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Yin P, May NA, Lello LS, Fayed A, Parks MG, Drobish AM, Wang S, Andrews M, Sticher Z, Kolykhalov AA, Natchus MG, Painter GR, Merits A, Kielian M, Morrison TE. 4'-Fluorouridine inhibits alphavirus replication and infection in vitro and in vivo. mBio 2024; 15:e0042024. [PMID: 38700353 PMCID: PMC11237586 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00420-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus that has re-emerged to cause millions of human infections worldwide. In humans, acute CHIKV infection causes fever and severe muscle and joint pain. Chronic and debilitating arthritis and joint pain can persist for months to years. To date, there are no approved antivirals against CHIKV. Recently, the ribonucleoside analog 4'-fluorouridine (4'-FlU) was reported as a highly potent orally available inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus replication. In this study, we assessed 4'-FlU's potency and breadth of inhibition against a panel of alphaviruses including CHIKV, and found that it broadly suppressed alphavirus production in cell culture. 4'-FlU acted on the viral RNA replication step, and the first 4 hours post-infection were the critical time for its antiviral effect. In vitro replication assays identified nsP4 as the target of inhibition. In vivo, treatment with 4'-FlU reduced disease signs, inflammatory responses, and viral tissue burden in mouse models of CHIKV and Mayaro virus infection. Treatment initiated at 2 hours post-infection was most effective; however, treatment initiated as late as 24-48 hours post-infection produced measurable antiviral effects in the CHIKV mouse model. 4'-FlU showed effective oral delivery in our mouse model and resulted in the accumulation of both 4'-FlU and its bioactive triphosphate form in tissues relevant to arthritogenic alphavirus pathogenesis. Together, our data indicate that 4'-FlU inhibits CHIKV infection in vitro and in vivo and is a promising oral therapeutic candidate against CHIKV infection.IMPORTANCEAlphaviruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are mosquito-borne positive-strand RNA viruses that can cause various diseases in humans. Although compounds that inhibit CHIKV and other alphaviruses have been identified in vitro, there are no licensed antivirals against CHIKV. Here, we investigated a ribonucleoside analog, 4'-fluorouridine (4'-FlU), and demonstrated that it inhibited infectious virus production by several alphaviruses in vitro and reduced virus burden in mouse models of CHIKV and Mayaro virus infection. Our studies also indicated that 4'-FlU treatment reduced CHIKV-induced footpad swelling and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition in the mouse model correlated with effective oral delivery of 4'-FlU and accumulation of both 4'-FlU and its bioactive form in relevant tissues. In summary, 4'-FlU exhibits potential as a novel anti-alphavirus agent targeting the replication of viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas A. May
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Atef Fayed
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - M. Guston Parks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam M. Drobish
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sainan Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meghan Andrews
- Emory Institute for Drug Development (EIDD), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Sticher
- Emory Institute for Drug Development (EIDD), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - George R. Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development (EIDD), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Drug Innovations Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Mensah RQ, Adusei S, Azupio S, Kwakye R. Nutritive value, biological properties, health benefits and applications of Tetrapleura tetraptera: An updated comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27834. [PMID: 38515660 PMCID: PMC10955287 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the health benefits that medicinal plants present, they are applied in traditional healthcare in developing and developed countries alike. Tetrapleura tetraptera, a flowering plant mostly found in the western part of Africa has an essential chemical composition that gives it nutritive value and medicinal capacities. This review aims to highlight the nutritional attributes, biological properties, health benefits, and applications of T. tetraptera. The fruit of the plant has been revealed to possess about 58.48-63. 86% carbohydrates, 251.22-288.62 mg/g potassium, 182.11-200.02 mg/g calcium, 322.00-342.00 mg/g manganese, and 0.02-4.69 mg/g vitamins. Also, active phytochemical compounds including phenols (3.51 ± 0.03 mgGAE/g), flavonoids (0.87 ± 0.03 mgQE/g), saponins (4.27 ± 0.03 mgDE/g), tannins (23.87 ± 0.44 mg/100 g), and alkaloids (5.03 ± 0.15% w/w) have been discovered in the fruit of T. tetraptera. The plant's abundant phytochemicals account for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, and anti-proliferative activities. These biological properties in turn translate to health benefits including lower blood pressure, enhanced immune system, malaria treatment, diabetes and hypertension management, and cancer prevention. The health-promoting assets of T. tetraptera underscore its applications in beverage production, food preservation and flavoring, feed supplementation, and pharmaceutical formulations. The data gathered in this piece is crucial for industrial food processing and the creation of potent pharmaceutical products and functional foods with superior health attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Q. Mensah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Stephen Adusei
- Value Addition Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Oil Palm Research Institute, Kade, Ghana
| | - Samuel Azupio
- Plant Pathology Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Oil Palm Research Institute, Kade, Ghana
| | - Richmond Kwakye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Su J, Wu H, Yin C, Zhang F, Han F, Yu W. The hydrophobic cluster on the surface of protein is the key structural basis for the SDS-resistance of chondroitinase VhChlABC. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:93-101. [PMID: 38433971 PMCID: PMC10902247 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The application of chondroitinase requires consideration of the complex microenvironment of the target. Our previous research reported a marine-derived sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-resistant chondroitinase VhChlABC. This study further investigated the mechanism of VhChlABC resistance to SDS. Focusing on the hydrophobic cluster on its strong hydrophilic surface, it was found that the reduction of hydrophobicity of surface residues Ala181, Met182, Met183, Ala184, Val185, and Ile305 significantly reduced the SDS resistance and stability. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and molecular docking analysis showed that I305G had more conformational flexibility around residue 305 than wild type (WT), which was more conducive to SDS insertion and binding. The affinity of A181G, M182A, M183A, V185A and I305G to SDS was significantly higher than that of WT. In conclusion, the surface hydrophobic microenvironment composed of six residues was the structural basis for SDS resistance. This feature could prevent the binding of SDS and the destruction of hydrophobic packaging by increasing the rigid conformation of protein and reducing the binding force of SDS-protein. The study provides a new idea for the rational design of SDS-resistant proteins and may further promote chondroitinase research in the targeted therapy of lung diseases under the pressure of pulmonary surfactant. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00201-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Su
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Chengying Yin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Fengchao Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Feng Han
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wengong Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Dhaka P, Singh A, Choudhary S, Peddinti RK, Kumar P, Sharma GK, Tomar S. Mechanistic and thermodynamic characterization of antiviral inhibitors targeting nucleocapsid N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 750:109820. [PMID: 37956938 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in encapsulating the viral genome. Developing antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2 is imperative due to the diminishing immunity of the available vaccines. This study targets the RNA-binding site located in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the N-protein to identify the potential antiviral molecules against SARS-CoV-2. A structure-based repurposing approach identified the twelve high-affinity molecules from FDA-approved drugs, natural products, and the LOPAC1280 compound libraries that precisely bind to the RNA binding site within the NTD. The interaction of these potential antiviral agents with the purified NTD protein was thermodynamically characterized using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). A fluorescence-based plate assay to assess the RNA binding inhibitory activity of small molecules against the NTD has been employed, and the selected compounds exhibited significant RNA binding inhibition with calculated IC50 values ranging from 8.8 μM to 15.7 μM. Furthermore, the antiviral efficacy of these compounds was evaluated using in vitro cell-based assays targeting the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Remarkably, two compounds, Telmisartan and BMS-189453, displayed potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, with EC50 values of approximately 1.02 μM and 0.98 μM, and a notable selective index of >98 and > 102, respectively. This study gives valuable insight into developing therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the N-protein, a significant effort given the global public health concern posed due to the virus re-emergence and long COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dhaka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Rama Krishna Peddinti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Souza BGD, Choudhary S, Vilela GG, Passos GFS, Costa CACB, Freitas JDD, Coelho GL, Brandão JDA, Anderson L, Bassi ÊJ, Araújo-Júnior JXD, Tomar S, Silva-Júnior EFD. Design, synthesis, antiviral evaluation, and In silico studies of acrylamides targeting nsP2 from Chikungunya virus. