1
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Wang C, Wang T, Dai J, Han Y, Hu R, Li N, Yang Z, Wang J. Canthin-6-one analogs block Newcastle disease virus proliferation via suppressing the Akt and ERK pathways. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103944. [PMID: 38941786 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, causes significant economic losses in poultry worldwide. To identify novel antiviral agents against NDV, 36 canthin-6-one analogs were evaluated in this study. Our data showed that 8 compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on NDV replication with IC50 values in the range of 5.26 to 11.76 μM. Besides, these analogs inhibited multiple NDV strains with IC50 values within 12 μM and exerted antiviral activity against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and canine distemper virus (CDV). Among these analogs, 16 presented the strongest anti-NDV activity (IC50 = 5.26 μM) and minimum cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM) in DF-1 cells. Furthermore, 16 displayed antiviral activity in different cell lines. Our results showed that 16 did not affect the viral adsorption while it can inhibit the entry of NDV by suppressing the Akt pathway. Further study found that 16-treatment inhibited the NDV-activated ERK pathway, thereby promoting the expression of interferon-related genes. Our findings reveal an antiviral mechanism of canthin-6-one analogs through inhibition of the Akt and ERK signaling pathways. These results point to the potential value of canthin-6-one analogs to serve as candidate antiviral agents for NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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2
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Xu H, Zhou N, Huang Z, Wu J, Qian Y. Harmol used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus induced keratitis. Virol J 2024; 21:118. [PMID: 38802860 PMCID: PMC11131330 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the eyes results in herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), which has led to vision loss and even blindness in patients. However, the rate of drug resistance in HSV is on the rise; therefore, new antiviral agents with sufficient safety profiles must be developed. At present, we assessed the anti-HSV-1 activity of 502 natural compounds and their ability to reduce the HSV-1-induced cytopathic effect. We chose harmol for further studies because it exhibited the highest antiviral activity. We found that harmol inhibited both HSV-1 F and HSV-1/153 (a clinical drug-resistant strain) replication, with an EC50 of 9.34 µM and 5.84 µM, respectively. Moreover, harmol reduced HSV-1 replication in corneal tissues and viral progeny production in tears, and also alleviated early corneal surface lesions related to HSK. For example, harmol treatment preserved corneal thickness and nerve density in HSK mice. Interestingly, harmol also showed a promising antiviral effect on HSV-1/153 induced HSK in mouse model. Furthermore, harmol combined with acyclovir (ACV) treatment showed a greater antiviral effect than either one alone in vitro. Therefore, harmol may be a promising therapeutic agent for managing HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 22# Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zhenping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, 22# Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yajie Qian
- Department of Caries and Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30# Zhongyang Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
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3
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Ahmad G, Sohail M, Bilal M, Rasool N, Qamar MU, Ciurea C, Marceanu LG, Misarca C. N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules 2024; 29:2232. [PMID: 38792094 PMCID: PMC11123935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulraiz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Usman Qamar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Codrut Ciurea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Luigi Geo Marceanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Catalin Misarca
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
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4
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Gonzalez MM, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Erra-Balsells R, Gensch T, Cabrerizo FM. In Vitro Effect of 9,9'-Norharmane Dimer against Herpes Simplex Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4966. [PMID: 38732185 PMCID: PMC11084892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are highly widespread among humans, producing symptoms ranging from ulcerative lesions to severe diseases such as blindness and life-threatening encephalitis. At present, there are no vaccines available, and some existing antiviral treatments can be ineffective or lead to adverse effects. As a result, there is a need for new anti-HSV drugs. In this report, the in vitro anti-HSV effect of 9,9'-norharmane dimer (nHo-dimer), which belongs to the β-carboline (βC) alkaloid family, was evaluated. The dimer exhibited no virucidal properties and did not impede either the attachment or penetration steps of viral particles. The antiviral effect was only exerted under the constant presence of the dimer in the incubation media, and the mechanism of action was found to involve later events of virus infection. Analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging data showed that the nHo-dimer internalized well into the cells when present in the extracellular incubation medium, with a preferential accumulation into perinuclear organelles including mitochondria. After washing the host cells with fresh medium free of nHo-dimer, the signal decreased, suggesting the partial release of the compound from the cells. This agrees with the observation that the antiviral effect is solely manifested when the alkaloid is consistently present in the incubation media.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Micaela Gonzalez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús 7130, Argentina;
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), San Martín 1650, Argentina
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU, D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Laboratorio Central de Cs. Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Naturales Pabellón II, 3er P. Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 1 (IBI-1; Molecular and Cellular Physiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Jonen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Franco M. Cabrerizo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús 7130, Argentina;
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), San Martín 1650, Argentina
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5
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Kaur M, Sharma A, Kaur H, Singh M, Devi B, Naresh Raj AR, Sood V, Pandey A, Gartia J, Kumar R, Suresh Babu AR, Singh G, Barnwal RP. Screening of potential inhibitors against structural proteins from Monkeypox and related viruses of Poxviridae family via docking and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37776002 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an orthopoxvirus which causes zoonotic infection in humans. Even though sporadic cases of this infection are limited to the African continent, but if the infection continues to increase unabated, it can be a cause of serious concern for the human populace. Smallpox vaccination has been in use against monkeypox infection but it only provides mild protection. In the current study, we have screened novel small molecules (estrone fused heterocycles (EH1-EH7)) exhibiting good binding with monkeypox virus protein and related proteins from Poxviridae family of viruses via computational approaches. EH1-7 series of small molecules selected for the work have been synthesized via cycloaddition methodology. Docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) results highlight EH4 compound to have strong binding affinity towards monkeypox and other related viral proteins selected for the study. Thus, computational outcomes suggest EH4 as a good candidate against monkeypox. Currently, no antiviral medication has been approved against monkeypox and the treatment is only via therapeutics available for smallpox and related conditions that may be helpful against monkeypox. Our study is thus an attempt to screen novel compounds against monkeypox infection, which would, in turn, facilitate development of novel therapeutics against Poxviridae family. HIGHLIGHTSMonkeypox infection is a public health emergency and necessitates immediate drug discovery.Molecular docking study to screen estrone-fused heterocycles compounds against Monkeypox and other orthopoxviruses.Molecular dynamics simulations revealed interaction/high binding affinities among EH4 heterocyclic compound and profilin-like protein from the monkeypox virus.Estrone-fused heterocycles compounds are promising anti-viral agents as per our in silico analysis.Our study provides evidence for investigating estrone-fused heterocycles compounds for further pharmacological interventions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harjeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bharti Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, UP, India
| | | | - Vikas Sood
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Janeka Gartia
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, UP, India
| | | | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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6
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Das Mahapatra A, Patra C, Sepay N, Sinha C, Chattopadhyay D. Anti-HSV nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues: spectroscopic characterisation of naphthyl and coumarinyl amides and their mode and mechanism of antiviral action. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:245. [PMID: 37361241 PMCID: PMC10284772 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues acyclovir, valaciclovir, and famciclovir are the preferred drugs against human Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSVs). However, the viruses rapidly develop resistance against these analogues which demand safer, more efficient, and nontoxic antiviral agents. We have synthesized two non-nucleoside amide analogues, 2-Oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid [2-(pyridin-2-yl methoxy)-phenyl]-amide (HL1) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-(4-pyridine carboxylic) hydrazone (HL2). The compounds were characterized by different physiochemical methods including elementary analysis, FT-IR, Mass spectra, 1H-NMR; and evaluated for their antiviral efficacy against HSV-1F by Plaque reduction assay. The 50% cytotoxicity (CC50), determined by MTT test, revealed that HL1 (270.4 μg/ml) and HL2 (362.6 μg/ml) are safer, while their antiviral activity (EC50) against HSV-1F was 37.20 μg/ml and 63.4 μg/ml against HL1 and HL2 respectively, compared to the standard antiviral drug Acyclovir (CC50 128.8 ± 3.4; EC50 2.8 ± 0.1). The Selectivity Index (SI) of these two compounds are also promising (4.3 for HL1 and 9.7 for HL2), compared to Acyclovir (49.3). Further study showed that these amide derivatives block the early stage of the HSV-1F life cycle. Additionally, both these amides make the virus inactive, and reduce the number of plaques, when infected Vero cells were exposed to HL1 and HL2 for a short period of time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03658-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das Mahapatra
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata, 7000125 India
| | - Chiranjit Patra
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | | | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010 India
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700102 India
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7
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Segers A, de Vos WM. Mode of action of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestinal dialogue: role of extracellular proteins, metabolites and cell envelope components. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:6. [PMID: 38045608 PMCID: PMC10688800 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a promising next-generation beneficial microbe due to its natural presence in the mucus layer of the gut, its symbiotic ability to degrade mucus, and its capacity to improve the intestinal barrier function. A. muciniphila is able to counteract weight gain and immuno-metabolic disturbances in several animal models. Many of these disorders, including obesity and auto-immune diseases, have been associated with decreased gut barrier function and consequent increased inflammation. Since A. muciniphila was found to normalize these changes and strengthen the gut barrier function, it is hypothesized that other beneficial effects of A. muciniphila might be caused by this restoration. In search for A. muciniphila's mode of action in enhancing the gut barrier function and promoting health, we reasoned that secreted components or cell envelope components of A. muciniphila are interesting candidates as they can potentially reach and interact with the epithelial barrier. In this review, we focus on the potential mechanisms through which A. muciniphila can exert its beneficial effects on the host by the production of extracellular and secreted proteins, metabolites and cell envelope components. These products have been studied in isolation for their structure, signaling capacity, and in some cases, also for their effects in preclinical models. This includes the protein known as Amuc_1100, which we here rename as pilus-associated signaling (PAS) protein , the P9 protein encoded by Amuc_1631, the short-chain fatty acids acetate and propionate, and cell envelope components, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Segers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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8
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Ponticelli M, Bellone ML, Parisi V, Iannuzzi A, Braca A, de Tommasi N, Russo D, Sileo A, Quaranta P, Freer G, Pistello M, Milella L. Specialized metabolites from plants as a source of new multi-target antiviral drugs: a systematic review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023; 22:1-79. [PMID: 37359711 PMCID: PMC10008214 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have always been the main global health challenge, as several potentially lethal viruses, including the hepatitis virus, herpes virus, and influenza virus, have affected human health for decades. Unfortunately, most licensed antiviral drugs are characterized by many adverse reactions and, in the long-term therapy, also develop viral resistance; for these reasons, researchers have focused their attention on investigating potential antiviral molecules from plants. Natural resources indeed offer a variety of specialized therapeutic metabolites that have been demonstrated to inhibit viral entry into the host cells and replication through the regulation of viral absorption, cell receptor binding, and competition for the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Many active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, coumarins, saponins, alkaloids, etc., have been identified as potential candidates for preventing and treating viral infections. Using a systematic approach, this review summarises the knowledge obtained to date on the in vivo antiviral activity of specialized metabolites extracted from plant matrices by focusing on their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bellone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Annamaria Iannuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunziatina de Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Sileo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Freer
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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9
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9-Butyl-Harmol Exerts Antiviral Activity against Newcastle Disease Virus through Targeting GSK-3β and HSP90β. J Virol 2023; 97:e0198422. [PMID: 36877059 PMCID: PMC10062145 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01984-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The paramyxoviruses represent a large family of human and animal pathogens that cause significant health and economic burdens worldwide. However, there are no available drugs against the virus. β-carboline alkaloids are a family of naturally occurring and synthetic products with outstanding antiviral activities. Here, we examined the antiviral effect of a series of β-carboline derivatives against several paramyxoviruses, including Newcastle disease virus (NDV), peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and canine distemper virus (CDV). Among these derivatives, 9-butyl-harmol was identified as an effective antiviral agent against these paramyxoviruses. Further, a genome-wide transcriptome analysis in combination with target validation strategies reveals a unique antiviral mechanism of 9-butyl-harmol through the targeting of GSK-3β and HSP90β. On one hand, NDV infection blocks the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to suppress the host immune response. 9-butyl-harmol targeting GSK-3β dramatically activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which results in the boosting of a robust immune response. On the other hand, NDV proliferation depends on the activity of HSP90. The L protein, but not the NP protein or the P protein, is proven to be a client protein of HSP90β, rather than HSP90α. 9-butyl-harmol targeting HSP90β decreases the stability of the NDV L protein. Our findings identify 9-butyl-harmol as a potential antiviral agent, provide mechanistic insights into the antiviral mechanism of 9-butyl-harmol, and illustrate the role of β-catenin and HSP90 during NDV infection. IMPORTANCE Paramyxoviruses cause devastating impacts on health and the economy worldwide. However, there are no suitable drugs with which to counteract the viruses. We determined that 9-butyl-harmol could serve as a potential antiviral agent against paramyxoviruses. Until now, the antiviral mechanism of β-carboline derivatives against RNA viruses has rarely been studied. Here, we found that 9-butyl-harmol exerts dual mechanisms of antiviral action, with its antiviral activities being mediated by two targets: GSK-3β and HSP90β. Correspondingly, the interaction between NDV infection and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway or HSP90 is demonstrated in this study. Taken together, our findings shed light on the development of antiviral agents against paramyxoviruses, based on the β-carboline scaffold. These results present mechanistic insights into the polypharmacology of 9-butyl-harmol. Understanding this mechanism also deepens the host-virus interaction and reveals new drug targets for anti-paramyxoviruses.
