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Gaikwad SY, Tyagi S, Seniya C, More A, Chandane-Tak M, Kumar S, Mukherjee A. A nanoemulsified formulation of dolutegravir and epigallocatechin gallate inhibits HIV-1 replication in cellular models. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38789398 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers promising avenues for enhancing drug delivery systems, particularly in HIV-1 treatment. This study investigates a nanoemulsified formulation combining epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with dolutegravir (DTG) for managing HIV-1 infection. The combinatorial interaction between EGCG and DTG was explored through cellular, enzymatic, and molecular studies. In vitro assays demonstrated the potential of a dual drug-loaded nanoemulsion, NE-DTG-EGCG, in inhibiting HIV-1 replication, with EGCG serving as a supplementary treatment containing DTG. In silico molecular interaction studies highlighted EGCG's multifaceted inhibitory potential against HIV-1 integrase and reverse transcriptase enzymes. Further investigations are needed to validate the formulation's efficacy across diverse contexts. Overall, by integrating nanotechnology into drug delivery systems, this study represents a significant advancement in managing HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Y Gaikwad
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Shivani Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
| | - Chandrabhan Seniya
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, VIT Bhopal University, India
| | - Ashwini More
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | | | - Shobhit Kumar
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, VIT Bhopal University, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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2
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Liao X, Xin J, Yu Z, Yan W, Li C, Cao L, Zhang H, Wang W. Unlocking the antiviral potential of rosmarinic acid against chikungunya virus via IL-17 signaling pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1396279. [PMID: 38800832 PMCID: PMC11127627 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1396279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Chikungunya virus is an Alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family and is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. It causes acute infection characterized by fever, headache, and arthralgia. Some patients also experience persistent chronic osteoarthritis-like symptoms. Dedicated antiviral treatments are currently unavailable for CHIKV. This study aims to explore the potential anti-CHIKV effect of rosmarinic acid using network pharmacology. Methods This study employed network pharmacology to predict and verify the molecular targets and pathways associated with ROSA in the context of CHIKV. The analysis outcomes were further validated using molecular docking and in vitro experiments. Results The analysis of CHIKV targets using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and MCODE identified IL-17 as an important pathogenic pathway in CHIKV infection. Among the 30 targets of ROSA against CHIKV, nearly half were found to be involved in the IL-17 signaling pathway. This suggests that ROSA may help the host in resisting CHIKV invasion by modulating this pathway. Molecular docking validation results showed that ROSA can stably bind to 10 core targets out of the 30 identified targets. In an in vitro CHIKV infection model developed using 293T cells, treatment with 60 μM ROSA significantly improved the survival rate of infected cells, inhibited 50% CHIKV proliferation after CHIKV infection, and reduced the expression of TNF-α in the IL-17 signaling pathway. Conclusion This study provides the first confirmation of the efficacy of ROSA in suppressing CHIKV infection through the IL-17 signaling pathway. The findings warrant further investigation to facilitate the development of ROSA as a potential treatment for CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfei Liao
- Wenzhou Polytechnic, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialiang Xin
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziping Yu
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenghui Li
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Hondo E, Katta T, Sato A, Kadofusa N, Ishibashi T, Shimoda H, Katoh H, Iida A. Antiviral effects of micafungin against pteropine orthoreovirus, an emerging zoonotic virus carried by bats. Virus Res 2024; 339:199248. [PMID: 37858730 PMCID: PMC10665676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Bat-borne emerging zoonotic viruses cause major outbreaks, such as the Ebola virus, Nipah virus, and/or beta coronavirus. Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), whose spillover event occurred from fruits bats to humans, causes respiratory syndrome in humans widely in South East Asia. Repurposing approved drugs against PRV is an effective tool to confront future PRV pandemics. We screened 2,943 compounds in an FDA-approved drug library and identified eight hit compounds that reduce viral cytopathic effects on cultured Vero cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that six of eight hit compounds significantly inhibited PRV replication. Among them, micafungin used clinically as an antifungal drug, displayed a prominent antiviral effect on PRV. Secondly, the antiviral effects of micafungin on PRV infected human cell lines (HEK293T and A549), and their transcriptome changes by PRV infection were investigated, compared to four different bat-derived cell lines (FBKT1 (Ryukyu flying fox), DEMKT1 (Leschenault's rousette), BKT1 (Greater horseshoe bat), YUBFKT1 (Eastern bent-wing bats)). In two human cell lines, unlike bat cells that induce an IFN-γ response pathway, an endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway was commonly activated. Additionally, micafungin inhibits viral release rather than suppressing PRV genome replication in human cells, although it was disturbed in Vero cells. The target of micafungin's action may vary depending on the animal species, but it must be useful for human purposes as a first choice of medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Tetsufumi Katta
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoya Kadofusa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishibashi
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Katoh
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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4