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115572. [PMID: 37364511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The Togaviridae family comprises several New- and Old-World Alphaviruses that have been responsible for thousands of human illnesses, including the RNA arbovirus Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Firstly, it was reported in Tanzania in 1952 but rapidly it spread to several countries from Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Since then, CHIKV has been circulating in diverse countries around the world, leading to increased morbidity rates. Currently, there are no FDA-approved drugs or licensed vaccines to specifically treat CHIKV infections. Thus, there is a lack of alternatives to fight against this viral disease, making it an unmet need. Structurally, CHIKV is composed of five structural proteins (E3, E2, E1, C, and 6k) and four non-structural proteins (nsP1-4), in which nsP2 represents an attractive antiviral target for designing novel inhibitors since it has an essential role in the virus replication and transcription. Herein, we used a rational drug design strategy to select some acrylamide derivatives to be synthesized and evaluated against CHIKV nsP2 and also screened on CHIKV-infected cells. Thus, two regions of modifications were considered for these types of inhibitors, based on a previous study of our group, generating 1560 possible inhibitors. Then, the 24 most promising ones were synthesized and screened by using a FRET-based enzymatic assay protocol targeting CHIKV nsP2, identifying LQM330, 333, 336, and 338 as the most potent inhibitors, with Ki values of 48.6 ± 2.8, 92.3 ± 1.4, 2.3 ± 1.5, and 181.8 ± 2.5 μM, respectively. Still, their Km and Vmax kinetic parameters were also determined, along with their competitive binding modes of CHIKV nsP2 inhibition. Then, ITC analyses revealed KD values of 127, 159, 198, and 218 μM for LQM330, 333, 336, and 338, respectively. Also, their ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG physicochemical parameters were determined. MD simulations demonstrated that these inhibitors present a stable binding mode with nsP2, interacting with important residues of this protease, according to docking analyzes. Moreover, MM/PBSA calculations displayed that van der Waals interactions are mainly responsible for stabilizing the inhibitor-nsP2 complex, and their binding energies corroborated with their Ki values, having -198.7 ± 15.68, -124.8 ± 17.27, -247.4 ± 23.78, and -100.6 ± 19.21 kcal/mol for LQM330, 333, 336, and 338, respectively. Since Sindbis (SINV) nsP2 is similar to CHIKV nsP2, these best inhibitors were screened against SINV-infected cells, and it was verified that LQM330 presented the best result, with an EC50 value of 0.95 ± 0.09 μM. Even at 50 μM concentration, LQM338 was found to be cytotoxic on Vero cells after 48 h. Then, LQM330, 333, and 336 were evaluated against CHIKV-infected cells in antiviral assays, in which LQM330 was found to be the most promising antiviral candidate in this study, exhibiting an EC50 value of 5.2 ± 0.52 μM and SI of 31.78. The intracellular flow cytometry demonstrated that LQM330 is able to reduce the CHIKV cytopathogenic effect on cells, and also reduce the percentage of CHIKV-positive cells from 66.1% ± 7.05 to 35.8% ± 5.78 at 50 μM concentration. Finally, qPCR studies demonstrated that LQM330 was capable of reducing the number of viral RNA copies/μL, suggesting that CHIKV nsP2 is targeted by this inhibitor as its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gois de Souza
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gabriel Gomes Vilela
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Felipe Silva Passos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Johnnatan Duarte de Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Maceió Campus, Mizael Domingues Street, 57020-600, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Lobo Coelho
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Júlia de Andrade Brandão
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Leticia Anderson
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil; CESMAC University Center, 57051-160, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - João Xavier de Araújo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil; Biological and Molecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
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Varikkodan MM, Kunnathodi F, Azmi S, Wu TY. An Overview of Indian Biomedical Research on the Chikungunya Virus with Particular Reference to Its Vaccine, an Unmet Medical Need. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1102. [PMID: 37376491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious agent spread by mosquitos, that has engendered endemic or epidemic outbreaks of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Africa, South-East Asia, America, and a few European countries. Like most tropical infections, CHIKV is frequently misdiagnosed, underreported, and underestimated; it primarily affects areas with limited resources, like developing nations. Due to its high transmission rate and lack of a preventive vaccine or effective treatments, this virus poses a serious threat to humanity. After a 32-year hiatus, CHIKV reemerged as the most significant epidemic ever reported, in India in 2006. Since then, CHIKV-related research was begun in India, and up to now, more than 800 peer-reviewed research papers have been published by Indian researchers and medical practitioners. This review gives an overview of the outbreak history and CHIKV-related research in India, to favor novel high-quality research works intending to promote effective treatment and preventive strategies, including vaccine development, against CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Faisal Kunnathodi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfuddin Azmi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
- R&D Center of Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
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Sagna A, Nair RVR, Hulyalkar N, Rajasekharan S, Nair VTG, Sivakumar KC, Suja SR, Baby S, Sreekumar E. Ethyl palmitate, an anti-chikungunya virus principle from Sauropus androgynus, a medicinal plant used to alleviate fever in ethnomedicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 309:116366. [PMID: 36914036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sauropus androgynus is a medicinal shrub used for the treatment of fever in ethnomedical traditions in various Southeast Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to identify antiviral principles from S. androgynus against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a major mosquito-borne pathogen that re-emerged in the last decade, and to unravel their mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydroalcoholic extract of S. androgynus leaves was screened for anti-CHIKV activity using cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The extract was subjected to activity guided isolation and the resultant pure molecule was characterized by GC-MS, Co-GC and Co-HPTLC. The isolated molecule was further evaluated for its effect by plaque reduction assay, Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. In silico docking with CHIKV envelope proteins and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) analyses were used to elucidate its possible mechanism of action. RESULTS S. androgynus hydroalcoholic extract showed promising anti-CHIKV activity and its active component, obtained by activity guided isolation, was identified as ethyl palmitate (EP), a fatty acid ester. At 1 μg/mL, EP led to 100% inhibition of CPE and a significant 3 log10 reduction in CHIKV replication in Vero cells at 48 h post-infection. EP was highly potent with an EC50 of 0.0019 μg/mL (0.0068 μM) and a very high selectivity index. EP treatment significantly reduced viral protein expression, and time of addition studies revealed that it acts at the stage of viral entry. A strong binding to the viral envelope protein E1 homotrimer during entry, thus preventing viral fusion, was identified as a possible mechanism by which EP imparts its antiviral effect. CONCLUSIONS S. androgynus contains EP as a potent antiviral principle against CHIKV. This justifies the use of the plant against febrile infections, possibly caused by viruses, in various ethnomedical systems. Our results also prompt more studies on fatty acids and their derivatives against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sagna
- Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695562, Kerala, India.
