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Poddar NK, Khan A, Fatima F, Saxena A, Ghaley G, Khan S. Association of mTOR Pathway and Conformational Alterations in C-Reactive Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Infections. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3815-3832. [PMID: 37665407 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory biomarkers have been very useful in detecting and monitoring inflammatory processes along with providing helpful information to select appropriate therapeutic strategies. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a nonspecific, but quite useful medical acute inflammatory biomarker and is associated with persistent chronic inflammatory processes. Several studies suggest that different levels of CRP are correlated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, dynamics of CRP levels have also been observed in virus/bacterial-related infections leading to inflammatory responses and this triggers mTOR-mediated pathways for neurodegeneration diseases. The biophysical structural transition from CRP to monomeric CRP (mCRP) and the significance of the ratio of CRP levels on the onset of symptoms associated with inflammatory response have been discussed. In addition, mTOR inhibitors act as immunomodulators by downregulating the expression of viral infection and can be explored as a potential therapy for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007.
| | - Arshma Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, 243123
| | - Falak Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Anshulika Saxena
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Garima Ghaley
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 247554.
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Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101718. [PMID: 36298583 PMCID: PMC9610386 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza. This review focuses on the molecular, pathophysiological, and epidemiological characteristics of EIV in the Americas to present updated information to achieve prevention and control of the virus. We also discuss the need for monitoring the disease, the use of vaccines, and the appropriate application of those biologicals, among other biosecurity measures that are important for the control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gonzalez-Obando
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Jorge Eduardo Forero
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Angélica M Zuluaga-Cabrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Circular 73 N°35-04, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Julián Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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3
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Nirbhaya V, Chaudhary C, Chauhan D, Chandra R, Kumar S. Multiwalled carbon nanotube nanofiller-polyindole polymer matrix-based efficient biosensor for the rapid detection of swine flu. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pictorial representation of the synthesis of the electrode material, fabrication and electrochemical response of the biosensing platform for swine flu detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chhaya Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Dipti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Suveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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4
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Jaapar FN, Parmin NA, Halim NHA, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB, Halim FS, Ruslinda AR, Voon CH, Uda MNA, Uda MNA, Nadzirah S, Rejali Z, Afzan A, Zakaria II. Designing DNA probe from HPV 18 and 58 in the E6 region for sensing element in the development of genosensor-based gold nanoparticles. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1966-1983. [PMID: 34554606 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The E6 region has higher protuberant probability annealing than consensus probe focusing on another region in the human papillomavirus (HPV) genome in terms of detection and screening method. Here, we designed the first multiple virus single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) for multiple detections in an early phase of screening for cervical cancer in the E6 region and became a fundamental evolution of detection electrochemical HPV biosensor. Gene profiling of the virus ssDNA sequences has been carried by high-end bioinformatics tools such as GenBank, Basic Local Alignment Searching Tools (BLAST), and Clustal OMEGA in a row. The output from bioinformatics tools resulted in 100% of similarities between our virus ssDNA probe and HPV complete genome in the databases. The cross-validation between HPV genome and our designed virus ssDNA provided high specificity and selectivity during screening methods compared with Pap smear. The DNA probe for HPV 18, 5' COOH-GAT CCA GAA GGT ACA GAC GGG GAG GGC ACG 3', while 5'COOH-GGG CGC TGT GCA GTG TGT TGG AGA CCC CGA3' as DNA probe for HPV 58 designed with 66.77% guanine (G) and cytosine (C) content for both. Our virus ssDNA probe for the HPV biosensor promises high sensitivity, specificity, selectivity, repeatability, low fluid consumption, and will be useful in mini-size diagnostic devices for cervical cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nadhirah Jaapar
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - N A Parmin
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - N Hamidah A Halim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - Uda Hashim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia.,Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - F Syakirah Halim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - A Rahim Ruslinda
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - C H Voon
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - M N A Uda
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - M N Afnan Uda
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - Sh Nadzirah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulida Rejali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Afzan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iffah Izzati Zakaria
