1
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Jiang N, He Y, Wu J, You Q, Zhang R, Cheng M, Liu B, Cai Y, Lyu R, Wu Z. 6-Thioguanine inhibits severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus through suppression of EGR1. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105916. [PMID: 38777095 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a novel phlebovirus, recently being officially renamed as Dabie bandavirus, and a causative agent for an emerging infectious disease associated with high fatality. Effective therapeutics and vaccines are lacking and disease pathogenesis is yet to be fully elucidated. In our effort to identify new SFTSV inhibitory molecules, 6-Thioguanine (6-TG) was found to potently inhibit SFTSV infection. 6-TG has been widely used as therapeutic agent since the approval of the Food and Drug Administration in the 1960s. In the current study, we showed that 6-TG was a potent inhibitor of SFTSV infection with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 3.465 μM in VeroE6 cells, and 1.848 μM in HUVEC cells. The selectivity index (SI) was >57 in VeroE6 cells and >108 in HUVEC cells, respectively. The SFTSV RNA transcription, protein synthesis, and progeny virions were reduced in a dose dependent manner by the presence of 6-TG in the in vitro infection assay. Further study on the mechanism of the anti-SFTSV activity showed that 6-TG downregulated the production of early growth response gene-1 (EGR1). Using gene silencing and overexpression, we further confirmed that EGR1 was a host restriction factor against SFTSV. Meanwhile, treatment of infected experimental animals with 6-TG inhibited SFTSV infection and alleviated multi-organ dysfunction. In conclusion, we have identified 6-TG as an effective inhibitor of SFTSV replication via the inhibition of EGR1 expression. Further studies are needed to evaluate of 6-TG as a potential therapeutic for treating SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating He
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao You
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ruining Lyu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Abstract
Coronaviral papain-like proteases (PLpros) are essential enzymes that mediate not only the proteolytic processes of viral polyproteins during virus replication, but also the deubiquitination and deISGylation of cellular proteins that attenuate host innate immune responses. Therefore, PLpros are attractive targets for antiviral drug development. Here we report the crystal structure of the papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in complex with ubiquitin (Ub). The X-ray structural analyses reveal that PEDV PLP2 interacts with Ub substrate mainly through the Ub core region and C-terminal tail. Mutations of Ub-interacting residues resulted in moderately or completely abolished deubiquitinylating function of PEDV PLP2. In addition, our analyses also indicate that the two residues-extended blocking loop 2 at the S4 subsite contributes to the substrate selectivity and binding affinity of PEDV PLP2. Furthermore, the PEDV PLP2 Glu99 residue, conserved in alpha-CoV PLpros, was found to govern the preference of a positively charged P4 residue of peptidyl substrates. Collectively, our data provided structure-based information for substrate binding and selectivity of PEDV PLP2. These findings may help us gain insights into the deubiquitinating and proteolytic functions of PEDV PLP2 from a structural perspective. Importance Current challenges in CoVs include a comprehensive understanding of mechanistic effects of associated enzymes, including the 3C-like and papain-like proteases. We have previously reported that the PEDV PLP2 exhibits a broader substrate preference, superior DUB function, and inferior peptidase activity. However, the structure basis for these functions remains largely unclear. Here, we show the high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of PEDV PLP2 in complex with Ub. Integrated structural and biochemical analyses revealed: (i) three Ub-core interacting residues are essential for DUB function, (ii) two-residue-elongated blocking loop 2 regulates substrate selectivity, and (iii) a conserved glutamate residue governs the substrate specificity of PEDV PLP2. Collectively, our findings provide not only the structural insights to the catalytic mechanism of PEDV PLP2 but also a model for developing antiviral strategies.