| | - Reshma V R Nair
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695562, Kerala, India.
| | - Neha Hulyalkar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.
| | - S Rajasekharan
- Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695562, Kerala, India.
| | - Vinodkumar T G Nair
- Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695562, Kerala, India.
| | - K C Sivakumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.
| | - S R Suja
- Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695562, Kerala, India.
| | - Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695562, Kerala, India.
| | - Easwaran Sreekumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India; Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Bio360 Life Sciences Park, Thonnakkal P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, 695317, Kerala, India.
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Anyamele T, Onwuegbuchu PN, Ugbogu EA, Ibe C. Phytochemical composition, bioactive properties, and toxicological profile of Tetrapleura tetraptera. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106288. [PMID: 36470194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants has gained renewed wide popularity in Africa, Asia, and most parts of the world because of the decreasing efficacy of synthetic drugs. Thus, natural products serve as a potent source of alternative remedy. Tetrapleura tetraptera is a medicinal plant with cultural and traditional significance in West Africa. In addition to the plant being commonly used as a spice in the preparation of traditional spicy food for postpartum care it is also widely used to constitute herbal concoctions and decoctions for treatment of diseases. This review aimed to provide an up-to-date information on the ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities and phytoconstituents of T. tetraptera. Preclinical studies regarding the plant's toxicity profile were also reviewed. For this updated review, literature search was done on PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, and Google Scholar databases using the relevant keywords. The review used a total of 106 papers that met the inclusion criteria from January 1989 - February 2022 and summarised the bioactivities that have been reported for the rich phytoconstituents of T. tetraptera studied using various chemical methods. Considering the huge report, the review focused on the antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities of the plant extracts and isolated compounds. Aridan, aridanin and several bioactive compounds of T. tetraptera have shown pharmacological activities though their mechanisms of action are yet to be fully understood. This study also highlighted the influence of plant parts and extraction solvents on its biological activities. It also presented data on the toxicological profile of the plant extracts using different models. From cultural uses to modern pharmacological research the bioactive compounds of T. tetraptera have proved effective in infectious disease management. We hope that this paper provided a robust summary of the biological activities and toxicological profile of T. tetraptera, thus calling for more research into the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic activities of natural products to help combat the growing threat of drug resistance and provide guidelines for their ethnomedicinal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThankGod Anyamele
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
| | | | - Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
| | - Chibuike Ibe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.
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Karaytuğ MO, Balcı N, Türkan F, Gürbüz M, Demirkol ME, Namlı Z, Tamam L, Gülçin İ. Piperazine derivatives with potent drug moiety as efficient acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23259. [PMID: 36419212 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterases catalyze the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), a naturally occurring neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid, allowing the nervous system to function properly. In the human body, cholinesterases come in two types, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C.3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; E.C.3.1.1.8). Both cholinergic enzyme inhibitors are essential in the biochemical processes of the human body, notably in the brain. On the other hand, GSTs are found all across nature and are the principal Phase II detoxifying enzymes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Specific isozymes are identified as therapeutic targets because they are overexpressed in various malignancies and may have a role in the genesis of other diseases such as neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and especially cancer cell. Piperazine chemicals have a role in many biological processes and have fascinating pharmacological properties. As a result, therapeutically effective piperazine research is becoming more prominent. Half maximal inhibition concentrations (IC50 ) of piperazine derivatives were found in ranging of 4.59-6.48 µM for AChE, 4.85-8.35 µM for BChE, and 3.94-8.66 µM for GST. Also, piperazine derivatives exhibited Ki values of 8.04 ± 5.73-61.94 ± 54.56, 0.24 ± 0.03-32.14 ± 16.20, and 7.73 ± 1.13-22.97 ± 9.10 µM toward AChE, BChE, and GST, respectively. Consequently, the inhibitory properties of the AChE/BChE and GST enzymes have been compared to Tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and Etacrynic acid (for GST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Onur Karaytuğ
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gürbüz
- St. Elisabeth KrankenhausKlinik Fur Psychiatrie Und, Psychotherapie, Hattingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Emin Demirkol
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Namlı
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Lut Tamam
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Skidmore AM, Bradfute SB. The life cycle of the alphaviruses: From an antiviral perspective. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105476. [PMID: 36436722 PMCID: PMC9840710 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The alphaviruses are a widely distributed group of positive-sense, single stranded, RNA viruses. These viruses are largely arthropod-borne and can be found on all populated continents. These viruses cause significant human disease, and recently have begun to spread into new populations, such as the expansion of Chikungunya virus into southern Europe and the Caribbean, where it has established itself as endemic. The study of alphaviruses is an active and expanding field, due to their impacts on human health, their effects on agriculture, and the threat that some pose as potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism. In this systematic review we will summarize both historic knowledge in the field as well as recently published data that has potential to shift current theories in how alphaviruses are able to function. This review is comprehensive, covering all parts of the alphaviral life cycle as well as a brief overview of their pathology and the current state of research in regards to vaccines and therapeutics for alphaviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Skidmore
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, IDTC Room 3245, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, IDTC Room 3330A, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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11