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10
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Fan CW, Li MS, Song XX, Luo L, Jiang JC, Luo JZ, Wang HS. Discovery of novel 2-oximino-2-indolylacetamide derivatives as potent anticancer agents capable of inducing cell autophagy and ferroptosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 80:117176. [PMID: 36709571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-oximino-2-indolylacetamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antitumour effects. Among them, 4d exhibited the most potent antiproliferative effect in vitro on the tested human cancer cells. Additionally, 4d significantly induced cell apoptosis, caused mitochondrial dysfunction, promoted Bax, cleaved-PARP and p53 expression and inhibited Bcl-2 expression in 5-8F cells. Moreover, 4d remarkably promoted autophagosome formation, leading to cell apoptosis. Further investigation indicated that 4d could trigger cell death through cell ferroptosis, including increased ROS generation and lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) expression and glutathione (GSH) levels. More importantly, 4d induced 5-8F cell death by activating ROS/MAPK and inhibiting the AKT/mTOR and STAT3 signalling pathways. Interestingly, 4d significantly suppressed tumour growth in a 5-8F cell xenograft model without obvious toxicity to mice. Overall, these results demonstrate that 4d may be a potential compound for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Wen Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Scientific Experiment Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Mei-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xi-Xi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jing-Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jia-Zi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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11
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Evaluation of (S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin Inhibitor of Herpes Simplex Type 1 Identified from Screening of a Library of Natural Products. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-130237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes serious illness in humans, especially in newborns and immunocompromised hosts. Public health requires the development of new, less toxic anti-HSV-1 drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-herpesvirus activity of natural products in an extensive library of 133 compounds by examining viral titers and the number of viral plaques. Methods: (S)-10-hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT) as an inhibitor against viral DNA replication in the lowest concentration ranges from a set of natural products consisting of screening 133 compounds. Each step of the viral replication cycle of HSV-1 on A549 cells was evaluated with different assays, including adsorption, penetration, time-of-addition assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The respective antiviral effects on HSV-1AN95 infection were assessed in vitro. Results: 10-HCPT was found to be a potent inhibitor of HSV-1 infection in the lowest concentration range from screening of a natural product library. The results showed that 10-HCPT significantly affects HSV-1 viral plaque formation inhibition, with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.07 μM. The time of addition assay suggested that 10-HCPT had a viral inhibitory effect when added 8 hours after infection. It was further confirmed by reducing the expression of late viral genes including glycoprotein (g) and viral protein (VP) (gB, gD, gH, VP1/2, and VP16) 4 hours after infection in the 10-HCPT treatment group compared to positive controls by quantitative real-time PCR. The Western blotting results are inconsistent with other reported results. It showed that 10-HCPT did not affect gD and ICP4 during HSV-1 infection, and 10-HCPT appeared to affect other genes in the immediate-early (IE) and late (L) steps. Conclusions: 10-HCPT demonstrated anti-HSV activity on HSV-1. Their dose-dependent antiviral activity showed that specific cellular components might mediate their function rather than cytotoxicity. This survey suggests a new outlook in exploring effective treatment options for HSV-1 infections.
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12
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Kitajima M. Recent studies on chemical constituents of Ophiorrhiza plants. J Nat Med 2022; 76:748-755. [PMID: 35902551 PMCID: PMC9411090 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ophiorrhiza plants (Family Rubiaceae) are known to produce diverse monoterpenoid indole alkaloids including camptothecin with potent antitumor activity. This review contains a summary of recent chemical studies reported over the past 10 years regarding alkaloids (monoterpenoid indole and tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, and cyclopeptide) in Ophiorrhiza plants. In addition, the alkaloid biosynthetic pathways based on their reported structures were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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13
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Aliabadi N, Jamalidoust M, Pouladfar G, Ziyaeyan A, Ziyaeyan M. Antiviral activity of triptolide on herpes simplex virus in vitro. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e667. [PMID: 35759241 PMCID: PMC9208287 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus‐type 1 (HSV‐1) can cause diseases, especially amongst neonates and immunocompromised hosts. Hence, developing a novel anti‐HSV‐1 drug with low‐level toxicity is vital. Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide is a natural product with range of bioactivity qualities. Methods In this study, viral infection was assessed in different phases of the HSV‐1 replication cycle on A549 cells, using various assays, such as adsorption inhibition assay, penetration inhibition assay, time‐of‐addition assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results The results indicate that TP can effectively inhibit HSV‐1 infection in the lowest range of concentration. TP exhibited significant inhibitory effect on HSV‐1 plaque formation, with 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.05 µM. Furthermore, the time‐of‐addition assay suggests that TP has viral inhibitory effects when it was added less than 8 h postinfection (h.p.i.). This result is further confirmed by decline in the expression viral immediate‐early genes (ICP4, ICP22, and ICP27) in 6 h.p.i in the TP‐treated group compared to the control group, evaluated by real‐time qPCR. The Western blotting result was also consistent with the previous findings, which confirms that TP can positively affect ICP4 during HSV‐1 infection. Conclusions The TP also showed antiviral activity against HSV‐1. This dose‐dependent activity is an indication of a particular cellular component, rather than cytotoxicity that has mediated its function. Finally, the result suggest a new approach for an effective treatment option of the HSV‐1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Aliabadi
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atoosa Ziyaeyan
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Oleanolic Acid Derivative AXX-18 Exerts Antiviral Activity by Inhibiting the Expression of HSV-1 Viral Genes UL8 and UL52. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061287. [PMID: 35746758 PMCID: PMC9227917 DOI: 10.3390/v14061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-thirds of the world’s population is infected with HSV-1, which is closely associated with many diseases, such as Gingival stomatitis and viral encephalitis. However, the drugs that are currently clinically effective in treating HSV-1 are Acyclovir (ACV), Ganciclovir, and Valacyclovir. Due to the widespread use of ACV, the number of drug-resistant strains of ACV is increasing, so searching for new anti-HSV-1 drugs is urgent. The oleanolic-acid derivative AXX-18 showed a CC50 value of 44.69 μM for toxicity to HaCaT cells and an EC50 value of 1.47 μM for anti-HSV-1/F. In addition, AXX-18 showed significant inhibition of ACV-resistant strains 153, 106, and Blue, and the anti-HSV-1 activity of AXX-18 was higher than that of oleanolic acid. The mechanism of action of AXX-18 was found to be similar to that of oleanolic acid, except that AXX-18 could act on both the UL8 and UL52 proteins of the uncoupling helicase-primase enzyme, whereas oleanolic acid could only act on the UL8 protein. We have elucidated the antiviral mechanism of AXX-18 in detail and, finally, found that AXX-18 significantly inhibited the formation of skin herpes. In conclusion, we have explored the anti-HSV-1 activity of AXX-18 in vitro and in vivo as well as identification of its potential target proteins, which will provide a theoretical basis for the development of subsequent anti-HSV-1 drugs.