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Lu JW, Huang CK, Chen YC, Lee GC, Ho YJ. Virucidal activity of trehalose 6-monolaurate against dengue virus in vitro. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1699-1708. [PMID: 37688413 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is an acute febrile disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) infection. Over the past 60 years, DENV has spread throughout tropical regions and currently affects more than 50% of the world's population; however, there are as of yet no effective anti-DENV drugs for clinical treatment. A number of research teams have investigated derivatives of glycolipids as possible agents for the inhibition of DENV. Our objective in this research was to study the antiviral effects of trehalose 6-caprate (TMC), trehalose 6-monolaurate (TML), and trehalose 6-monooleate (TMO), based on reports that the corresponding glycosyl, trehalose, reduces the transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV). We also sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition using the RNA isolation and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50 ) assay, and immunofluorescence assay and immunochemistry staining, in vitro. This is the first study to demonstrate the TML-induced inhibition of DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of TML in the pretreated, cotreated, and full-treated groups were confirmed using time of addition assays. We determined that TML restricted viral binding, entry, replication, and release. We also confirmed the efficacy of TML against three clinical isolates of DENV serotypes 1, 3, and 4 (DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4). The findings obtained in this study identify TML as a promising candidate for the development of drugs to treat DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Wei Lu
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/National University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chin-Kai Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pharmacy, Tri-Service General Hospital Penghu Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Magong City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guan-Chiun Lee
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Jung Ho
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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5
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Jin Yang H, Kwon EB, Choi JG, Li W. Sarcodonol A-D from fruiting bodies of Sarcodon imbricatus inhibits HCoV-OC43 induced apoptosis in MRC-5 cells. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106824. [PMID: 37669581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Four new 26-carboxylated ergostane-type sterols (Sarcodonol A-D) were isolated from 70% ethanol extracts of dried fruiting bodies of Sarcodon imbricatus. Their chemical structures were elucidated using 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and confirmed by comparison with previously reported data. As far as we know, this is the first instance of isolating a 26-carboxylated ergostane-type sterol from nature. The determined antiviral efficacy of sarcodonol A-D (1-4) against HCoV-OC43 in MRC-5 cells confirmed that sarcodonol D (4) had significant antiviral activity. Notably, sarcodonol D (4) potently blocked virus infection at low-micromolar concentration and showed high SI (IC50 = 2.26 μM; CC50 > 100 μM; SI > 44.2). In addition, this research shows that the antiviral effect of sarcodonol D (4) via reduced apoptosis increased by viral infection is through mitochondrial stress regulation. This suggests that sarcodonol D (4) is a potential candidate for use as an antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Kwon
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea.
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Nakajima S, Ohashi H, Akazawa D, Torii S, Suzuki R, Fukuhara T, Watashi K. Antiviral Activity of Micafungin and Its Derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020452. [PMID: 36851666 PMCID: PMC9958940 DOI: 10.3390/v15020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinocandin antifungal drugs, including micafungin, anidulafungin, and caspofungin, have been recently reported to exhibit antiviral effects against various viruses such as flavivirus, alphavirus, and coronavirus. In this study, we focused on micafungin and its derivatives and analyzed their antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The micafungin derivatives Mi-2 and Mi-5 showed higher antiviral activity than micafungin, with 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.25 and 6.51 µM, respectively (3.8 to 4.7-fold stronger than micafungin) and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of >64 µM in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. This high anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was also conserved in human lung epithelial cell-derived Calu-3 cells. Micafungin, Mi-2, and Mi-5 were suggested to inhibit the intracellular virus replication process; additionally, these compounds were active against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Delta (AY.122, hCoV-19/Japan/TY11-927/2021), Omicron (BA.1.18, hCoV-19/Japan/TY38-873/2021), a variant resistant to remdesivir (R10/E796G C799F), and a variant resistant to casirivimab/imdevimab antibody cocktail (E406W); thus, our results provide basic evidence for the potential use of micafungin derivatives for developing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakajima
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 19-14 Yamanaka, Noyoricho, Toyohashi-shi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Akazawa
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Correspondence:
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7