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3
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Kuzikov M, Costanzi E, Reinshagen J, Esposito F, Vangeel L, Wolf M, Ellinger B, Claussen C, Geisslinger G, Corona A, Iaconis D, Talarico C, Manelfi C, Cannalire R, Rossetti G, Gossen J, Albani S, Musiani F, Herzog K, Ye Y, Giabbai B, Demitri N, Jochmans D, Jonghe SD, Rymenants J, Summa V, Tramontano E, Beccari AR, Leyssen P, Storici P, Neyts J, Gribbon P, Zaliani A. Identification of Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro Enzymatic Activity Using a Small Molecule in Vitro Repurposing Screen. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1096-1110. [PMID: 35287429 PMCID: PMC7986981 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Compound repurposing is an important strategy for the identification of effective treatment options against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CL-Pro), also termed M-Pro, is an attractive drug target as it plays a central role in viral replication by processing the viral polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab at multiple distinct cleavage sites. We here report the results of a repurposing program involving 8.7 K compounds containing marketed drugs, clinical and preclinical candidates, and small molecules regarded as safe in humans. We confirmed previously reported inhibitors of 3CL-Pro and have identified 62 additional compounds with IC50 values below 1 μM and profiled their selectivity toward chymotrypsin and 3CL-Pro from the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus. A subset of eight inhibitors showed anticytopathic effect in a Vero-E6 cell line, and the compounds thioguanosine and MG-132 were analyzed for their predicted binding characteristics to SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro. The X-ray crystal structure of the complex of myricetin and SARS-Cov-2 3CL-Pro was solved at a resolution of 1.77 Å, showing that myricetin is covalently bound to the catalytic Cys145 and therefore inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kuzikov
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Costanzi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jeanette Reinshagen
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Dipartimento
di Scienze della vita e dell’ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS-554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Vangeel
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Wolf
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ellinger
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Claussen
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and
Pharmacology
ITMP, Theodor Stern Kai
7, 60596 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Angela Corona
- Dipartimento
di Scienze della vita e dell’ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS-554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Iaconis
- Dompé
Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Carmine Talarico
- Dompé
Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Candida Manelfi
- Dompé
Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, Via D. Montesano,
49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Institute
of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9)/Institute for Advanced Simulation
(IAS-5) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum
Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Gossen
- Institute
of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9)/Institute for Advanced Simulation
(IAS-5) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum
Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Albani
- Institute
of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9)/Institute for Advanced Simulation
(IAS-5) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum
Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory
of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40216 Bologna, Italy
| | - Katja Herzog
- EU-OPENSCREEN
ERIC, Robert-Rössle-Straße
10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Barbara Giabbai
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Rymenants
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, Via D. Montesano,
49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento
di Scienze della vita e dell’ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS-554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paola Storici
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for
Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Gribbon
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Zaliani
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Kuzikov M, Costanzi E, Reinshagen J, Esposito F, Vangeel L, Wolf M, Ellinger B, Claussen C, Geisslinger G, Corona A, Iaconis D, Talarico C, Manelfi C, Cannalire R, Rossetti G, Gossen J, Albani S, Musiani F, Herzog K, Ye Y, Giabbai B, Demitri N, Jochmans D, Jonghe SD, Rymenants J, Summa V, Tramontano E, Beccari AR, Leyssen P, Storici P, Neyts J, Gribbon P, Zaliani A. Identification of Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro Enzymatic Activity Using a Small Molecule in Vitro Repurposing Screen. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1096-1110. [PMID: 35287429 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.16.422677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Compound repurposing is an important strategy for the identification of effective treatment options against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CL-Pro), also termed M-Pro, is an attractive drug target as it plays a central role in viral replication by processing the viral polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab at multiple distinct cleavage sites. We here report the results of a repurposing program involving 8.7 K compounds containing marketed drugs, clinical and preclinical candidates, and small molecules regarded as safe in humans. We confirmed previously reported inhibitors of 3CL-Pro and have identified 62 additional compounds with IC50 values below 1 μM and profiled their selectivity toward chymotrypsin and 3CL-Pro from the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus. A subset of eight inhibitors showed anticytopathic effect in a Vero-E6 cell line, and the compounds thioguanosine and MG-132 were analyzed for their predicted binding characteristics to SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro. The X-ray crystal structure of the complex of myricetin and SARS-Cov-2 3CL-Pro was solved at a resolution of 1.77 Å, showing that myricetin is covalently bound to the catalytic Cys145 and therefore inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kuzikov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Costanzi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jeanette Reinshagen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS-554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Vangeel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Wolf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ellinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Claussen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Angela Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS-554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Iaconis
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carmine Talarico
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Candida Manelfi
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9)/Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-5) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Gossen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9)/Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-5) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Albani
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9)/Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-5) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40216 Bologna, Italy
| | - Katja Herzog
- EU-OPENSCREEN ERIC, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Barbara Giabbai
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Rymenants
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS-554 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea R Beccari