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Rani R, Long S, Pareek A, Dhaka P, Singh A, Kumar P, McInerney G, Tomar S. Multi-target direct-acting SARS-CoV-2 antivirals against the nucleotide-binding pockets of virus-specific proteins. Virology 2022; 577:1-15. [PMID: 36244310 PMCID: PMC9539459 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding pockets (NBPs) in virus-specific proteins have proven to be the most successful antiviral targets for several viral diseases. Functionally important NBPs are found in various structural and non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, the first successful multi-targeting attempt to identify effective antivirals has been made against NBPs in nsp12, nsp13, nsp14, nsp15, nsp16, and nucleocapsid (N) proteins of SARS-CoV-2. A structure-based drug repurposing in silico screening approach with ADME analysis identified small molecules targeting NBPs in SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Further, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments validated the binding of top hit molecules to the purified N-protein. Importantly, cell-based antiviral assays revealed antiviral potency for INCB28060, darglitazone, and columbianadin with EC50 values 15.71 μM, 5.36 μM, and 22.52 μM, respectively. These effective antivirals targeting multiple proteins are envisioned to direct the development of antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Siwen Long
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akshay Pareek
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Preeti Dhaka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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Pareek A, Kumar R, Mudgal R, Neetu N, Sharma M, Kumar P, Tomar S. Alphavirus antivirals targeting RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase domain of nsP4 divulged using surface plasmon resonance. FEBS J 2022; 289:4901-4924. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Pareek
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
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13
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Al-Ghorbani M, Gouda MA, Baashen M, Alharbi O, Almalki FA, Ranganatha LV. Piperazine Heterocycles as Potential Anticancer Agents: A Review. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Savita BK, Dalal V, Choudhary S, Gupta DN, Das N, Tomar S, Kumar P, Roy P, Sharma AK. Characterization of recombinant pumpkin 2S albumin and mutation studies to unravel potential DNA/RNA binding site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 580:28-34. [PMID: 34610489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The native pumpkin 2S albumin, a multifunctional protein, possess a variety of potential biotechnologically exploitable properties. The present study reports the characterization of recombinant pumpkin 2S albumin (rP2SA) and unraveling of its potential DNA/RNA binding site. The purification and characterization of the rP2SA established that it retains the characteristic α-helical structure and exhibited comparable DNase, RNase, antifungal and anti-proliferative activities as native protein. In vitro studies revealed that rP2SA exhibits potent antiviral activity against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) at a non-toxic concentration with an IC50 of 114.5 μg/mL. In silico studies and site-directed mutagenesis were employed to unravel the potential DNA/RNA binding site. A strong positive charge distribution due to presence of many arginine residues in proximity of helix 5 was identified as a potential site. The two of the arginine residues, conserved in some 2S albumins, were selected for the mutation studies. The mutated forms of recombinant protein (R84A and R91A) showed a drastic reduction in DNase and RNase activities suggesting their presence at binding site and involvement in the nuclease activity. A metal binding site was also identified adjacent to DNA/RNA binding site. The present study demonstrated the structural and functional integrity of the rP2SA and reports potential antiviral activity against CHIKV. Further, potential DNA/RNA binding site was unraveled through mutation studies and bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh Kumar Savita
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Vikram Dalal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Deena Nath Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Neeladrisingha Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India.
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High throughput screening identifies inhibitors for parvovirus B19 infection of human erythroid progenitor cells. J Virol 2021; 96:e0132621. [PMID: 34669461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01326-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection can cause hematological disorders and fetal hydrops during pregnancy. Currently, no antivirals or vaccines are available for the treatment or the prevention of B19V infection. To identify novel small-molecule antivirals against B19V replication, we developed a high throughput screening assay, which is based on an in vitro nicking assay using recombinant N-terminal 1-176 amino acids of the viral large nonstructural protein (NS1N) and a fluorescently labeled DNA probe (OriQ) that spans the nicking site of the viral DNA replication origin. We collectively screened 17,040 compounds and identified 2,178 (12.78%) hits that possess >10% inhibition of the NS1 nicking activity, among which 84 hits were confirmed to inhibit nicking in a dose-dependent manner. Using ex vivo expanded primary human erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) infected by B19V, we validated 24 compounds demonstrated >50% in vivo inhibition of B19V infection at 10 μM, which can be categorized into 7 structure scaffolds. Based on the therapeutic index [half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50)/half maximal effective concentration (EC50)] in EPCs, the top 4 compounds were chosen to examine their inhibitions of B19V infection in EPCs at two times of the 90% maximal effective concentration (EC90). A purine derivative (P7), demonstrated an antiviral effect (EC50=1.46 μM) without prominent cytotoxicity (CC50=71.8 μM) in EPCs, exhibited 92% inhibition of B19V infection in EPCs at 3.32 μM, which can be used as the lead compound in future studies for the treatment of B19V infection caused hematological disorders. Importance B19V encodes a large non-structural protein NS1. Its N-terminal domain (NS1N) consisting of 1-176 amino acids binds to viral DNA and serves as an endonuclease to nick the viral DNA replication origins, which is a pivotal step in rolling hairpin-dependent B19V DNA replication. For high throughput screening (HTS) of anti-B19V antivirals, we miniaturized a fluorescence-based in vitro nicking assay, which employs a fluorophore-labeled probe spanning the trs and the NS1N protein, into a 384-well plate format. The HTS assay showed a high reliability and capability in screening 17,040 compounds. Based on the therapeutic index [half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50)/half maximal effective concentration (EC50)] in EPCs, a purine derivative demonstrated an antiviral effect of 92% inhibition of B19V infection in EPCs at 3.32 μM (two times EC90). Our study demonstrated a robust HTS assay for screening antivirals against B19V infection.
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Battisti V, Urban E, Langer T. Antivirals against the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1307. [PMID: 34372513 PMCID: PMC8310245 DOI: 10.3390/v13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has re-emerged in recent decades, causing large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterised by severe joint pain and myalgia. As many patients develop a painful chronic stage and neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available, the development of a potent CHIKV inhibiting drug is crucial for CHIKF treatment. A comprehensive summary of current antiviral research and development of small-molecule inhibitor against CHIKV is presented in this review. We highlight different approaches used for the identification of such compounds and further discuss the identification and application of promising viral and host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.B.); (E.U.)