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15
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Das Mahapatra A, Patra C, Pal K, Mondal J, Sinha C, Chattopadhyay D. Green synthesis of AgNPs from aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata and its antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Doskaliyev A, Seidakhmetova R, Tutai DS, Goldaeva K, Surov V, Adekenov S. Alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. and their Pharmacological Activity. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peganum harmala L. contains 17 alkaloids of quinazoline and indole structure types. Of these, harmaline, harmine, harmalol and L-peganin (vazicin) are pharmacologically active. It was established that of the alkaloids contained in the seeds, 50-95% is dominated by harmaline, harmine is dominated in the roots (67-74% of the total of extractive substances), and in the aerial part, the main mass is peganin (up to 78% of the total of alkaloids). Beta-carboline alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. inhibit monoamine oxidase, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.
This article is devoted to the results of studies of the neurotropic action of harmine hydrochloride, when compared with the activity of the reference drug “Amitriptyline”. It was shown that the use of harmine hydrochloride helps to reduce the level of anxiety in animals under conditions of experimental psychoemotional chronic stress with prolonged administration. In the study of acute and chronic toxicity, it was determined that harmine hydrochloride belongs to the category of moderately toxic substances (hazard class II). According to the results of molecular docking, the presence of strong bonds in harmine hydrochloride with the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, dopamine D2 receptor, as well as monoamine oxidase A and B was revealed, which indicates the implementation of the mechanism of neurotropic action of harmine hydrochloride at the level of synaptic neurotransmission of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin and others). It was also established that harmine hydrochloride eliminates haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats, reduces oligokinesia and rigidity in the Parkinson’s test, has antihypoxic activity in the hypobaric hypoxia test, and exhibits pronounced antidepressant activity in the Porsolt’s test. In the course of the study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, it was revealed that with the administration of harmine hydrochloride, the quantitative content is quickly achieved and the concentration of the active substance in the blood significantly increases. The relative bioavailability of harmine hydrochloride is 112.7%.
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Antiviral Active Compounds Derived from Natural Sources against Herpes Simplex Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071386. [PMID: 34372592 PMCID: PMC8310208 DOI: 10.3390/v13071386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are ubiquitously distributed with a seroprevalence ranging up to 95% in the adult population. Refractory viral infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) represent a major global health issue. In particular, the increasing occurrence of resistance to conventional antiviral drugs make the therapy of such infections even more challenging. For instance, the frequent and long-term use of acyclovir and other nucleoside analogues targeting the viral DNA-polymerase enhance the development of resistant viruses. Particularly, the incidental increase of those strains in immunocompromised patients is alarming and represent a major health concern. Alternative treatment concepts are clearly needed. Natural products such as herbal medicines showed antiherpetic activity in vitro and in vivo and proved to be an excellent source for the discovery and isolation of novel antivirals. By this means, numerous plant-derived compounds with antiviral or antimicrobial activity could be isolated. Natural medicines and their ingredients are well-tolerated and could be a good alternative for treating herpes simplex virus infections. This review provides an overview of the recent status of natural sources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and their ingredients with antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses. Furthermore, we highlight the most potent herbal medicines and ingredients as promising candidates for clinical investigation and give an overview about the most important drug classes along with their potential antiviral mechanisms. The content of this review is based on articles that were published between 1996 and 2021.
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18
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Mondal J, Das Mahapatra A, Mandal KC, Chattopadhyay D. An extract of Stephania hernandifolia, an ethnomedicinal plant, inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 entry. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2187-2198. [PMID: 34041610 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stephania hernandifolia (Nimukho), an ethnomedicinal herb from rural Bengal, has been used traditionally for the management of nerve, skin, urinary, and digestive ailments. Here, we attempted to confirm the antiviral potential of aqueous, methanol, and chloroform extracts of S. hernandifolia against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the causative agent of orolabial herpes in humans, and decipher its underlying mechanism of action. The bioactive extract was standardized and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, while cytotoxicity and antiviral activity were evaluated by MTT and plaque reduction assay, respectively. Two HSV strains, HSV-1F and the clinical isolate VU-09, were inhibited by the chloroform extract (CE) with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 4.32 and 4.50 µg/ml respectively, with a selectivity index (SI) of 11. Time-of-addition assays showed that pre-treatment of virus-infected cells with the CE and its removal before infection reduced the number of plaques without lasting toxicity to the cell, indicating that the CE affected the early stage in the viral life cycle. The number of plaques was also reduced by direct inactivation of virions and by the addition of CE for a short time following attachment of virions. These results together suggest that modification of either the virion surface or the cell surface by the CE inhibits virus entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Mondal
- ICMR-NICED Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr. Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Das Mahapatra
- ICMR-NICED Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr. Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Keshab C Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-NICED Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr. Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India.
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, India.