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Marena GD, Carvalho GC, Dos Santos Ramos MA, Chorilli M, Bauab TM. Anti-Candida auris activity in vitro and in vivo of micafungin loaded nanoemulsions. Med Mycol 2023; 61:6847217. [PMID: 36427066 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are becoming increasingly resistant, especially the new strains. Therefore, this work developed nanoemulsions (NE) containing micafungin (MICA), in order to improve its action against infections caused by Candida auris. The NEs were composed of the surfactants polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether (Brij 58®)/soy phosphatidylcholine at 10%, sunflower oil/cholesterol at 10%, and 80% PBS. The NEs were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). For the microbiological in vitro evaluation the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), ergosterol/sorbitol, time kill and biofilms tests were performed. Additionally, the antifungal activity was also evaluated in a Galleria mellonella model. The same model was used in order to evaluate acute toxicity. The NE showed a size of ∼ 42.12 nm, a polydispersion index (PDI) of 0.289, and a zeta potential (ZP) of -3.86 mV. NEM had an average size of 41.29 nm, a PDI of 0.259, and a ZP of -4.71 mV. Finally, both nanoemulsions showed good stability in a storage period of 3 months. Although NEM did not show activity in planktonic cells, it exhibited action against biofilm and in the in vivo infection model. In the alternative in vivo model assay, it was possible to observe that both, NEM and free MICA at 0.2 mg/l, was effective against the infection, being that NEM presented a better action. Finally, NEM and free MICA showed no acute toxicity up to 4 mg/l. NEM showed the best activities in in vitro in mature antibiofilm and in alternative in vivo models in G. mellonella. Although, NEs showed to be attractive for MICA transport in the treatment of infections caused by C. auris in vitro and in vivo studies with G. mellonella, further studies should be carried out, in mice, for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Davi Marena
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Matheus Aparecido Dos Santos Ramos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Tais Maria Bauab
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Shen S, Zhang Y, Yin Z, Zhu Q, Zhang J, Wang T, Fang Y, Wu X, Bai Y, Dai S, Liu X, Jin J, Tang S, Liu J, Wang M, Guo Y, Deng F. Antiviral activity and mechanism of the antifungal drug, anidulafungin, suggesting its potential to promote treatment of viral diseases. BMC Med 2022; 20:359. [PMID: 36266654 PMCID: PMC9585728 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome disease (SFTS), caused by the novel tick-borne SFTS virus (SFTSV), was listed among the top 10 priority infectious disease by World Health Organization due to the high fatality rate of 5-30% and the lack of effective antiviral drugs and vaccines and therefore raised the urgent need to develop effective anti-SFTSV drugs to improve disease treatment. METHODS The antiviral drugs to inhibit SFTSV infection were identified by screening the library containing 1340 FDA-approved drugs using the SFTSV infection assays in vitro. The inhibitory effect on virus entry and the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis under different drug doses was evaluated based on infection assays by qRT-PCR to determine intracellular viral copies, by Western blot to characterize viral protein expression in cells, and by immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) to determine virus infection efficiencies. The therapeutic effect was investigated in type I interferon receptor defective A129 mice in vivo with SFTSV infection, from which lesions and infection in tissues caused by SFTSV infection were assessed by H&E staining and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Six drugs were identified as exerting inhibitory effects against SFTSV infection, of which anidulafungin, an antifungal drug of the echinocandin family, has a strong inhibitory effect on SFTSV entry. It suppresses SFTSV internalization by impairing the late endosome maturation and decreasing virus fusion with the membrane. SFTSV-infected A129 mice had relieving symptoms, reduced tissue lesions, and improved disease outcomes following anidulafungin treatment. Moreover, anidulafungin exerts an antiviral effect in inhibiting the entry of other viruses including SARS-CoV-2, SFTSV-related Guertu virus and Heartland virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Zika virus, and Herpes simplex virus 1. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the antifungal drug, anidulafungin, could effectively inhibit virus infection by interfering with virus entry, suggesting it may be utilized for the clinical treatment of infectious viral diseases, in addition to its FDA-approved use as an antifungal. The findings also suggested to further evaluate the anti-viral effects of echinocandins and their clinical importance for patients with infection of viruses, which may promote therapeutic strategies as well as treatments and improve outcomes pertaining to various viral and fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yaxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhiyun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yaohui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan 44#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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9
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Repurposing drugs targeting epidemic viruses. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1874-1894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Gray M, Guerrero-Arguero I, Solis-Leal A, Robison RA, Berges BK, Pickett BE. Chikungunya virus time course infection of human macrophages reveals intracellular signaling pathways relevant to repurposed therapeutics. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13090. [PMID: 35341048 PMCID: PMC8944338 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen, within the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family, that causes ~1.1 million human infections annually. CHIKV uses Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as insect vectors. Human infections can develop arthralgia and myalgia, which results in debilitating pain for weeks, months, and even years after acute infection. No therapeutic treatments or vaccines currently exist for many alphaviruses, including CHIKV. Targeting the phagocytosis of CHIKV by macrophages after mosquito transmission plays an important role in early productive viral infection in humans, and could reduce viral replication and/or symptoms. Methods To better characterize the transcriptional response of macrophages during early infection, we generated RNA-sequencing data from a CHIKV-infected human macrophage cell line at eight or 24 hours post-infection (hpi), together with mock-infected controls. We then calculated differential gene expression, enriched functional annotations, modulated intracellular signaling pathways, and predicted therapeutic drugs from these sequencing data. Results We observed 234 pathways were significantly affected 24 hpi, resulting in six potential pharmaceutical treatments to modulate the affected pathways. A subset of significant pathways at 24 hpi includes AGE-RAGE, Fc epsilon RI, Chronic myeloid leukemia, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and Ras signaling. We found that the MAPK1 and MAPK3 proteins are shared among this subset of pathways and that Telmisartan and Dasatinib are strong candidates for repurposed small molecule therapeutics that target human processes. The results of our analysis can be further characterized in the wet lab to contribute to the development of host-based prophylactics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Gray
