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Ferdoush J, Abdul Kadir R, Simay Kaplanoglu S, Osborn M. SARS-CoV-2 and UPS with potentials for therapeutic interventions. Gene 2024; 912:148377. [PMID: 38490508 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), an essential eukaryotic/host/cellular post-translational modification (PTM), plays a critical role in the regulation of diverse cellular functions including regulation of protein stability, immune signaling, antiviral activity, as well as virus replication. Although UPS regulation of viral proteins may be utilized by the host as a defense mechanism to invade viruses, viruses may have adapted to take advantage of the host UPS. This system can be manipulated by viruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to stimulate various steps of the viral replication cycle and facilitate pathogenesis, thereby causing the respiratory disease COVID-19. Many SARS-CoV-2 encoded proteins including open reading frame 3a (ORF3a), ORF6, ORF7a, ORF9b, and ORF10 interact with the host's UPS machinery, influencing host immune signaling and apoptosis. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 encoded papain-like protease (PLpro) interferes with the host UPS to facilitate viral replication and to evade the host's immune system. These alterations in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells have been revealed by various proteomic studies, suggesting potential targets for clinical treatment. To provide insight into the underlying causes of COVID-19 and suggest possible directions for therapeutic interventions, this paper reviews the intricate relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and UPS. Promising treatment strategies are also investigated in this paper including targeting PLpro with zinc-ejector drugs, as well as targeting viral non-structural protein (nsp12) via heat treatment associated ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation to reduce viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Ferdoush
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
| | - Rizwaan Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Selin Simay Kaplanoglu
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Morgan Osborn
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
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van Huizen M, Bloeme - ter Horst JR, de Gruyter HLM, Geurink PP, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Knaap RCM, Nelemans T, Ogando NS, Leijs AA, Urakova N, Mark BL, Snijder EJ, Myeni SK, Kikkert M. Deubiquitinating activity of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease does not influence virus replication or innate immune responses in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012100. [PMID: 38527094 PMCID: PMC10994560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus papain-like protease (PLpro) is crucial for viral replicase polyprotein processing. Additionally, PLpro can subvert host defense mechanisms by its deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activities. To elucidate the role of these activities during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we introduced mutations that disrupt binding of PLpro to ubiquitin or ISG15. We identified several mutations that strongly reduced DUB activity of PLpro, without affecting viral polyprotein processing. In contrast, mutations that abrogated deISGylating activity also hampered viral polyprotein processing and when introduced into the virus these mutants were not viable. SARS-CoV-2 mutants exhibiting reduced DUB activity elicited a stronger interferon response in human lung cells. In a mouse model of severe disease, disruption of PLpro DUB activity did not affect lethality, virus replication, or innate immune responses in the lungs. This suggests that the DUB activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro is dispensable for virus replication and does not affect innate immune responses in vivo. Interestingly, the DUB mutant of SARS-CoV replicated to slightly lower titers in mice and elicited a diminished immune response early in infection, although lethality was unaffected. We previously showed that a MERS-CoV mutant deficient in DUB and deISGylating activity was strongly attenuated in mice. Here, we demonstrate that the role of PLpro DUB activity during infection can vary considerably between highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Therefore, careful considerations should be taken when developing pan-coronavirus antiviral strategies targeting PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska van Huizen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jonna R. Bloeme - ter Horst
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Heidi L. M. de Gruyter
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Geurink
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand J. van der Heden van Noort
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. M. Knaap
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tessa Nelemans
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Natacha S. Ogando
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anouk A. Leijs
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Brian L. Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Kralj S, Jukič M, Bahun M, Kranjc L, Kolarič A, Hodošček M, Ulrih NP, Bren U. Identification of Triazolopyrimidinyl Scaffold SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease (PL pro) Inhibitor. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:169. [PMID: 38399230 PMCID: PMC10893172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The global impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its companion disease, COVID-19, has reminded us of the importance of basic coronaviral research. In this study, a comprehensive approach using molecular docking, in vitro assays, and molecular dynamics simulations was applied to identify potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro), a key and underexplored viral enzyme target. A focused protease inhibitor library was initially created and molecular docking was performed using CmDock software (v0.2.0), resulting in the selection of hit compounds for in vitro testing on the isolated enzyme. Among them, compound 372 exhibited promising inhibitory properties against PLpro, with an IC50 value of 82 ± 34 μM. The compound also displayed a new triazolopyrimidinyl scaffold not yet represented within protease inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the favorable binding properties of compound 372. Structural analysis highlighted its key interactions with PLpro, and we stress its potential for further optimization. Moreover, besides compound 372 as a candidate for PLpro inhibitor development, this study elaborates on the PLpro binding site dynamics and provides a valuable contribution for further efforts in pan-coronaviral PLpro inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastjan Kralj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška Ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Enviormental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska Ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Miha Bahun