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19
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Umashankar V, Deshpande SH, Hegde HV, Singh I, Chattopadhyay D. Phytochemical Moieties From Indian Traditional Medicine for Targeting Dual Hotspots on SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: An Integrative in-silico Approach. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:672629. [PMID: 34026798 PMCID: PMC8137902 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.672629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection across the world has led to immense turbulence in the treatment modality, thus demanding a swift drug discovery process. Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 receptor of human to initiate host invasion. Plethora of studies demonstrate the inhibition of Spike-ACE2 interactions to impair infection. The ancient Indian traditional medicine has been of great interest of Virologists worldwide to decipher potential antivirals. Hence, in this study, phytochemicals (1,952 compounds) from eight potential medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medicine were meticulously collated, based on their usage in respiratory disorders, along with immunomodulatory and anti-viral potential from contemporary literature. Further, these compounds were virtually screened against Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of Spike protein. The potential compounds from each plant were prioritized based on the binding affinity, key hotspot interactions at ACE2 binding region and glycosylation sites. Finally, the potential hits in complex with spike protein were subjected to Molecular Dynamics simulation (450 ns), to infer the stability of complex formation. Among the compounds screened, Tellimagrandin-II (binding energy of −8.2 kcal/mol and binding free energy of −32.08 kcal/mol) from Syzygium aromaticum L. and O-Demethyl-demethoxy-curcumin (binding energy of −8.0 kcal/mol and binding free energy of −12.48 kcal/mol) from Curcuma longa L. were found to be highly potential due to their higher binding affinity and significant binding free energy (MM-PBSA), along with favorable ADMET properties and stable intermolecular interactions with hotspots (including the ASN343 glycosylation site). The proposed hits are highly promising, as these are resultant of stringent in silico checkpoints, traditionally used, and are documented through contemporary literature. Hence, could serve as promising leads for subsequent experimental validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Umashankar
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Sanjay H Deshpande
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Harsha V Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Ishwar Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
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20
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Dorababu A. Indole - a promising pharmacophore in recent antiviral drug discovery. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1335-1353. [PMID: 34095843 PMCID: PMC8126882 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicyclic molecule indole has been in the limelight because of its numerous pharmacological potencies. It is used as an excellent scaffold in drug discovery of medicinal drugs such as antimicrobials, anticancer agents, antihypertensives, anti-proliferative agents and anti-inflammatory agents. In spite of its diverse therapeutic activity, it is used as a key pharmacophore in synthesizing the most potent biological agents. Besides, viral infections are ubiquitous and their prevention and cure have become a great challenge. In this regard, the design of indole-containing antiviral drugs is accomplished to combat viral infections. A lot of research is being carried out towards antiviral drug discovery by many researchers round the clock. Herein, the antiviral activity of recently discovered indole scaffolds is compiled and critically evaluated to give a meaningful summary. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of remarkable antiviral agents is discussed. Also, the structural motifs attributed to noteworthy antiviral properties are highlighted to guide future antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Chemistry, SRMPP Govt. First Grade College Huvinahadagali-583219 Karnataka India
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21
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Antiviral Properties of the LSD1 Inhibitor SP-2509. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00974-20. [PMID: 32699090 PMCID: PMC7495396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00974-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HSV-1-infected cells with SP-2509 blocked viral DNA replication, gene expression after the onset of DNA replication, and virus production. These data support a potential new role for LSD1 in the regulation of viral DNA replication and successive steps in the virus life cycle, and further highlight the promising potential to utilize LSD1 inhibition as an antiviral approach. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) targets cellular proteins, including histone H3, p53, E2F, and Dnmt1, and is involved in the regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, the cell cycle, and the DNA damage response. LSD1 catalyzes demethylation of histone H3K9 associated with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) immediate early (IE) promoters and is necessary for IE gene expression, viral DNA replication, and reactivation from latency. We previously found that LSD1 associates with HSV-1 replication forks and replicating viral DNA, suggesting that it may play a direct role in viral replication or coupled processes. We investigated the effects of the LSD1 inhibitor SP-2509 on the HSV-1 life cycle. Unlike previously investigated LSD1 inhibitors tranylcypromine (TCP) and OG-L002, which covalently attach to the LSD1 cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to inhibit demethylase activity, SP-2509 has previously been shown to inhibit LSD1 protein-protein interactions. We found that SP-2509 does not inhibit HSV-1 IE gene expression or transcription factor and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) association with viral DNA prior to the onset of replication. However, SP-2509 does inhibit viral DNA replication, late gene expression, and virus production. We used EdC labeling of nascent viral DNA to image aberrant viral replication compartments that form in the presence of SP-2509. Treatment resulted in the formation of small replication foci that colocalize with replication proteins but are defective for Pol II recruitment. Taken together, these data highlight a potential new role for LSD1 in the regulation of HSV-1 DNA replication and gene expression after the onset of DNA replication. IMPORTANCE Treatment of HSV-1-infected cells with SP-2509 blocked viral DNA replication, gene expression after the onset of DNA replication, and virus production. These data support a potential new role for LSD1 in the regulation of viral DNA replication and successive steps in the virus life cycle, and further highlight the promising potential to utilize LSD1 inhibition as an antiviral approach.
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22
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Denofrio MP, Rasse-Suriani FAO, Paredes JM, Fassetta F, Crovetto L, Giron MD, Salto R, Epe B, Cabrerizo FM. N-Methyl-β-carboline alkaloids: structure-dependent photosensitizing properties and localization in subcellular domains. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6519-6530. [PMID: 32628228 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01122c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-β-carboline (βC) alkaloids, including normelinonine F (1b) and melinonine F (2b), have been found in a vast range of living species playing different biological, biomedical and/or pharmacological roles. Despite this, molecular bases of the mechanisms through which these alkaloids would exert their effect still remain unknown. Fundamental aspects including the photosensitizing properties and intracellular internalization of a selected group of N-methyl-βC alkaloids were investigated herein. Data reveal that methylation of the βC main ring enhances its photosensitizing properties either by increasing its binding affinity with DNA as a biomolecular target and/or by increasing its oxidation potential, in a structure-dependent manner. As a general rule, N(9)-substituted βCs showed the highest photosensitizing efficiency. With the exception of 2-methyl-harminium, all the N-methyl-βCs investigated herein induce a similar DNA photodamage profile, dominated largely by oxidized purines. This fact represents a distinctive behavior when comparing with N-unsubstituted-βCs. On the other hand, although all the investigated compounds might accumulate mainly into the mitochondria of HeLa cells, methylation provides a distinctive dynamic pattern for mitochondrial uptake. While rapid (passive) diffusion is most probably reponsible for the prompt uptake/release of neutral βCs, an active transport appears to mediate the (reatively slow) uptake of the quaternary cationic βCs. This might be a consequence of a distinctive subcellular localization (mitochondrial membrane and/or matrix) or interaction with intracellular components. Biomedical and biotechnological implications are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paula Denofrio
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Argentina.
| | - Federico A O Rasse-Suriani
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Argentina. and Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CCT-La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diag. 113 y 64 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jose M Paredes
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Federico Fassetta
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Argentina.
| | - Luis Crovetto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Maria D Giron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Salto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franco M Cabrerizo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Argentina.
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Genus Ophiorrhiza: A Review of Its Distribution, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Propagation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112611. [PMID: 32512727 PMCID: PMC7321107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 50 species of Ophiorrhiza plants were reviewed in this work and the main objective is to critically analyse their distribution, phytochemical content, biological activity, and propagation. Moreover, the information would be useful in promoting the relevant uses of the plant, especially in the medicinal fields based on in vitro and in vivo studies. To this end, scientific sources, including theses, PubMed, Google Scholar, International Islamic University Malaysia IIUM EBSCO, PubChem, and Elsevier, were accessed for publications regarding the Ophiorrhiza genus in this review. Scientific literature regarding the Ophiorrhiza plants revealed their wide distribution across Asia and the neighbouring countries, whereby they were utilised as traditional medicine to treat various diseases. In particular, various active compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, were reported in the plant. Furthermore, the Ophiorrhiza species showed highly diverse biological activities, such as anti-cancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, and more. The genus propagation reported could produce a high quality and quantity of potent anticancer compound, namely camptothecin (CPT). Hence, it is believed that the relevant uses of natural compounds present in the plants can replace the existing crop of synthetic anticancer drugs associated with a multitude of unbearable side effects. Additionally, more future studies on the Ophiorrhiza species should be undertaken to establish the links between its traditional uses, active compounds, and pharmacological activities reported.