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paola Storici
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14 - km 163, 5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Gribbon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Zaliani
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Muhseen ZT, Hameed AR, Al-Hasani HMH, Ahmad S, Li G. Computational Determination of Potential Multiprotein Targeting Natural Compounds for Rational Drug Design Against SARS-COV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:674. [PMID: 33525411 PMCID: PMC7865386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 caused the current COVID-19 pandemic and there is an urgent need to explore effective therapeutics that can inhibit enzymes that are imperative in virus reproduction. To this end, we computationally investigated the MPD3 phytochemical database along with the pool of reported natural antiviral compounds with potential to be used as anti-SARS-CoV-2. The docking results demonstrated glycyrrhizin followed by azadirachtanin, mycophenolic acid, kushenol-w and 6-azauridine, as potential candidates. Glycyrrhizin depicted very stable binding mode to the active pocket of the Mpro (binding energy, -8.7 kcal/mol), PLpro (binding energy, -7.9 kcal/mol), and Nucleocapsid (binding energy, -7.9 kcal/mol) enzymes. This compound showed binding with several key residues that are critical to natural substrate binding and functionality to all the receptors. To test docking prediction, the compound with each receptor was subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to characterize the molecule stability and decipher its possible mechanism of binding. Each complex concludes that the receptor dynamics are stable (Mpro (mean RMSD, 0.93 Å), PLpro (mean RMSD, 0.96 Å), and Nucleocapsid (mean RMSD, 3.48 Å)). Moreover, binding free energy analyses such as MMGB/PBSA and WaterSwap were run over selected trajectory snapshots to affirm intermolecular affinity in the complexes. Glycyrrhizin was rescored to form strong affinity complexes with the virus enzymes: Mpro (MMGBSA, -24.42 kcal/mol and MMPBSA, -10.80 kcal/mol), PLpro (MMGBSA, -48.69 kcal/mol and MMPBSA, -38.17 kcal/mol) and Nucleocapsid (MMGBSA, -30.05 kcal/mol and MMPBSA, -25.95 kcal/mol), were dominated mainly by vigorous van der Waals energy. Further affirmation was achieved by WaterSwap absolute binding free energy that concluded all the complexes in good equilibrium and stability (Mpro (mean, -22.44 kcal/mol), PLpro (mean, -25.46 kcal/mol), and Nucleocapsid (mean, -23.30 kcal/mol)). These promising findings substantially advance our understanding of how natural compounds could be shaped to counter SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Tariq Muhseen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Alaa R Hameed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, School of Life Sciences, Dijlah University College, Baghdad 00964, Iraq
| | - Halah M H Al-Hasani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32001, Iraq
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Guanglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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6
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Ghosh S, Malik YS. Drawing Comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 and the Animal Coronaviruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1840. [PMID: 33238451 PMCID: PMC7700164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, has infected 46,182 million people, resulting in 1,197,026 deaths (as of 1 November 2020), with devastating and far-reaching impacts on economies and societies worldwide. The complex origin, extended human-to-human transmission, pathogenesis, host immune responses, and various clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 have presented serious challenges in understanding and combating the pandemic situation. Human CoVs gained attention only after the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002-2003. On the other hand, animal CoVs have been studied extensively for many decades, providing a plethora of important information on their genetic diversity, transmission, tissue tropism and pathology, host immunity, and therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, some of which have striking resemblance to those seen with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the evolution of human CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2, is intermingled with those of animal CoVs. In this comprehensive review, attempts have been made to compare the current knowledge on evolution, transmission, pathogenesis, immunopathology, therapeutics, and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 with those of various animal CoVs. Information on animal CoVs might enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2, and accordingly, benefit the development of effective control and prevention strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
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7
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Petushkova AI, Zamyatnin AA. Papain-Like Proteases as Coronaviral Drug Targets: Current Inhibitors, Opportunities, and Limitations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E277. [PMID: 32998368 PMCID: PMC7601131 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-like proteases (PLpro) of coronaviruses (CoVs) support viral reproduction and suppress the immune response of the host, which makes CoV PLpro perspective pharmaceutical targets. Their inhibition could both prevent viral replication and boost the immune system of the host, leading to the speedy recovery of the patient. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third CoV outbreak in the last 20 years. Frequent mutations of the viral genome likely lead to the emergence of more CoVs. Inhibitors for CoV PLpro can be broad-spectrum and can diminish present and prevent future CoV outbreaks as PLpro from different CoVs have conservative structures. Several inhibitors have been developed to withstand SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). This review summarizes the structural features of CoV PLpro, the inhibitors that have been identified over the last 20 years, and the compounds that have the potential to become novel effective therapeutics against CoVs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia I. Petushkova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
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Structural Basis for Inhibiting Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication with the 3C-Like Protease Inhibitor GC376. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020240. [PMID: 32098094 PMCID: PMC7077318 DOI: 10.3390/v12020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), being highly virulent and contagious in piglets, has caused significant damage to the pork industries of many countries worldwide. There are no commercial drugs targeting coronaviruses (CoVs), and few studies on anti-PEDV inhibitors. The coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro) has a conserved structure and catalytic mechanism and plays a key role during viral polyprotein processing, thus serving as an appealing antiviral drug target. Here, we report the anti-PEDV effect of the broad-spectrum inhibitor GC376 (targeting 3Cpro or 3CLpro of viruses in the picornavirus-like supercluster). GC376 was highly effective against the PEDV 3CLpro and exerted similar inhibitory effects on two PEDV strains. Furthermore, the structure of the PEDV 3CLpro in complex with GC376 was determined at 1.65 Å. We elucidated structural details and analyzed the differences between GC376 binding with the PEDV 3CLpro and GC376 binding with the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) 3CLpro. Finally, we explored the substrate specificity of PEDV 3CLpro at the P2 site and analyzed the effects of Leu group modification in GC376 on inhibiting PEDV infection. This study helps us to understand better the PEDV 3CLpro substrate specificity, providing information on the optimization of GC376 for development as an antiviral therapeutic against coronaviruses.
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