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Israel Guerrero-Arguero
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America,Population Health and Host-pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonio Solis-Leal
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America,Population Health and Host-pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bradford K. Berges
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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11
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Szymański M, Chmielewska S, Czyżewska U, Malinowska M, Tylicki A. Echinocandins - structure, mechanism of action and use in antifungal therapy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:876-894. [PMID: 35296203 PMCID: PMC8933026 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing number of immunocompromised patients as well as drug resistance in fungi, the risk of fatal fungal infections in humans increases as well. The action of echinocandins is based on the inhibition of β-(1,3)-d-glucan synthesis that builds the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin and rezafungin are semi-synthetic cyclic lipopeptides. Their specific chemical structure possess a potential to obtain novel derivatives with better pharmacological properties resulting in more effective treatment, especially in infections caused by Candida and Aspergillus species. In this review we summarise information about echinocandins with closer look on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, drug resistance and usage in clinical practice. We also introduce actual trends in modification of this antifungals as well as new methods of their administration, and additional use in viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szymański
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sandra Chmielewska
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyżewska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Malinowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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12
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Abdulaziz L, Elhadi E, Abdallah EA, Alnoor FA, Yousef BA. Antiviral Activity of Approved Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Anthelmintic Drugs: Chances for Drug Repurposing for Antiviral Drug Discovery. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:97-115. [PMID: 35299994 PMCID: PMC8922315 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s346006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing process aims to identify new uses for the existing drugs to overcome traditional de novo drug discovery and development challenges. At the same time, as viral infections became a serious threat to humans and the viral organism itself has a high ability to mutate genetically, and due to serious adverse effects that result from antiviral drugs, there are crucial needs for the discovery of new antiviral drugs, and to identify new antiviral effects for the exciting approved drugs towards different types of viral infections depending on the observed antiviral activity in preclinical studies or clinical findings is one of the approaches to counter the viral infections problems. This narrative review article summarized mainly the published preclinical studies that evaluated the antiviral activity of drugs that are approved and used mainly as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic drugs, and the preclinical studies included the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings, additionally some clinical observations were also included while trying to relate them to the preclinical findings. Finally, the structure used for writing about the antiviral activity of the drugs was according to the families of the viruses used in the studies to form a better image for the target of antiviral activity of different drugs in the different kinds of viruses and to relate between the antiviral activity of the drugs against different strains of viruses within the same viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Abdulaziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, 14415, Sudan
| | - Esraa Elhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, 14415, Sudan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ejlal A Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Fadlalbaseer A Alnoor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National University, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Bashir A Yousef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
- Correspondence: Bashir A Yousef, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan, Tel +249 912932418, Fax +249 183780696, Email
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Repurposing Antifungals for Host-Directed Antiviral Therapy? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020212. [PMID: 35215323 PMCID: PMC8878022 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their epidemic and pandemic potential, emerging viruses are a major threat to global healthcare systems. While vaccination is in general a straightforward approach to prevent viral infections, immunization can also cause escape mutants that hide from immune cell and antibody detection. Thus, other approaches than immunization are critical for the management and control of viral infections. Viruses are prone to mutations leading to the rapid emergence of resistant strains upon treatment with direct antivirals. In contrast to the direct interference with pathogen components, host-directed therapies aim to target host factors that are essential for the pathogenic replication cycle or to improve the host defense mechanisms, thus circumventing resistance. These relatively new approaches are often based on the repurposing of drugs which are already licensed for the treatment of other unrelated diseases. Here, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms and modes of action for a potential use of antifungals as repurposed host-directed anti-infectives for the therapeutic intervention to control viral infections.