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Kranjc
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kolarič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Milan Hodošček
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška Ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Enviormental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska Ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Soleimani Asl S, Roozbahani MH. A novel robust inhibitor of papain-like protease (PLpro) as a COVID-19 drug. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37578047 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2245474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the significance of SARS-CoV-2, scientists have shown considerable interest in developing effective drugs. Inhibitors for PLpro are the primary strategies for locating suitable COVID-19 drugs. Natural compounds comprise the majority of COVID-19 drugs. Due to limitations on the safety of clinical trials in cases of COVID, computational methods are typically utilized for inhibition studies. Whereas papain is highly similar to PLpro and is entirely safe, the current study aimed to examine several plant secondary metabolites to identify the most effective papain inhibitor and validate the results using molecular dynamics and docking. This simulation was conducted identically for PLpro and the optimal inhibitor. The results indicated that the experimental results are comparable to those obtained In-Silico, and the inhibition effects of Chlorogenic acid (CGA) on papain attained in the experiment were validated (IC50=0.54 mM). CGA as an inhibitor was located in the active site of PLpro and papain (total energy -2009410 and -456069 kJ/mol, respectively) at the desired location and distance. The study revealed that CGA and its derivatives are effective PLpro inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Soleimani Asl
- Iran Digital Twin Laboratory (IDT-Lab)- Incubator Center, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Xiong Y, Huang B, Yang Y, Fu X, Fu Z, Xu H, Liu M, Cao D, Zhang M, Yang H, Niu X, Yu C, Huang H. The substrate selectivity of papain-like proteases from human-infecting coronaviruses correlates with innate immune suppression. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eade1985. [PMID: 37130166 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.ade1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses that can infect humans can cause either common colds (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43) or severe respiratory symptoms (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV). The papain-like proteases (PLPs) of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-NL63 function in viral innate immune evasion and have deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activities. We identified the PLPs of HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43 and found that their enzymatic properties correlated with their ability to suppress innate immune responses. A conserved noncatalytic aspartic acid residue was critical for both DUB and deISGylating activities, but the PLPs had differing ubiquitin (Ub) chain cleavage selectivities and binding affinities for Ub, K48-linked diUb, and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) substrates. The crystal structure of HKU1-PLP2 in complex with Ub revealed binding interfaces that accounted for the unusually high binding affinity between this PLP and Ub. In cellular assays, the PLPs from the severe disease-causing coronaviruses strongly suppressed innate immune IFN-I and NF-κB signaling and stimulated autophagy, whereas the PLPs from the mild disease-causing coronaviruses generally showed weaker effects on immune suppression and autophagy induction. In addition, a PLP from a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern showed increased suppression of innate immune signaling pathways. Overall, these results demonstrated that the DUB and deISGylating activities and substrate selectivities of these PLPs differentially contribute to viral innate immune evasion and may affect viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518132, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xinming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Huidong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Haibin Yang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cong Yu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Ubiquitination and Targeted Therapy, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518132, China
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Wydorski PM, Osipiuk J, Lanham BT, Tesar C, Endres M, Engle E, Jedrzejczak R, Mullapudi V, Michalska K, Fidelis K, Fushman D, Joachimiak A, Joachimiak LA. Dual domain recognition determines SARS-CoV-2 PLpro selectivity for human ISG15 and K48-linked di-ubiquitin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2366. [PMID: 37185902 PMCID: PMC10126577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Papain-like protease (PLpro) is a domain of a multi-functional, non-structural protein 3 of coronaviruses. PLpro cleaves viral polyproteins and posttranslational conjugates with poly-ubiquitin and protective ISG15, composed of two ubiquitin-like (UBL) domains. Across coronaviruses, PLpro showed divergent selectivity for recognition and cleavage of posttranslational conjugates despite sequence conservation. We show that SARS-CoV-2 PLpro binds human ISG15 and K48-linked di-ubiquitin (K48-Ub2) with nanomolar affinity and detect alternate weaker-binding modes. Crystal structures of untethered PLpro complexes with ISG15 and K48-Ub2 combined with solution NMR and cross-linking mass spectrometry revealed how the two domains of ISG15 or K48-Ub2 are differently utilized in interactions with PLpro. Analysis of protein interface energetics predicted differential binding stabilities of the two UBL/Ub domains that were validated experimentally. We emphasize how substrate recognition can be tuned to cleave specifically ISG15 or K48-Ub2 modifications while retaining capacity to cleave mono-Ub conjugates. These results highlight alternative druggable surfaces that would inhibit PLpro function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M Wydorski
- Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jerzy Osipiuk
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Benjamin T Lanham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christine Tesar
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Endres
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Elizabeth Engle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Vishruth Mullapudi
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Krzysztof Fidelis
- Protein Structure Prediction Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facilities, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667, USA.