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Choudhary S, Neetu N, Singh VA, Kumar P, Chaudhary M, Tomar S. Chikungunya virus titration, detection and diagnosis using N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) specific lectin based virus capture assay. Virus Res 2021; 302:198493. [PMID: 34175343 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Re-emergence and global expansion of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from Africa to Indian Subcontinent in 2013, has significantly resulted in chronic morbidities in infected individuals. The burden of CHIKV on human population is still uncertain, owing to lack of vaccine and underdiagnosis. Due to the absence of vaccine or antiviral therapeutics, timely diagnosis and detection of CHIKV is vital for minimizing virus transmission. Commercially available diagnostic and titration kits relies on the traditional methods such as real-time PCR (RT-PCR), serodiagnostic assays, and plaque assay, which are expensive, time-consuming and technically challenging. To overcome these limitations and to increase the diagnostic coverage of CHIKV infections, a rapid and economical antigen capture assay has been developed in this study for serological diagnosis of CHIKV, using tamarind chitinase (chi)-like lectin (TCLL). TCLL extracted and purified from tamarind seeds (Tamarindus indica), has been reported recently to bind to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) containing glycan on the envelope protein of virus. Evaluation of antigen capture assay for serological diagnosis of CHIKV signified that the developed assay is able to detect CHIKV in both laboratory and clinical samples efficiently. Furthermore, a standard graph using different concentrations of CHIKV has been established using samples with known virus titer, to assist in quantification of viral load in a given sample. The feasibility of antigen capture assay for broad-spectrum diagnosis of alphaviral infections was evaluated using Sindbis virus (SINV) belonging to the same alphavirus genus, and the results obtained were in agreement with those of CHIKV. In summary, the developed glycan-based virus capture assay can be potentially applied as point-of-care routine diagnostic and titration assay for CHIKV as well for other re-emerging alphaviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Madhulika Chaudhary
- Hi Tech Pathology Laboratory, Dehradun Road, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Dos Santos Nascimento IJ, de Aquino TM, da Silva-Júnior EF. Drug Repurposing: A Strategy for Discovering Inhibitors against Emerging Viral Infections. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2887-2942. [PMID: 32787752 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200812215852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral diseases are responsible for several deaths around the world. Over the past few years, the world has seen several outbreaks caused by viral diseases that, for a long time, seemed to possess no risk. These are diseases that have been forgotten for a long time and, until nowadays, there are no approved drugs or vaccines, leading the pharmaceutical industry and several research groups to run out of time in the search for new pharmacological treatments or prevention methods. In this context, drug repurposing proves to be a fast and economically viable technique, considering the fact that it uses drugs that have a well-established safety profile. Thus, in this review, we present the main advances in drug repurposing and their benefit for searching new treatments against emerging viral diseases. METHODS We conducted a search in the bibliographic databases (Science Direct, Bentham Science, PubMed, Springer, ACS Publisher, Wiley, and NIH's COVID-19 Portfolio) using the keywords "drug repurposing", "emerging viral infections" and each of the diseases reported here (CoV; ZIKV; DENV; CHIKV; EBOV and MARV) as an inclusion/exclusion criterion. A subjective analysis was performed regarding the quality of the works for inclusion in this manuscript. Thus, the selected works were those that presented drugs repositioned against the emerging viral diseases presented here by means of computational, high-throughput screening or phenotype-based strategies, with no time limit and of relevant scientific value. RESULTS 291 papers were selected, 24 of which were CHIKV; 52 for ZIKV; 43 for DENV; 35 for EBOV; 10 for MARV; and 56 for CoV and the rest (72 papers) related to the drugs repurposing and emerging viral diseases. Among CoV-related articles, most were published in 2020 (31 papers), updating the current topic. Besides, between the years 2003 - 2005, 10 articles were created, and from 2011 - 2015, there were 7 articles, portraying the outbreaks that occurred at that time. For ZIKV, similar to CoV, most publications were during the period of outbreaks between the years 2016 - 2017 (23 articles). Similarly, most CHIKV (13 papers) and DENV (14 papers) publications occur at the same time interval. For EBOV (13 papers) and MARV (4 papers), they were between the years 2015 - 2016. Through this review, several drugs were highlighted that can be evolved in vivo and clinical trials as possible used against these pathogens showed that remdesivir represent potential treatments against CoV. Furthermore, ribavirin may also be a potential treatment against CHIKV; sofosbuvir against ZIKV; celgosivir against DENV, and favipiravir against EBOV and MARV, representing new hopes against these pathogens. CONCLUSION The conclusions of this review manuscript show the potential of the drug repurposing strategy in the discovery of new pharmaceutical products, as from this approach, drugs could be used against emerging viral diseases. Thus, this strategy deserves more attention among research groups and is a promising approach to the discovery of new drugs against emerging viral diseases and also other diseases.