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Lu JW, Chen YC, Huang CK, Lin KC, Ho YJ. Synergistic in-vitro antiviral effects of combination treatment using anidulafungin and T-1105 against Zika virus infection. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105188. [PMID: 34648875 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been the cause of some epidemics since 2007. The correlations of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome with ZIKV have been noticed. Unfortunately, researchers have yet to develop an effective vaccine or drug approved for ZIKV infection. Anidulafungin is a member of echinocandins that is used to treat candida infections. This study assessed the antiviral capability of anidulafungin against ZIKV. Anidulafungin was shown to significantly decrease viral RNA levels, protein expression levels, viral yields, and the rate of infection. In time of addition assays, anidulafungin exhibited inhibitory activities in the early stages of ZIKV infection. In binding and entry assays, administering anidulafungin did not lead to a corresponding decrease in quantity of viral RNA, but a significant decrease in ZIKV infectivity was observed in virucidal assays. This indicated that anidulafungin interferes directly with virions. T-1105 is a viral polymerase inhibitor, which functions in the late stage of ZIKV infection. When anidulafungin was administered in combination with T-1105, an obvious synergistic effect was observed, resulting in a combination index (CI) value of 0.85 ± 0.13. Finally, we evaluated the effects of echinocandins in terms of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), calculation of cytotoxicity concentration 50% (CC50), selectivity index (SI), and Patchdock score. Among the tests, anidulafungin bears the lowest IC50 and highest Patchdock score. Although anidulafungin is classified as a pregnancy category C agent; however, combination therapy of anidulafungin with a viral RNA replication inhibitor could expand treatment options for ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Wei Lu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT-Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Kai Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Chih Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Jung Ho
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Nagaraj S, Manivannan S, Narayan S. Potent antifungal agents and use of nanocarriers to improve delivery to the infected site: A systematic review. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:849-873. [PMID: 34351655 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There are four major classes of antifungals with the predominant mechanism of action being targeting of cell wall or cell membrane. As in other drugs, low solubility of these compounds has led to low bioavailability in target tissues. Enhanced drug dosages have effects such as toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and increased drug resistance by fungi. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art of antifungals, structure, mechanism of action, other usages, and toxic side effects. The emergence of nanoformulations to transport and uniformly release cargo at the target site is a boon in antifungal treatment. The article details research that lead to the development of nanoformulations of antifungals and potential advantages and avoidance of the lacunae characterizing conventional drugs. A range of nanoformulations based on liposomes, polymers are in various stages of research and their potential advantages have been brought out. It could be observed that under similar dosages, test models, and duration, nanoformulations provided enhanced activity, reduced toxicity, higher uptake and higher immunostimulatory effects. In most instances, the mechanism of antifungal activity of nanoformulations was similar to that of regular antifungal. There are possibilities of coupling multiple antifungals on the same nano-platform. Increased activity coupled with multiple mechanisms of action presents for nanoformulations a tremendous opportunity to overcome antifungal resistance. In the years to come, robust methods for the preparation of nanoformulations taking into account the repeatability and reproducibility in action, furthering the studies on nanoformulation toxicity and studies of human models are required before extensive use of nanoformulations as a prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Nagaraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivakami Manivannan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Battisti V, Urban E, Langer T. Antivirals against the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1307. [PMID: 34372513 PMCID: PMC8310245 DOI: 10.3390/v13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has re-emerged in recent decades, causing large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterised by severe joint pain and myalgia. As many patients develop a painful chronic stage and neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available, the development of a potent CHIKV inhibiting drug is crucial for CHIKF treatment. A comprehensive summary of current antiviral research and development of small-molecule inhibitor against CHIKV is presented in this review. We highlight different approaches used for the identification of such compounds and further discuss the identification and application of promising viral and host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.B.); (E.U.)