- Malaysia Genome Institute (MGI), National Institute of Biotechnology (NIBM), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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5
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Jha PK, Vijay A, Halu A, Uchida S, Aikawa M. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals the Shared and Distinct Transcriptional Signatures in Human Lung Epithelial Cells Infected With SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, or SARS-CoV: Potential Implications in Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:623012. [PMID: 33521069 PMCID: PMC7844200 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.623012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative virus for the current global pandemic known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of single-stranded RNA viruses known as coronaviruses, including the MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV that cause Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), respectively. These coronaviruses are associated in the way that they cause mild to severe upper respiratory tract illness. This study has used an unbiased analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus to understand the shared and unique transcriptional signatures of human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 relative to MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV. A major goal was to discover unique cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 among these three coronaviruses. Analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by the three datasets led to a set of 17 genes, suggesting the lower expression of genes related to acute inflammatory response (TNF, IL32, IL1A, CXCL1, and CXCL3) in SARS-CoV-2. This subdued transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 may cause prolonged viral replication, leading to severe lung damage. Downstream analysis of unique DEGs of SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed changes in genes related to apoptosis (NRP1, FOXO1, TP53INP1, CSF2, and NLRP1), coagulation (F3, PROS1, ITGB3, and TFPI2), and vascular function (VAV3, TYMP, TCF4, and NR2F2), which may contribute to more systemic cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 than MERS and SARS. The study has uncovered a novel set of transcriptomic signatures unique to SARS-CoV-2 infection and shared by three coronaviruses, which may guide the initial efforts in the development of prognostic or therapeutic tools for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhash Kumar Jha
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aatira Vijay
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for RNA Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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White MR, Hsieh IN, De Luna X, Hartshorn KL. Effects of serum amyloid protein A on influenza A virus replication and viral interactions with neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:155-166. [PMID: 33205458 PMCID: PMC7753654 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ab0220-116rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is vital for the early control of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Serum amyloid A (SAA1) is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver and lung that rises dramatically during IAV infection. The potential role of SAA1 in host defense against IAV is unknown. SAA1 has been reported to directly activate neutrophils and to recruit them to the lung during infectious and inflammatory processes. Neutrophils are the most abundant cell recruited to the lung in the early phase of IAV infection. There are different forms and preparations of SAA1 that have found to have different effects on phagocyte responses, through various receptors. In this paper, we test the direct effects of various preparations of serum derived or recombinant SAA on IAV and how it modulates the interactions of IAV with neutrophils. All SAA preparations bound to IAV in vitro but caused minimal hemagglutination inhibition or viral aggregation. The human serum‐derived SAA1 or the complex of SAA1 with HDL did have IAV neutralizing activity in vitro, whereas the recombinant SAA1 preparations did not. We found that different SAA preparations also had markedly different effects on neutrophil functions, with E. coli‐derived SAA1 triggering some responses in neutrophils on its own or in presence of IAV whereas mammalian cell‐derived SAA1 did not. This discrepancy could be explained by the reported contamination of the former preparation with bacterial components. Of interest, however, serum SAA alone, serum SAA complexed with HDL, or HDL alone potentiated some neutrophil responses to IAV. Our results suggest that SAA may play some role in host response to IAV, but further work needs to be done to clarify the role of different variants of SAA alone or complexed with HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R White
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - I-Ni Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xavier De Luna
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Shi F, Wu T, Zhu X, Ge Y, Zeng X, Chi Y, Du X, Zhu L, Zhu F, Zhu B, Cui L, Wu B. Association of viral load with serum biomakers among COVID-19 cases. Virology 2020; 546:122-126. [PMID: 32452410 PMCID: PMC7192122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 spreads rapidly around the world, data have been needed on the natural fluctuation of viral load and clinical indicators associated with it. We measured and compared viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 from pharyngeal swab, IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2, CRP and SAA from serum of 114 COVID-19 patients on admission. Positive rates of IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2, CRP and SAA were 80.7%, 36% and 75.4% respectively. Among IgM-positive patients, viral loads showed different trends among cases with different severity, While viral loads of IgM-negative patients tended to increase along with the time after onset. As the worsening of severity, the positive rates of CRP and SAA also showed trends of increase. Different CRP/SAA type showed associations with viral loads in patients in different severity and different time after onset. Combination of the IgM and CRP/SAA with time after onset and severity may give suggestions on the viral load and condition judgment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yiyue Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Chi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xuefei Du