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Kumar R, Nehul S, Singh A, Tomar S. Identification and evaluation of antiviral potential of thymoquinone, a natural compound targeting Chikungunya virus capsid protein. Virology 2021; 561:36-46. [PMID: 34146962 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Capsid protein (CP) of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a multifunctional protein with a conserved hydrophobic pocket that plays a crucial role in the capsid assembly and virus budding process. This study demonstrates antiviral activity of thymoquinone (TQ), a natural compound targeting the hydrophobic pocket of CP. The binding of TQ to the hydrophobic pocket of CHIKV CP was analysed by structure-based molecular docking, isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding constant KD obtained for TQ was 27 μM. Additionally, cell-based antiviral studies showed that TQ diminished CHIKV replication with an EC50 value 4.478 μM. Reduction in viral RNA copy number and viral replication as assessed by the qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence assay, confirmed the antiviral potential of TQ. Our study reveals that TQ is an effective antiviral targeting the hydrophobic pocket of CHIKV CP and may serve as the basis for development of a broad-spectrum therapy against alphaviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanketkumar Nehul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Khezami K, Harmandar K, Bağda E, Bağda E, Şahin G, Karakodak N, Durmuş M. BSA/DNA binding behavior and the photophysicochemical properties of novel water soluble zinc(II)phthalocyanines directly substituted with piperazine groups. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:455-465. [PMID: 33944997 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the current research, two novel zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) (1 and 2) directly connecting with 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl groups have been synthesized through the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. These ZnPcs 1 and 2 were converted to their water-soluble derivatives (1Q and 2Q) by quaternization. The photochemical and photophysical properties were determined in DMSO for the non-ionic zinc(II) phthalocyanines (1 and 2) and in both DMSO and aqueous solutions for the quaternized cationic derivatives (1Q and 2Q) to establish their photosensitizer capabilities in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric techniques were employed for the determination of interaction between water-soluble ZnPcs (1Q and 2Q) and BSA or ct-DNA. The binding constants of these compounds to BSA were found in the order of 108 M-1. The binding constant of the ct-DNA interaction with 2Q (1.09 × 105 M-1) was found higher than 1Q (6.87 × 104 M-1). The thermodynamic constants were determined for both 1Q and 2Q. The endothermic and spontaneous nature of interaction was observed with ct-DNA. Besides, the thermal denaturation and viscosity studies proved the non-intercalative mode of binding for both compounds to ct-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Khezami
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Faculty of Science of Bizert, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Kevser Harmandar
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Esra Bağda
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Efkan Bağda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gamze Şahin
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Karakodak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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21
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Sharma PP, Kumar S, Kaushik K, Singh A, Singh IK, Grishina M, Pandey KC, Singh P, Potemkin V, Poonam, Singh G, Rathi B. In silico validation of novel inhibitors of malarial aspartyl protease, plasmepsin V and antimalarial efficacy prediction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8352-8364. [PMID: 33870856 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1911855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmepsin V (Plm V) is an essential aspartic protease required for survival of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Plm V is required for cleaving the PEXEL motifs of many Pf proteins and its inhibition leads to a knockout effect, indicating its suitability as potential drug target. To decipher new inhibitors of PfPlm V, molecular docking of four HIV-1 protease inhibitors active against PfPlmV was performed on Glide module of Schrödinger suite that supported saquinavir as a lead drug, and therefore, selected as a control. Saquinavir contains an important hydroxyethylamine (HEA) pharmacophore, which was utilized as backbone coupled with piperazine scaffold to build new library of compounds. Newly designed HEA compounds were screened virtually against Plm V. Molecular docking led to a few hits (1 and 3) with higher docking score over the control drug. Notably, compound 1 showed the highest docking score (-11.90 kcal/mol) and XP Gscore (-11.948 kcal/mol). The Prime MMGBSA binding free energy for compound 1 (-60.88 kcal/mol) and 3 (-50.96 kcal/mol) was higher than saquinavir (-37.51 kcal/mol). The binding free energy for the last frame of molecular dynamic simulation supported compound 1 (-92.88 kcal/mol) as potent inhibitor of PfPlm V over saquinavir (-72.77 kcal/mol), and thus, deserves experimental validations in culture and subsequently in animal models.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram, University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India.,Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kumar Kaushik
- Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety, Fire Chemistry Group, Delhi, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Indrakant K Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab., Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, South Ural State University, Russia
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vladimir Potemkin
- Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, South Ural State University, Russia
| | - Poonam
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram, University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, South Ural State University, Russia
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22
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Arthritogenic Alphavirus Capsid Protein. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030230. [PMID: 33799673 PMCID: PMC7999773 DOI: 10.3390/life11030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades Old World and arthritogenic alphavirus have been responsible for epidemics of polyarthritis, causing high morbidity and becoming a major public health concern. The multifunctional arthritogenic alphavirus capsid protein is crucial for viral infection. Capsid protein has roles in genome encapsulation, budding and virion assembly. Its role in multiple infection processes makes capsid protein an attractive target to exploit in combating alphaviral infection. In this review, we summarize the function of arthritogenic alphavirus capsid protein, and describe studies that have used capsid protein to develop novel arthritogenic alphavirus therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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23
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Meena MK, Kumar D, Jayaraj A, Kumar A, Kumari K, Katata-Seru LM, Bahadur I, Kumar V, Sherawat A, Singh P. Designed thiazolidines: an arsenal for the inhibition of nsP3 of CHIKV using molecular docking and MD simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1607-1616. [PMID: 33073705 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1832918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - L. M. Katata-Seru
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Indra Bahadur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Vinod Kumar
- SCNS, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Sherawat
- Department of Chemistry, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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24
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Choudhary S, Kumar R, Dalal U, Tomar S, Reddy SN. Green synthesis of nanometal impregnated biomass – antiviral potential. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses that can cause serious human illnesses such as polyarthritis and encephalitis. Despite their widespread distribution and medical importance, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals to combat alphavirus infections. Berberine chloride (BBC) is a pan-alphavirus inhibitor that was previously identified in a replicon-based small-molecule screen. This work showed that BBC inhibits alphavirus replication but also suggested that BBC might have additional effects later in the viral life cycle. Here, we show that BBC has late effects that target the virus nucleocapsid (NC) core. Infected cells treated with BBC late in infection were unable to form stable cytoplasmic NCs or assembly intermediates, as assayed by gradient sedimentation. In vitro studies with recombinant capsid protein (Cp) and purified genomic RNA (gRNA) showed that BBC perturbs core-like particle formation and potentially traps the assembly process in intermediate states. Particles produced from BBC-treated cells were less infectious, despite efficient particle production and only minor decreases in genome packaging. In addition, BBC treatment of free virus particles strongly decreased alphavirus infectivity. In contrast, the infectivity of the negative-sense RNA virus vesicular stomatitis virus was resistant to BBC treatment of infected cells or free virus. Together, our data indicate that BBC alters alphavirus Cp-gRNA interactions and oligomerization and suggest that this may cause defects in NC assembly and in disassembly during subsequent virus entry. Thus, BBC may be considered a novel alphavirus NC assembly inhibitor.IMPORTANCE The alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an example of an emerging human pathogen with increased and rapid global spread. Although an acute CHIKV infection is rarely fatal, many patients suffer from debilitating chronic arthralgia for years. Antivirals against chikungunya and other alphaviruses have been identified in vitro, but to date none have been shown to be efficacious and have been licensed for human use. Here, we investigated a small molecule, berberine chloride (BBC), and showed that it inhibited infectious virus production by several alphaviruses including CHIKV. BBC acted on a late step in the alphavirus exit pathway, namely the formation of the nucleocapsid containing the infectious viral RNA. Better understanding of nucleocapsid formation and its inhibition by BBC will provide important information on the mechanisms of infectious alphavirus production and may enable their future targeting in antiviral strategies.