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17
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Vergoten G, Bailly C. In silico analysis of echinocandins binding to the main proteases of coronaviruses PEDV (3CL pro) and SARS-CoV-2 (M pro). In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:41. [PMID: 34230874 PMCID: PMC8248761 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are two highly pathogenic viruses causing tremendous damages to the swine and human populations, respectively. Vaccines are available to prevent contamination and to limit dissemination of these two coronaviruses, but efficient and widely affordable treatments are needed. Recently, four natural products targeting the 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of PEDV and inhibiting replication of the virus in vitro have been identified: tomatidine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, buddlejasaponin IVb and pneumocandin B0. We have evaluated the interaction of these compounds with 3CLpro of PEDV and with the structurally similar main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. The molecular docking analysis indicated that the echinocandin-type lipopeptide pneumocandin B0 can generate much more stable complexes with both proteases compared to tomatidine. The empirical energy of interaction (ΔE) calculated with pneumocandin B0 bound to Mpro is extremely high, comparable to that measured with known antiviral drugs. Pneumocandin B0 and its analogue capsofungin appeared a little less adapted to interact with 3CLpro compared to Mpro. In contrast, the antifungal drug micafungin bearing an unfused tricyclic side chain, emerges as a better ligand of 3CLpro of PEDV compared to Mpro of SARS-CoV-2, based on our calculations. Collectively, the analysis underlines the benefit of echinocandin-type antifungal drugs as potential inhibitors of PEDV and SARS-CoV-2 main proteases. These clinically important antifungal natural products deserve further studies as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm, INFINITE-U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), University of Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, 59006 Lille, France
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Kim J, Park SJ, Park J, Shin H, Jang YS, Woo JS, Min DH. Identification of a Direct-Acting Antiviral Agent Targeting RNA Helicase via a Graphene Oxide Nanobiosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25715-25726. [PMID: 34036784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes, causes infectious diseases such as dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. Despite the dangers posed by DENV, there are no approved antiviral drugs for treatment of DENV infection. Considering the potential for a global dengue outbreak, rapid development of antiviral agents against DENV infections is crucial as a preemptive measure; thus, the selection of apparent drug targets, such as the viral enzymes involved in the viral life cycle, is recommended. Helicase, a potential drug target in DENV, is a crucial viral enzyme that unwinds double-stranded viral RNA, releasing single-stranded RNA genomes during viral replication. Therefore, an inhibitor of helicase activity could serve as a direct-acting antiviral agent. Here, we introduce an RNA helicase assay based on graphene oxide, which enables fluorescence-based analysis of RNA substrate-specific helicase enzyme activity. This assay demonstrated high reliability and ability for high-throughput screening, identifying a new helicase inhibitor candidate, micafungin (MCFG), from an FDA-approved drug library. As a direct-acting antiviral agent targeting RNA helicase, MCFG inhibits DENV proliferation in cells and an animal model. Notably, in vivo, MCFG treatment reduced viremia, inflammatory cytokine levels, and viral loads in several tissues and improved survival rates by up to 40% in a lethal mouse model. Therefore, we suggest MCFG as a potential direct-acting antiviral drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisang Park
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Woo
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Hee Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biotherapeutics Convergence Technology, Lemonex Inc., Seoul 06683, Republic of Korea
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Micafungin Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection through the Disruption of Virus Binding, Entry, and Stability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040338. [PMID: 33917182 PMCID: PMC8067805 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is an arbovirus disease caused by infection with the dengue virus (DENV). Half of the world's population lives under the threat of dengue fever, however, researchers have yet to develop any drugs that are clinically applicable to this infection. Micafungin is a member of the echinocandins family of anti-fungal drugs, capable of blocking the synthesis of β-1,3-D-glucan in the walls of fungal cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Micafungin against infections of enterovirus 71 (EV71) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). This is the first study demonstrating the effectiveness of micafungin in inhibiting the cytopathic effects of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Time-of-addition assays verified the inhibitory effects of micafungin in pre-treated, co-treated, and full-treatment groups. Binding and entry assays also demonstrated the effectiveness of micafungin in the early stage of DENV-2 infection. The virucidal efficacy of micafungin appears to lie in its ability to destroy the virion. Molecular docking assays revealed the binding of micafungin to the envelope protein of DENV-2, thereby revealing the mechanism by which micafungin affects the early stage of DENV infection and the stability of DENV. Two other micafungin analogs, caspofungin and anidulafungin, were also shown to have the antiviral effects on DENV-2. Finally, immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed the broad anti-DENV ability of micafungin against dengue virus serotypes 1, 3, and 4 (DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4). Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of micafungin and its analogs as candidates for the development of broad-spectrum treatments for DENV infection.