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Tang Y, Li Y, Sun J, Pan H, Yao F, Jiao X. Selection of an Optimal Combination Panel to Better Triage COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:773-787. [PMID: 33149652 PMCID: PMC7602889 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s273193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is difficult to predict the prognosis of COVID-19 patients at the disease onset. This study was designed to add new biomarkers into conventional inflammatory panels to build an optimal combination panel, to better triage patients and predict their outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Biochemical parameters representing multi-organ functions, cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and other inflammatory markers were measured in COVID-19 patients on hospital admission. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, logistic regression, event-free survival (EFS), and Cox analyses were performed to screen and compare the predictive capabilities of the new panel in patients with different illness severity and outcome. RESULTS This study included 120 patients with COVID-19, consisting of 32 critical, 28 severe, and 60 mild/moderate patients. Initial levels of the selected biomarkers showed a significant difference in the three groups, all of which influenced patient outcome and EFS to varying degrees. Cox proportional hazard model revealed that procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were independent risk factors, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) was an independent protective factor influencing EFS. In discriminating the critical and mild patients, a panel combining PCT, IL-6, and neutrophil (NEUT) yielded the best diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.99, the sensitivity of 90.60% and specificity of 100%. In distinguishing between severe and mild patients, SOD's AUC of 0.89 was higher than any other single biomarker. In differentiating the critical and severe patients, the combination of white blood cell count (WBC), PCT, IL-6, IL-10, and SOD achieved the highest AUC of 0.95 with a sensitivity of 75.00% and specificity of 100%. CONCLUSION The optimal combination panel has a substantial potential to better triage COVID-19 patients on admission. Better triage of patients will benefit the rational use of medical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqin Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Yao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaoyang Jiao Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-754-88900459Fax +86-754-88557562 Email
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Abouelasrar Salama S, Lavie M, De Buck M, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Cytokines and serum amyloid A in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 50:29-42. [PMID: 31718982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is dependent on the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α during infection and inflammation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) upregulates SAA-inducing cytokines. In line with this, a segment of chronically infected individuals display increased circulating levels of SAA. SAA has even been proposed to be a potential biomarker to evaluate treatment efficiency and the course of disease. SAA possesses antiviral activity against HCV via direct interaction with the viral particle, but might also divert infectivity through its function as an apolipoprotein. On the other hand, SAA shares inflammatory and angiogenic activity with chemotactic cytokines by activating the G protein-coupled receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2. These latter properties might promote chronic inflammation and hepatic injury. Indeed, up to 80 % of infected individuals develop chronic disease because they cannot completely clear the infection, due to diversion of the immune response. In this review, we summarize the interconnection between SAA and cytokines in the context of HCV infection and highlight the dual role SAA could play in this disease. Nevertheless, more research is needed to establish whether the balance between those opposing activities can be tilted in favor of the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Muriel Lavie
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mieke De Buck
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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10
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Acute phase protein response to viral infection and vaccination. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:196-202. [PMID: 31323216 PMCID: PMC7094616 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms respond in multiple ways to microbial infections. Pathogen invasion tipically triggers an inflammatory response where acute phase proteins (APP) have a key role. Pentraxins (PTX) are a family of highly conserved APP that play a part in the host defense against infection. The larger proteins of the family are simply named pentraxins, while c-reactive proteins (CRP) and serum amyloid proteins (SAA, SAP) are known as short pentraxins. Although high APP levels have been broadly associated with bacterial infections, there is a growing body of evidence revealing increased PTX, CRP and SAP expression upon viral infection. Furthermore, CRP, PTX and SAP have shown their potential as diagnostic markers and predictors of disease outcome. Likewise, the measurement of APP levels can be valuable to determine the efficacy of antiviral therapies and vaccines. From the practical point of view, the ability of APP to reduce viral infectivity has been observed in several virus-host models. This has prompted investigation efforts to assess the role of acute phase response proteins as immunoregulatory molecules and their potential as therapeutic reagents. This work aims to present an overview of the APP response to viral infections reviewing the current knowledge in the field.
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