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Dighe SN, Ekwudu O, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Katavic PL, Collet TA. Recent update on anti-dengue drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:431-455. [PMID: 31128447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of humans, with more than half of the global population living in at-risk areas. Despite the negative impact on public health, there are no antiviral therapies available, and the only licensed vaccine, Dengvaxia®, has been contraindicated in children below nine years of age. In an effort to combat dengue, several small molecules have entered into human clinical trials. Here, we review anti-DENV molecules and their drug targets that have been published within the past five years (2014-2018). Further, we discuss their probable mechanisms of action and describe a role for classes of clinically approved drugs and also an unclassified class of anti-DENV agents. This review aims to enhance our understanding of novel agents and their cognate targets in furthering innovations in the use of small molecules for dengue drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish N Dighe
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - O'mezie Ekwudu
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Peter L Katavic
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trudi A Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Das B, Jana A, Mahapatra AD, Chattopadhyay D, Dhara A, Mabhai S, Dey S. Fluorescein derived Schiff base as fluorimetric zinc (II) sensor via 'turn on' response and its application in live cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 212:222-231. [PMID: 30641362 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel Schiff base L composed of fluorescein hydrazine and a phenol functionalized moiety has been designed and prepared via cost-effective condensation reaction. The L is utilized for selective sensing of Zn2+ over other environmental and biological relevant metal ions in aqueous alcoholic solution under physiological pH range. The binding of Zn2+ to the receptor L is found to causes ~23 fold fluorescence enhancement of L. The 1:1 binding mode of the metal complex is established by combined UV-Vis, fluorescence, and HRMS (high-resolution mass spectroscopy) spectroscopic methods. The binding constant (Ka) for complexation and the limit of detection (LOD) of Zn2+ is calculated to be 2.86 × 104 M-1 and 1.59 μM, respectively. Further photophysical investigations including steady-state, time-resolved fluorescence analysis and spectral investigations including NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), IR (infrared spectroscopy) suggest introduction of CHEF (chelation enhance fluorescence) with the suppression of CN isomerization and PET (photo-induced electron transfer) mechanism for the strong fluorescent response towards Zn2+. Finally, the sensor L is successfully employed to monitor a real-time detection of Zn2+ by means of TLC (thin layer chromatography) based paper strip. The L is used in the cell imaging study using African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells) for the determination of exogenous Zn2+ by Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhriguram Das
- Department of Chemistry, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721636, India
| | - Atanu Jana
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
| | - Ananya Das Mahapatra
- ICMR-Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital Campus, 57 Dr Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital Campus, 57 Dr Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India; ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Anamika Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhabrata Mabhai
- Department of Chemistry, Mahishadal Raj College, Purba Medinipur, Mahishadal, West Bengal 721628, India
| | - Satyajit Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721636, India.
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Purkait R, Mahapatra AD, Chattopadhyay D, Sinha C. An azine-based carbothioamide chemosensor for selective and sensitive turn-on-off sequential detection of Zn(II) and H 2PO 4-, live cell imaging and INHIBIT logic gate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 207:164-172. [PMID: 30227347 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrazino-carbothioamide, 1, serves as a turn-on fluorescent chemosensor to Zn2+ and the mixture shows green emission (λem 492) in presence of large number of ions with impressive limit of detection (LOD), 0.59 nM. Intense fluorescence of Zn-complex is selectively turn-off upon adding H2PO4- only to the limit of detection, 26 μM, while other anions remain silent. The sensing mechanism of 1 is established by suppressing the ESIPT of 1 and complexation with Zn2+ (CHEF) is supported by Job's plot, 1H NMR, and HR-MS data. Turn-on-off sequential detection of Zn2+ and H2PO4- also have successfully been employed for the engineering of INHIBIT molecular logic gate. The sensor is non-toxic and has been used in identifying Zn2+ in the intracellular region of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Purkait
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Ananya Das Mahapatra
- ICMR Virus Unit, Infectious Diseases & Beliaghata General Hospital, GB-4, 57, S. C. Bannerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, Infectious Diseases & Beliaghata General Hospital, GB-4, 57, S. C. Bannerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India
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Abstract
The viral infection and resistance to the existing antiviral drugs are alarming, which is a serious public health concern. Medicinal plants are valuable resources for treatment of viral infections and can be used for the management of infections like herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, etc. The antiviral screening of plant extracts should be highly selective, specific, and sensitive for bioactivity guided isolation of the active compounds from the plant extracts. The antiviral screening system should be validated for accuracy, reproducibility, simplicity, and cost effectiveness. This chapter highlights on various aspects for screening and evaluation of antiviral natural components including factors affecting antiviral in vivo studies, host cells, organisms, and culture media followed by different virus-specific assays for antiviral screening of natural products.
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Goswami D, Mahapatra AD, Banerjee S, Kar A, Ojha D, Mukherjee PK, Chattopadhyay D. Boswellia serrata oleo-gum-resin and β-boswellic acid inhibits HSV-1 infection in vitro through modulation of NF-кB and p38 MAP kinase signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 51:94-103. [PMID: 30466633 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), a highly contagious pathogen, is responsible for causing lifelong oral to genital infection in human. Boswellia serrata oleo-gum-resin possesses a strong traditional background of treating diverse skin ailments including infection but its effect on HSV-1 has not been examined yet. PURPOSE To exploit its potential, we aimed to explore the antiviral activity of methanol extract of B. serrata oleo-gum-resin (BSE) and one of its major constituent β-boswellic acid (BA) against HSV-1 along with the underlying mechanism of action involved. METHODS BSE was subjected to RP-HPLC analysis to quantify the active constituent. Cytotoxicity (CC50) and antiviral activity were evaluated by MTT and plaque reduction assay, followed by the determination of median effective concentration (EC50). The mode of antiviral activity was assessed by time-of-addition assay and confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Further, the expressions of various cytokines were measured by RT-PCR, while the proteins by Western blot. RESULTS BSE and BA potently inhibited wild-type and a clinical isolate of HSV-1 (EC50 5.2-6.2 and 12.1-14.63 μg/ml), with nearly-complete inhibition (EC99) at 10 and 30 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory effect was significant at 1 h post-infection and effective up to 4 h. Based on target analysis we examined the inhibition of NF-κB, essential for virus replication, and observed significant down-regulation of NF-κB, and p38 MAP-kinase activation, with reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, involved in scheming NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSION Thus, our results support the ethnomedicinal use of BSE in skin infection by inhibiting HSV-1 through the modulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Goswami
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr. Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.; School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ananya Das Mahapatra
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr. Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Subhadip Banerjee
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amit Kar
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr. Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Pulok K Mukherjee
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr. Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India..
