiasi
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Sanam Azad-Manjiri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Roya Zarandi
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadi
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Sahar Khakifirouz
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University
| | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran
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Conger NG, Paolino KM, Osborn EC, Rusnak JM, Günther S, Pool J, Rollin PE, Allan PF, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Rieger T, Kortepeter MG. Health care response to CCHF in US soldier and nosocomial transmission to health care providers, Germany, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:23-31. [PMID: 25529825 PMCID: PMC4285246 DOI: 10.3201/eid2101.141413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early recognition and implementation of appropriate infection control measures were effective in preventing further transmission. In 2009, a lethal case of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), acquired by a US soldier in Afghanistan, was treated at a medical center in Germany and resulted in nosocomial transmission to 2 health care providers (HCPs). After his arrival at the medical center (day 6 of illness) by aeromedical evacuation, the patient required repetitive bronchoscopies to control severe pulmonary hemorrhage and renal and hepatic dialysis for hepatorenal failure. After showing clinical improvement, the patient died suddenly on day 11 of illness from cerebellar tonsil herniation caused by cerebral/cerebellar edema. The 2 infected HCPs were among 16 HCPs who received ribavirin postexposure prophylaxis. The infected HCPs had mild or no CCHF symptoms. Transmission may have occurred during bag-valve-mask ventilation, breaches in personal protective equipment during resuscitations, or bronchoscopies generating infectious aerosols. This case highlights the critical care and infection control challenges presented by severe CCHF cases, including the need for experience with ribavirin treatment and postexposure prophylaxis.
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Ozsoy S, Gokmen A, Ozdemir M, Akduman B, Korkusuz I, Javan GT. Medical examiners and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever contamination risk. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 36:32-6. [PMID: 26367781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an acute zoonotic infection caused by the CCHF virus. The viruses' activity peaks during April and May with a mortality rate of 3-30%. Transmission of the virus to human occurs through tick bites or exposure to infected animals' tissues or blood. The major at-risk group includes farmers living in endemic areas. Health-care workers are the second most affected group. Virus has shown up in a diverse geographic area which includes Middle East, Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe and is considered one of the most wide-spread tick borne infections. The most recent cases are from Iran and Turkey. This article represents autopsy results of four CCHF infected cases in 2011 and 2012, in Ankara, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Ozsoy
- Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Forensic Medicine, Ankara, 06010, Turkey.
| | - Asude Gokmen
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Ankara Group Chairmanship, Ankara, 06300, Turkey.
| | - Mehtap Ozdemir
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Ankara Group Chairmanship, Ankara, 06300, Turkey.
| | - Baris Akduman
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Ankara Group Chairmanship, Ankara, 06300, Turkey.
| | - Irfan Korkusuz
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Ankara Group Chairmanship, Ankara, 06300, Turkey.
| | - Gulnaz T Javan
- Department of Physical Sciences, Forensic Science Program, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
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Predicting CCHF incidence and its related factors using time-series analysis in the southeast of Iran: comparison of SARIMA and Markov switching models. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:839-50. [PMID: 25703403 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in the southeast of Iran. This study aimed to predict the incidence of CCHF and its related factors and explore the possibility of developing an empirical forecast system using time-series analysis of 13 years' data. Data from 2000 to 2012 were obtained from the Health Centre of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Climate Organization and the Veterinary Organization in the southeast of Iran. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and Markov switching models (MSM) were performed to examine the potential related factors of CCHF outbreaks. These models showed that the mean temperature (°C), accumulated rainfall (mm), maximum relative humidity (%) and legal livestock importation from Pakistan (LIP) were significantly correlated with monthly incidence of CCHF in different lags (P < 0·05). The modelling fitness was checked with data from 2013. Model assessments indicated that the MSM had better predictive ability than the SARIMA model [MSM: root mean square error (RMSE) 0·625, Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) 266·33; SARIMA: RMSE 0·725, AIC 278·8]. This study shows the potential of climate indicators and LIP as predictive factors in modelling the occurrence of CCHF. Our results suggest that MSM provides more information on outbreak detection and can be a better predictive model compared to a SARIMA model for evaluation of the relationship between explanatory variables and the incidence of CCHF.