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26
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Fatma B, Kumar R, Singh VA, Nehul S, Sharma R, Kesari P, Kuhn RJ, Tomar S. Alphavirus capsid protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for Chikungunya infection. Antiviral Res 2020; 179:104808. [PMID: 32380148 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus and currently, no antiviral drug is available to combat it. Capsid protein (CP) of alphaviruses present at the N-terminus of the structural polyprotein possesses auto-proteolytic activity which is essential for initiating the structural polyprotein processing. We are reporting for the first time antiviral molecules targeting capsid proteolytic activity. Structure-assisted drug-repositioning identified three molecules: P1,P4-Di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (AP4), Eptifibatide acetate (EAC) and Paromomycin sulphate (PSU) as potential capsid protease inhibitors. A FRET-based proteolytic assay confirmed anti-proteolytic activity of these molecules. Additionally, in vitro cell-based antiviral studies showed that EAC, AP4, and PSU drastically stifled CHIKV at the post-entry step with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 4.01 μM, 10.66 μM and 22.91 μM; respectively. Interestingly, the inhibitors had no adverse effect on viral RNA synthesis and treatment of cells with inhibitors diminished levels of CP in virus-infected cells, which confirmed inhibition of capsid auto-proteolytic activity. In conclusion, the discovery of antiviral molecules targeting capsid protease demystifies the alphavirus capsid protease as a potential target for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benazir Fatma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanketkumar Nehul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja Kesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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27
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Abstract
Introduction: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging human arthropod borne virus, can causes global epidemic outbreaks and has become a serious health concern due to the unavailability of any antiviral therapy/vaccine. Extensive research has been conducted to target different proteins from CHIKV to curtail the spread of virus.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the granted patents including the current status of antiviral strategies targeting CHIKV.Expert opinion: Under the current scenario, potential molecules and different approaches have been utilized to suppress CHIKV infection. MV-CHIKV and VRC-CHKVLP059-00-VP vaccine candidates have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and ribavirin (inhibitor) has shown significant inhibition of CHIKV replication and could be the most promising candidates. The drug resistance and toxicity can be modulated by using the inhibitors/drugs in combination. Moreover, nanoparticle formulations can improve the efficacy and bioavailability of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ghildiyal
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, U P, India
| | - Reema Gabrani
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, U P, India
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28
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Rabelo VWH, Paixão ICNDP, Abreu PA. Targeting Chikungunya virus by computational approaches: from viral biology to the development of therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:63-78. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1712362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
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29
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Understanding Flavivirus Capsid Protein Functions: The Tip of the Iceberg. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010042. [PMID: 31948047 PMCID: PMC7168633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA arboviruses, infectious to humans and many other animals and are transmitted primarily via tick or mosquito vectors. Capsid is the primary structural protein to interact with viral genome within virus particles and is therefore necessary for efficient packaging. However, in cells, capsid interacts with many proteins and nucleic acids and we are only beginning to understand the broad range of functions of flaviviral capsids. It is known that capsid dimers interact with the membrane of lipid droplets, aiding in both viral packaging and storage of capsid prior to packaging. However, capsid dimers can bind a range of nucleic acid templates in vitro, and likely interact with a range of targets during the flavivirus lifecycle. Capsid may interact with host RNAs, resulting in altered RNA splicing and RNA transcription. Capsid may also bind short interfering-RNAs and has been proposed to sequester these species to protect flaviviruses from the invertebrate siRNA pathways. Capsid can also be found in the nucleolus, where it wreaks havoc on ribosome biogenesis. Here we review flavivirus capsid structure, nucleic acid interactions and how these give rise to multiple functions. We also discuss how these features might be exploited either in the design of effective antivirals or novel vaccine strategies.
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30
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Naikal James Prameela S, Jilla L, Vanguru S. Synthesis of novel piperazine tethered benzocycloheptenone hybrids and their antimicrobial evaluation. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lavanya Jilla
- Department of Chemistry, University College of ScienceOsmania University Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Sowmya Vanguru
- Department of Chemistry, University College of ScienceOsmania University Hyderabad Telangana India
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31
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Tomar S, Mahajan S, Kumar R. Advances in structure-assisted antiviral discovery for animal viral diseases. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149589 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Santos FRS, Nunes DAF, Lima WG, Davyt D, Santos LL, Taranto AG, M. S. Ferreira J. Identification of Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease Inhibitors by Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Drug Repurposing Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 60:731-737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Damiana A. F. Nunes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - William G. Lima
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Danilo Davyt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Luciana L. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São, João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alex G. Taranto
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline M. S. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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33
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Mudgal R, Mahajan S, Tomar S. Inhibition of Chikungunya virus by an adenosine analog targeting the SAM-dependent nsP1 methyltransferase. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:678-694. [PMID: 31623018 PMCID: PMC7164056 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses, including Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), are among the leading causes of recurrent epidemics all over the world. Alphaviral nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) orchestrates the capping of nascent viral RNA via its S-adenosyl methionine-dependent N-7-methyltransferase (MTase) and guanylyltransferase activities. Here, we developed and validated a novel capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based assay for measuring the MTase activity of purified VEEV and CHIKV nsP1. We employed the assay to assess the MTase inhibition efficiency of a few adenosine analogs and identified 5-iodotubercidin (5-IT) as an inhibitor of nsP1. The antiviral potency of 5-IT was evaluated in vitro using a combination of cell-based assays, which suggest that 5-IT is efficacious against CHIKV in cell culture (EC50 : 0.409 µm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
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34
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Malik A, Dalal V, Ankri S, Tomar S. Structural insights into
Entamoeba histolytica
arginase and structure‐based identification of novel non‐amino acid based inhibitors as potential antiamoebic molecules. FEBS J 2019; 286:4135-4155. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Malik
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
| | - Vikram Dalal
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
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35