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Ibáñez FJ, Farías MA, Gonzalez-Troncoso MP, Corrales N, Duarte LF, Retamal-Díaz A, González PA. Experimental Dissection of the Lytic Replication Cycles of Herpes Simplex Viruses in vitro. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2406. [PMID: 30386309 PMCID: PMC6198116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) produce lifelong infections and are highly prevalent in the human population. Both viruses elicit numerous clinical manifestations and produce mild-to-severe diseases that affect the skin, eyes, and brain, among others. Despite the existence of numerous antivirals against HSV, such as acyclovir and acyclovir-related analogs, virus variants that are resistant to these compounds can be isolated from immunosuppressed individuals. For such isolates, second-line drugs can be used, yet they frequently produce adverse side effects. Furthermore, topical antivirals for treating cutaneous HSV infections usually display poor to moderate efficacy. Hence, better or novel anti-HSV antivirals are needed and details on their mechanisms of action would be insightful for improving their efficacy and identifying specific molecular targets. Here, we review and dissect the lytic replication cycles of herpes simplex viruses, discussing key steps involved in cell infection and the processes that yield new virions. Additionally, we review and discuss rapid, easy-to-perform and simple experimental approaches for studying key steps involved in HSV replication to facilitate the identification of the mechanisms of action of anti-HSV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Ibáñez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria P Gonzalez-Troncoso
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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β-Carboline derivatives as novel antivirals for herpes simplex virus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:459-468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen D, Tian X, Zou X, Xu S, Wang H, Zheng N, Wu Z. Harmine, a small molecule derived from natural sources, inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by targeting NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Chadha N, Silakari O. Indoles as therapeutics of interest in medicinal chemistry: Bird's eye view. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:159-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Quintana VM, Piccini LE, Panozzo Zénere JD, Damonte EB, Ponce MA, Castilla V. Antiviral activity of natural and synthetic β-carbolines against dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pires de Mello CP, Bloom DC, Paixão IC. Herpes simplex virus type-1: replication, latency, reactivation and its antiviral targets. Antivir Ther 2016; 21:277-86. [PMID: 26726828 DOI: 10.3851/imp3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection by herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) causes several diseases, ranging from cutaneous, oral and genital infections to fatal encephalitis. Despite the availability of antiviral therapies on the market, their efficacies are incomplete, and new cases of resistant strains arise, mainly in the immunocompromised, but also recently documented in immunocompetent patients. Over the last decades a lot has been discovered about the molecular basis of infection which has been of great benefit to the investigation of new anti-HSV-1 molecules. In this review we summarize replication, latency and reactivation highlighting potential antiviral targets and new molecules described in the past several years in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilly P Pires de Mello
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Biology Institute, Niterói, Brazil
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Szczubiałka K, Pyrć K, Nowakowska M. In search for effective and definitive treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a nuclear replicating enveloped virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Kraków
- Poland
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Wang X, Huang B, Suzuki T, Liu X, Zhan P. Medicinal chemistry insights in the discovery of novel LSD1 inhibitors. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1379-96. [PMID: 26646727 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LSD1 is an epigenetic modulator associated with transcriptional regulation of genes involved in a broad spectrum of key cellular processes, and its activity is often altered under pathological conditions. LSD1 inhibitors are considered to be candidates for therapy of cancer, viral diseases and neurodegeneration. Many LSD1 inhibitors with various scaffolds have been disclosed, and a few potent molecules are in different stages of clinical development. In this review, we summarize recent biological findings on the roles of LSD1 and the current understanding of the clinical significance of LSD1, and focus on the medicinal chemistry strategies used in the design and development of LSD1 inhibitors as drug-like epigenetic modulators since 2012, including a brief consideration of structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Chakravarty H, Ojha D, Konreddy AK, Bal C, Chandra NS, Sharon A, Chattopadhyay D. Synthesis of multi ring-fused imidazo [1,2- a]isoquinoline-based fluorescent scaffold as anti-Herpetic agent. Antivir Chem Chemother 2015; 24:127-135. [PMID: 30889631 DOI: 10.1177/2040206616680968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural product-inspired synthesis is a key incorporation in modern diversity-oriented synthesis to yield biologically novel scaffold. Inspired by β-carboline fused system, we have designed molecules with multi ring fused scaffold by modifying the tricyclic pyrido[3,4- b]indole ring with imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinoline. METHODS A highly convergent approach with new C-N and C-C bond formation to synthesize multiring fused complex scaffold imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinolinies as fluorophores. N-nucleophile-induced ring transformation of 2 H-pyran-2-one followed by in situ cis-stilbene-type oxidative photocyclization yielded new C-C bond formation without additional oxidant. The cytotoxicity, effective concentrations, and the mode of action of the synthesized analogs were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT),, plaque reduction, time of addition, and reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). RESULTS Novel imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinoline analogs were prepared, and the results revealed that trans isomer of cyclopropyl analog (EC50 35 and 37.5 µg/ml) and trans isomer of citric acid salt of phenyl analog (EC50 38.2 and 39.8 µg/ml) possess significant anti-Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) activity with selectivity index of >10. The kinetic study demonstrated that both the analogs inhibited HSV-1F and HSV-2G at 2-4 h postinfection. Finally, western blot and reverse transcriptase PCR assays revealed that both the analogs suppressed viral immediate early transcription. CONCLUSION Novel imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinoline analogs were synthesized from pyranone with appropriate amines. Two compounds showed better antiviral profile on HSV-infected Vero cells, compared to the standard drug acyclovir (ACV). Overall, we discovered a promising scaffold to develop a nonnucleoside lead targeting the viral immediate early transcription for the management of HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ananda K Konreddy
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
| | - Chandralata Bal
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
| | | | - Ashoke Sharon
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- 2 ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, Kolkata, India.,3 Regional Medical Research Center (RMRC), Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, India
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Chen D, Su A, Fu Y, Wang X, Lv X, Xu W, Xu S, Wang H, Wu Z. Harmine blocks herpes simplex virus infection through downregulating cellular NF-κB and MAPK pathways induced by oxidative stress. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dávola ME, Mazaira GI, Galigniana MD, Alché LE, Ramírez JA, Barquero AA. Synthetic pregnenolone derivatives as antiviral agents against acyclovir-resistant isolates of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ojha D, Das R, Sobia P, Dwivedi V, Ghosh S, Samanta A, Chattopadhyay D. Pedilanthus tithymaloides Inhibits HSV Infection by Modulating NF-κB Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139338. [PMID: 26405764 PMCID: PMC4583282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (PT), a widely used ethnomedicinal plant, has been employed to treat a number of skin conditions. To extend its utility and to fully exploit its medicinal potential, we have evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of a methanolic extract of PT leaves and its isolated compounds against Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2). Bioactivity-guided studies revealed that the extract and one of its constituents, luteolin, had potent antiviral activity against wild-type and clinical isolates of HSV-2 (EC50 48.5–52.6 and 22.4–27.5 μg/ml, respectively), with nearly complete inhibition at 86.5–101.8 and 40.2–49.6 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory effect was significant (p<0.001) when the drug was added 2 h prior to infection, and was effective up to 4 h post-infection. As viral replication requires NF-κB activation, we examined whether the observed extract-induced inhibition of HSV-2 was related to NF-κB inhibition. Interestingly, we observed that treatment of HSV-2-infected cells with extract or luteolin suppressed NF-κB activation. Although NF-κB, JNK and MAPK activation was compromised during HSV replication, neither the extract nor luteolin affected HSV-2-induced JNK1/2 and MAPK activation. Moreover, the PT leaf extract and luteolin potently down-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, NO and iNOS and the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which are directly involved in controlling the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, our results indicate that both PT leaf extract and luteolin modulate the NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the inhibition of HSV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Rashmi Das