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Vectors of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2015; 9:137-47. [PMID: 26623426 PMCID: PMC4662786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are important vectors and reservoirs of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus. Human beings may be infected whenever the normal life cycle of the infected ticks on non-human vertebrate hosts is interrupted by the undesirable presence of humans in the cycle. A total of 26 species of Argasid and Ixodid ticks have been recorded in Iran; including nine Hyalomma, two Rhipicephalus, two Dermacentor, five Haemaphysalis, two Boophilus, one Ixodes and two Argas as well as three Ornithodoros species as blood sucking ectoparasites of livestock and poultries. The present paper reviews tick vectors of CCHF virus in Iran, focusing on the role of ticks in different provinces of Iran using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. METHODS During ten years study, 1054 tick specimens; including two species of Argasidae and 17 species of Ixodidae were examined for their infection to CCHF virus genome. The output of all studies as well as related publications were discussed in the current paper. RESULTS The results show that Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma marginatum, H. anatolicum, H. asiaticum and H. dromedarii were known as the most frequent species which were positive for CCHF virus. CONCLUSION The status of ticks which were positive for CCHF virus revealed that unlike the most common idea that Hyalomma species are the most important vectors of CCHF virus, other ticks including Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Dermacentor can be reservoir of this virus; thus, considering geographical distribution, type of host and environmental conditions, different tick control measurements should be carried out in areas with high incidence of CCHF disease.
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Fakoorziba MR, Naddaf-Sani AA, Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Azizi K, Ahmadnia S, Chinikar S. First phylogenetic analysis of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in naturally infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Arch Virol 2015; 160:1197-209. [PMID: 25742932 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal systemic viral disease in many parts of the world, including Iran. The nationwide incidence of human CCHF in endemic areas was 870 confirmed cases with 126 deaths (case fatality rate, CFR = 17.6 %) in the decade leading to 2012. The detection of the CCHF virus (CCHFV) genome in tick vectors is of fundamental importance for identifying these ticks as potential reservoirs of CCHFV infection. From May to October 2013, following detection of four new clinical cases resulting in two deaths in the city of Mashhad (northeast Iran), hard ticks were recovered from infested livestock in 40 villages in Khorasan-Razavi province and examined by the microscopic method for species identification. About a quarter of the ticks were then subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the CCHFV genome. The PCR products were then sequenced, and their phylogenetic lineages were determined. A total of 407 hard ticks were captured, representing seven different species in two distinct genera. Members of the genus Hyalomma were widely distributed in all but two of the villages studied, and this was also the most frequent (83.3 %) tick genus. Of 105 adult ticks subjected to RT-PCR, four (3.8 %) ticks were found positive for the CCHFV genome. One brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, was found to be naturally infected for the first time anywhere in the world. Ticks of Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma marginatum, and Rhipicephalus turanicus were also found to be naturally infected with CCHFV. CCHFV found in these four different tick species were clustered in the same lineage with the Matin and SR3 strains from Pakistan and some other strains from Iran, indicating that these tick species were naturally infected with genetically closely related CCHFV in the region. The presence of CCHFV infection in four different hard tick species was confirmed using RT-PCR in northeast Iran. Part of this infection was attributed to Rh. appendiculatus, which is thus a potential new natural vector of CCHFV in Iran. It is also confirmed by phylogenetic analysis that CCHFV in this region is genetically closely related, even in the different tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fakoorziba
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Centre for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71645-111, Shiraz, Iran,
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Estrada-Peña A, de la Fuente J. The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:104-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ince Y, Yasa C, Metin M, Sonmez M, Meram E, Benkli B, Ergonul O. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever infections reported by ProMED. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 26:44-6. [PMID: 24947424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited sources describing the global burden of emerging diseases. We reviewed the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infections reported by ProMED and assessed the reliability of the data retrieved compared to published reports. We evaluated the effectiveness of ProMED as a source of epidemiological data by focusing on CCHFV infections. METHODS Using the keywords "Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever" and "Crimean Congo" in the ProMED search engine, we reviewed all the information about the news and harvested data using a structured form, including year, country, gender, occupation, the number of infected individuals, and the number of fatal cases. RESULTS We identified 383 entries reported between January 1998 and October 2013. A total 3426 infected cases were reported, with 451 fatal cases, giving an overall case fatality rate (CFR) of 13%. Out of 144 cases for which the gender was reported, 97 (67%) were male. Most of the cases were reported from Turkey, followed by Russia, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. CONCLUSIONS Case reporting systems such as ProMED are useful to gather information and synthesize knowledge on the emerging infections. Although certain areas need to be improved, ProMED provided good information about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Ince
- Infectious Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagla Yasa
- Infectious Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Metin
- Infectious Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melda Sonmez
- Infectious Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Meram
- Infectious Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barlas Benkli
- Infectious Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onder Ergonul
- Infectious Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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