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Ku KB, Shin HJ, Kim HS, Kim BT, Kim, SJ, Kim C. Repurposing Screens of FDA-Approved Drugs Identify 29 Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1843-1853. [PMID: 33203821 PMCID: PMC9728307 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2009.09009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has spread globally and caused serious social and economic problems. The WHO has declared this outbreak a pandemic. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs that prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Drugs already approved for clinical use would be ideal candidates for rapid development as COVID-19 treatments. In this work, we screened 1,473 FDA-approved drugs to identify inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection using cell-based assays. The antiviral activity of each compound was measured based on the immunofluorescent staining of infected cells using anti-dsRNA antibody. Twenty-nine drugs among those tested showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. We report this new list of inhibitors to quickly provide basic information for consideration in developing potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Bon Ku
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Shin
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Soo Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Tae Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim,
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea,S-J.Kim Phone: +82-42-860-7477 E-mail:
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors C.Kim Phone: +82-42-860-7491 E-mail:
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Hucke FIL, Bugert JJ. Current and Promising Antivirals Against Chikungunya Virus. Front Public Health 2020; 8:618624. [PMID: 33384981 PMCID: PMC7769948 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.618624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the causative agent of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) and is categorized as a(n) (re)emerging arbovirus. CHIKV has repeatedly been responsible for outbreaks that caused serious economic and public health problems in the affected countries. To date, no vaccine or specific antiviral therapies are available. This review gives a summary on current antivirals that have been investigated as potential therapeutics against CHIKF. The mode of action as well as possible compound targets (viral and host targets) are being addressed. This review hopes to provide critical information on the in vitro efficacies of various compounds and might help researchers in their considerations for future experiments.
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Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus: Mechanisms of Action and Antiviral Drug Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01788-20. [PMID: 32928738 PMCID: PMC7674028 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01788-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has spread to more than 60 countries worldwide. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterized by long-lasting and debilitating joint and muscle pain. CHIKV can cause large-scale epidemics with high attack rates, which substantiates the need for development of effective therapeutics suitable for outbreak containment. In this review, we highlight the different strategies used for developing CHIKV small-molecule inhibitors, ranging from high-throughput cell-based screening to in silico screens and enzymatic assays with purified viral proteins. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has spread to more than 60 countries worldwide. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterized by long-lasting and debilitating joint and muscle pain. CHIKV can cause large-scale epidemics with high attack rates, which substantiates the need for development of effective therapeutics suitable for outbreak containment. In this review, we highlight the different strategies used for developing CHIKV small-molecule inhibitors, ranging from high-throughput cell-based screening to in silico screens and enzymatic assays with purified viral proteins. We further discuss the current status of the most promising molecules, including in vitro and in vivo findings. In particular, we focus on describing host and/or viral targets, mode of action, and mechanisms of antiviral drug resistance and associated mutations. Knowledge of the key molecular determinants of drug resistance will aid selection of the most promising antiviral agent(s) for clinical use. For these reasons, we also summarize the available information about drug-resistant phenotypes in Aedes mosquito vectors. From this review, it is evident that more of the active molecules need to be evaluated in preclinical and clinical models to address the current lack of antiviral treatment for CHIKF.
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Harringtonine Inhibits Zika Virus Infection through Multiple Mechanisms. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184082. [PMID: 32906689 PMCID: PMC7570876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus that came under intense study from 2014 to 2016 for its well-known ability to cause congenital microcephaly in fetuses and neurological Guillain-Barré disease in adults. Substantial research on screening antiviral agents against ZIKV and preventing ZIKV infection are globally underway, but Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments are not available yet. Compounds from Chinese medicinal herbs may offer an opportunity for potential therapies for anti-ZIKV infection. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of harringtonine against ZIKV. Harringtonine possessed anti-ZIKV properties against the binding, entry, replication, and release stage through the virus life cycle. In addition, harringtonine have strong virucidal effects in ZIKV and exhibited prophylaxis antiviral ability prior ZIKV infection. The antiviral activity also observed in the treatment against Japanese encephalitis reporter virus (RP9-GFP strain). Overall, this study demonstrated that harringtonine would be a favorable potential candidate for the development of anti-ZIKV infection therapies.