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Parveen Sobia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Cell Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Vedprakash Dwivedi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Cell Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Soma Ghosh
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja SC Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amalesh Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja SC Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
- * E-mail:
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Burg JM, Link JE, Morgan BS, Heller FJ, Hargrove AE, McCafferty DG. KDM1 class flavin-dependent protein lysine demethylases. Biopolymers 2015; 104:213-46. [PMID: 25787087 PMCID: PMC4747437 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent, lysine-specific protein demethylases (KDM1s) are a subfamily of amine oxidases that catalyze the selective posttranslational oxidative demethylation of methyllysine side chains within protein and peptide substrates. KDM1s participate in the widespread epigenetic regulation of both normal and disease state transcriptional programs. Their activities are central to various cellular functions, such as hematopoietic and neuronal differentiation, cancer proliferation and metastasis, and viral lytic replication and establishment of latency. Interestingly, KDM1s function as catalytic subunits within complexes with coregulatory molecules that modulate enzymatic activity of the demethylases and coordinate their access to specific substrates at distinct sites within the cell and chromatin. Although several classes of KDM1-selective small molecule inhibitors have been recently developed, these pan-active site inhibition strategies lack the ability to selectively discriminate between KDM1 activity in specific, and occasionally opposing, functional contexts within these complexes. Here we review the discovery of this class of demethylases, their structures, chemical mechanisms, and specificity. Additionally, we review inhibition of this class of enzymes as well as emerging interactions with coregulatory molecules that regulate demethylase activity in highly specific functional contexts of biological and potential therapeutic importance.
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Nowotarski SL, Pachaiyappan B, Holshouser SL, Kutz CJ, Li Y, Huang Y, Sharma SK, Casero RA, Woster PM. Structure-activity study for (bis)ureidopropyl- and (bis)thioureidopropyldiamine LSD1 inhibitors with 3-5-3 and 3-6-3 carbon backbone architectures. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1601-12. [PMID: 25725609 PMCID: PMC4396983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylation at specific histone lysine residues is a critical post-translational modification that alters chromatin architecture, and dysregulated lysine methylation/demethylation is associated with the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. The enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) complexed to specific transcription factors catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of mono- and dimethyllysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me and H3K4me2, respectively). We have previously reported potent (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea LSD1 inhibitors that increase cellular levels of H3K4me and H3K4me2, promote the re-expression of silenced tumor suppressor genes and suppress tumor growth in vitro. Here we report the design additional (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea LSD1 inhibitors that feature 3-5-3 or 3-6-3 carbon backbone architectures. Three of these compounds displayed single-digit IC50 values in a recombinant LSD1 assay. In addition, compound 6d exhibited an IC50 of 4.2μM against the Calu-6 human lung adenocarcinoma line, and 4.8μM against the MCF7 breast tumor cell line, in an MTS cell viability assay. Following treatment with 6b-6d, Calu-6 cells exhibited a significant increase in the mRNA expression for the silenced tumor suppressor genes SFRP2, HCAD and p16, and modest increases in GATA4 message. The compounds described in this paper represent the most potent epigenetic modulators in this series, and have potential for use as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Nowotarski
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Steven L Holshouser
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Craig J Kutz
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Youxuan Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Yi Huang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Mondal S, Bhanja AK, Ojha D, Mondal TK, Chattopadhyay D, Sinha C. Fluorescence sensing and intracellular imaging of Al3+ions by using naphthalene based sulfonamide chemosensor: structure, computation and biological studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11548e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naphthyl appended sulfonamide Schiff base (HL), an antimicrobial nontoxic agent, serves as a fluorogenic sensor to Al3+, LOD 33.2 nM and is used for living cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700 032
- India
| | | | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit
- I.D. & B.G. Hospital
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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Chattopadhyay D, Ojha D, Mondal S, Goswami D. Validation of Antiviral Potential of Herbal Ethnomedicine. EVIDENCE-BASED VALIDATION OF HERBAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150199 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800874-4.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are the basis of treatment since the dawn of human civilization, and modern medicine has gradually developed, over the years, by scientific and observational efforts from traditional medicine. Today most of the synthetic drugs showed adverse and unacceptable side effects, however, impressive bioactivities with reduced toxicities were reported for many botanicals against several chronic or difficult-to-treat diseases. A whole range of viral diseases including human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Rabies, Dengue, and Herpes need effective drugs. Considerable research has been carried out on the pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutics of traditional medicines of diverse cultures, and many pharmaceutical companies have renewed their strategies for antiviral drug development where no effective drugs or vaccine exist. Thus, phytochemicals with antiviral potentials need to be studied in depth with standardization, chemical isolation, effectivity, molecular mechanism, along with in vivo toxicity and efficacy to reduce cost and time. This review will portray the scientific approaches and methodologies used for the development of antiviral leads from traditional medicines against selected genetically and functionally diverse viral infections.
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Zhang MZ, Chen Q, Yang GF. A review on recent developments of indole-containing antiviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:421-41. [PMID: 25462257 PMCID: PMC7115707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indole represents one of the most important privileged scaffolds in drug discovery. Indole derivatives have the unique property of mimicking the structure of peptides and to bind reversibly to enzymes, which provide tremendous opportunities to discover novel drugs with different modes of action. There are seven indole-containing commercial drugs in the Top-200 Best Selling Drugs by US Retail Sales in 2012. There are also an amazing number of approved indole-containing drugs in the market as well as compounds currently going through different clinical phases or registration statuses. This review focused on the recent development of indole derivatives as antiviral agents with the following objectives: 1) To present one of the most comprehensive listings of indole antiviral agents, drugs on market or compounds in clinical trials; 2) To focus on recent developments of indole compounds (including natural products) and their antiviral activities, summarize the structure property, hoping to inspire new and even more creative approaches; 3) To offer perspectives on how indole scaffolds as a privileged structure might be exploited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjing 30071, PR China.
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