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Agarwal G, Gupta S, Gabrani R, Gupta A, Chaudhary VK, Gupta V. Virtual screening of inhibitors against Envelope glycoprotein of Chikungunya Virus: a drug repositioning approach. Bioinformation 2019; 15:439-447. [PMID: 31312082 PMCID: PMC6614119 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) a re-emerging mosquito-borne alpha virus causes significant distress which is further accentuated in the lack of specific therapeutics or a preventive vaccine, mandating accelerated research for anti-CHIKV therapeutics. In recent years, drug repositioning has gained recognition for the curative interventions for its cost and time efficacy. CHIKV envelope proteins are considered to be the promising targets for drug discovery because of their essential role in viral attachment and entry in the host cells. In the current study, we propose structure-based virtual screening of drug molecule on the crystal structure of mature Chikungunya envelope protein (PDB 3N41) using a library of FDA approved drug molecules. Several cephalosporin drugs docked successfully within two binding sites prepared at E1-E2 interface of CHIKV envelop protein complex with significantly low binding energies. Cefmenoxime, ceforanide, cefotetan, cefonicid sodium and cefpiramide were identified as top leads with a cumulative score of -67.67, -64.90, -63.78, -61.99, and - 61.77, forming electrostatic, hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds within both the binding sites. These shortlisted leads could be potential inhibitors of E1-E2 hetero dimer in CHIKV, hence might disrupt the integrity of envelope glycoprotein leading to loss of its ability to form mature viral particles and gain entry into the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agarwal
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP 201309, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP 201309, India
| | - Reema Gabrani
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP 201309, India
| | - Amita Gupta
- Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Chaudhary
- Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC), Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
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36
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Bhat SM, Mudgal PP, N S, Arunkumar G. Spectrum of candidate molecules against Chikungunya virus - an insight into the antiviral screening platforms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:243-264. [PMID: 30889372 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1595591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chikungunya disease has undergone a phenomenal transition in its status from being recognized as a sporadic infection to acquiring a global prominence over the last couple of decades. The causative agent behind the explosive epidemics worldwide is the re-emerging pathogen, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Areas covered: The current review discusses all the possible avenues of antiviral research towards combating CHIKV infection. Aspects of antiviral drug discovery such as antiviral targets, candidate molecules screened, and the various criteria to be a potential inhibitor are all discussed at length. Existing antiviral drug screening tools for CHIKV and their applications are thoroughly described. Clinical trial status of agents with therapeutic potential has been updated with special mention of candidate molecules under patent approval. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Google Patent, and Clinical Trial Registry platforms were referred. Expert opinion: The massive outbreaks of Chikungunya viral disease in the recent past and the serious health concerns imposed thereby, have driven the search for effective therapeutics. The greatest challenge being the non-availability of robust, reproducible, cost-effective and biologically accurate assay models. Nevertheless, there is a need to identify good models mimicking the appropriate microenvironment of an infectious setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Madhu Bhat
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Piya Paul Mudgal
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Sudheesh N
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
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Glycan-dependent chikungunya viral infection divulged by antiviral activity of NAG specific chi-like lectin. Virology 2019; 526:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kaur R, Mudgal R, Narwal M, Tomar S. Development of an ELISA assay for screening inhibitors against divalent metal ion dependent alphavirus capping enzyme. Virus Res 2018; 256:209-218. [PMID: 29958924 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alphavirus non-structural protein, nsP1 has a distinct molecular mechanism of capping the viral RNAs than the conventional capping mechanism of host. Thus, alphavirus capping enzyme nsP1 is a potential drug target. nsP1 catalyzes the methylation of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by transferring the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to a GTP molecule at its N7 position with the help of nsP1 methyltransferase (MTase) followed by guanylylation (GT) reaction which involves the formation of m7GMP-nsP1 covalent complex by nsP1 guanylyltransferase (GTase). In subsequent reactions, m7GMP moiety is added to the 5' end of the viral ppRNA by nsP1 GTase resulting in the formation of cap0 structure. In the present study, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP1 MTase and GT reactions were confirmed by an indirect non-radioactive colorimetric assay and western blot assay using an antibody specific for the m7G cap, respectively. The purified recombinant CHIKV nsP1 has been used for the development of a rapid and sensitive non-radioactive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify the inhibitors of CHIKV nsP1. The MTase reaction is followed by GT reaction and resulted in m7GMP-nsP1 covalent complex formation. The developed ELISA nsP1 assay measures this m7GMP-nsP1 complex by utilizing anti-m7G cap monoclonal antibody. The mutation of a conserved residue Asp63 to Ala revealed its role in nsP1 enzyme reaction. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was used to determine the presence of magnesium ions (Mg2+) in the purified nsP1 protein. The divalent metal ion selectivity and investigation show preference for Mg2+ ion by CHIKV nsP1. Additionally, using the developed ELISA nsP1 assay, the inhibitory effects of sinefungin, aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and ribavirin were determined and the IC50 values were estimated to be 2.69 μM, 5.72 μM and 1.18 mM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjit Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Manju Narwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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Jain J, Okabayashi T, Kaur N, Nakayama E, Shioda T, Gaind R, Kurosu T, Sunil S. Evaluation of an immunochromatography rapid diagnosis kit for detection of chikungunya virus antigen in India, a dengue-endemic country. Virol J 2018; 15:84. [PMID: 29751761 PMCID: PMC5948817 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are arboviruses that share the same Aedes mosquito vector, and there is much overlap in endemic areas. In India, co-infection with both viruses is often reported. Clinical manifestations of Chikungunya fever is often confused with dengue fever because clinical symptoms of both infections are similar. It is, therefore, difficult to differentiate from those of other febrile illnesses, especially dengue fever. We previously developed a CHIKV antigen detection immunochromatography (IC) rapid diagnosis kit [1]. The current study examined the efficacy of previously mentioned IC kit in India, a dengue-endemic country. Methods Sera from 104 CHIKV-positive (by qRT-PCR) and/or IgM-positive (ELISA) subjects collected in 2016, were examined. Fifteen samples from individuals with CHIKV-negative/DENV-positive and 4 samples from healthy individuals were also examined. Of the 104 CHIKV-positive sera, 20 were co-infected with DENV. Results The sensitivity, specificity and overall agreement of the IC assay were 93.7, 95.5 and 94.3%, respectively, using qRT-PCR as a gold standard. Also, there was a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between the IC kit device score and the CHIKV RNA copy number. The IC kit detected CHIKV antigen even in DENV-co-infected patient sera and did not cross-react with DENV NS1-positive/CHIKV-negative samples. Conclusions The results suggest that the IC kit is useful for rapid diagnosis of CHIKV in endemic areas in which both CHIKV and DENV are circulating. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1000-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Jain
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Musashimurayama, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Musashimurayama, Japan.,Mahidol Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka University, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Navjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Emi Nakayama
- Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka University, Musashimurayama, Japan.,Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rajni Gaind
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen Musashimurayama, Musashimurayama, Japan.
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Sharma R, Kesari P, Kumar P, Tomar S. Structure-function insights into chikungunya virus capsid protein: Small molecules targeting capsid hydrophobic pocket. Virology 2018; 515:223-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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