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Rabelo VWH, Paixão ICNDP, Abreu PA. Targeting Chikungunya virus by computational approaches: from viral biology to the development of therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:63-78. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1712362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
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Lai ZZ, Ho YJ, Lu JW. Cephalotaxine inhibits Zika infection by impeding viral replication and stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:1052-1058. [PMID: 31818462 PMCID: PMC7092853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has reemerged as a serious public health problem around the world. Syndromes of infected people range from asymptomatic infections to severe neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Screening anti-ZIKV drugs derived from Chinese medicinal herbs is one method of identifying antiviral agents. In this paper, we report that (1) Cephalotaxine (CET), an alkaloid isolated from Cephalotaxus drupacea, was effective in inhibiting ZIKV activity in vitro (i.e., in Vero and A549 cell lines) and (2) the mechanisms which underlie these effects involve virucidal activity and a decrease in viral replication. Specifically, CET was found to decrease ZIKV RNA and viral protein expression, inhibit ZIKV replication, and inhibit ZIKV mRNA/protein production. We also determined that CET is effective in inhibiting dengue virus 1–4 (DENV1-4). Taken together, our findings indicate that CET could be an effective lead compound in the treatment of ZIKV and also suggest that further investigation and development of CET-derived drugs may lead to a new class of anti-Flavivirus medications. CET against ZIKV infection via inhibiting replication and stability. CET was identified as a potent inhibitor of ZIKV infection. CET as a candidate compound for potential ZIKV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zong Lai
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Jung Ho
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Palmatine inhibits Zika virus infection by disrupting virus binding, entry, and stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:732-738. [PMID: 31472967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging vector-borne virus that is associated with severe congenital cerebral anomalies in fetuses and paralytic Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. In the current global health crisis, there are no vaccines or therapeutics available for the treatment of ZIKV infection. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of the protoberberine alkaloid, palmatine, in inhibiting ZIKV and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Palmatine was shown to bind to restricted viruses, inhibit ZIKV infection, and resist ZIKV-induced cytopathic effects. Palmatine was also shown to inhibit JEV infection in multiple cell lines. Overall, the effects of palmatine in disrupting ZIKV binding, entry, and stability indicate that this small molecule would be a good starting point for the development of treatments aimed at inhibiting ZIKV infection.
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Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritis effects of Cm-02 and Ck-02. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:155-163. [PMID: 31353084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive deterioration of articular cartilage. There have been reports that small molecule inhibitors have anti-osteoarthritis effects; however, the effects of 3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-6-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2H-benzo[e] [1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione (Cm-02) and 6-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-2H-benzo[e] [1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione (Ck-02), small molecule inhibitors which share many structural similarities with quercetin (a potent anti-inflammatory flavonoid), remain unclear. In this study, TNF-α-stimulated porcine and human chondrocyte models were used to investigate the inhibitory effects of Cm-02 and Ck-02 on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-OA effects. TNF-α was used to stimulate porcine and human chondrocytes to mimic immunomodulatory potency in-vitro. Anti-osteoarthritic effects were characterized in terms of protein and mRNA levels associated with the pathogenesis of OA. We also examined (1) the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-nitric oxide (NO) system in cultured chondrocytes, (2) matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in cultured chondrocytes, and (3) aggrecan degradation in cartilage explants. Finally, we tested the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), and activate the protein-1 (AP-1), and we tested the signal transduction and activation of transcription-3 (STAT-3). Our results indicate that, in chondrocytes, Cm-02 and Ck-02 inhibit TNF-α induced NO production, iNOS, MMP, the expression of disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), and the enzyme activity of MMP-13. Furthermore, both Cm-02 and Ck-02 were found to stimulate TNF-α, which has been shown to suppress the activation of several transcription factors, including NF-κB, STAT-3, and IRF-1 in porcine and human chondrocytes. Cm-02 and Ck-02 were also found to help prevent the release of proteoglycans from cartilage explants. Our findings demonstrate that both Cm-02 and Ck-02 have potent anti-inflammatory activities and the ability to protect cartilage in an OA cell model. These findings indicate that Cm-02 and Ck-02 have the potential to be further developed for the therapeutic treatment of OA.
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