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60367, USA.
| | - Lukasz A Joachimiak
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Engineering potent live attenuated coronavirus vaccines by targeted inactivation of the immune evasive viral deubiquitinase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1141. [PMID: 36854765 PMCID: PMC9973250 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses express a papain-like protease (PLpro) that is required for replicase polyprotein maturation and also serves as a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB). In this study, using a Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV) PLpro modified virus in which the DUB is selectively inactivated, we show that the PLpro DUB is an important MERS-CoV interferon antagonist and virulence factor. Although the DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA replicates robustly in the lungs of human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 knock-in (hDPP4 KI) mice, it does not cause clinical symptoms. Interestingly, a single intranasal vaccination with DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA induces strong and sustained neutralizing antibody responses and sterilizing immunity after a lethal wt virus challenge. The survival of naïve animals also significantly increases when sera from animals vaccinated with the DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA are passively transferred, prior to receiving a lethal virus dose. These data demonstrate that DUB-negative coronaviruses could be the basis of effective modified live attenuated vaccines.
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Dinda B, Dinda S, Dinda M. Therapeutic potential of green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (EGCG) in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Major interactions with host/virus proteases. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 3:100402. [PMID: 36597465 PMCID: PMC9800022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current COVID-19 pandemic from the human pathogenic virus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a major health hazard globally. The morbidity and transmission modality of this disease are severe and uncontrollable. As no effective clinical drugs are available for treatment of COVID-19 infection till to date and only vaccination is used as prophylaxis and its efficacy is restricted due to emergent of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for effective drugs for its treatment. PURPOSE The aim of this review was to provide a detailed analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin constituent of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) beverage to highlight the scope of EGCG in clinical medicine as both prophylaxis and treatment of present COVID-19 infection. In addition, the factors related to poor oral bioavailabilty of EGCG was also analysed for a suggestion for future research in this direction. STUDY DESIGN We collected the published articles related to anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of EGCG against the original strain (Wuhan type) and its newly emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. METHODS A systematic search on the published literature was conducted in various databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus to collect the relevant literature. RESULTS The findings of this search demonstrate that EGCG shows potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus by preventing viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. The studies on the molecular mechanisms of EGCG in inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in host cells reveal that EGCG blocks the entry of the virus particles by interaction with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of viral spike (S) protein to host cell surface receptor protease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as suppression of the expressions of host proteases, ACE2, TMPRSS2 and GRP78, required for viral entry, by Nrf2 activation in host cells. Moreover, EGCG inhibits the activities of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), endoribonuclease Nsp15 in vitro models and of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in molecular docking model for suppression of viral replication. In addition, EGCG significantly inhibits viral inflammatory cytokine production by stimulating Nrf2- dependent host immune response in virus-infected cells. EGCG significantly reduces the elevated levels of HMGB1, a biomarker of sepsis, lung fibrosis and thrombotic complications in viral infections. EGCG potentially inhibits the infection of original (Wuhan type) strain of SARS-CoV-2 and other newly emerged variants as well as the infections of SARS-CoV-2 virus spike-protein of WT and its mutants-mediated pseudotyped viruses . EGCG shows maximum inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection when the host cells are pre-incubated with the drug prior to viral infection. A sorbitol/lecithin-based throat spray containing concentrated green tea extract rich in EGCG content significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in oral mucosa. Several factors including degradation in gastrointestinal environment, low absorption in small intestine and extensive metabolism of EGCG are responsible for its poor bioavailability in humans. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of EGCG in humans reveal poor bioavailability of EGCG in human plasma and EGCG-4"-sulfate is its major metabolite. The concentration of EGCG-4"-sulfate in human plasma is almost equivalent to that of free EGCG (Cmax 177.9 vs 233.5 nmol/L). These findings suggest that inhibition of sulfation of EGCG is a crucial factor for improvement of its bioavailability. In vitro study on the mechanism of EGCG sulfonation indicates that sulfotransferases, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 are responsible for sulfonation in human liver and small intestine, respectively. Some attempts including structural modifications, and nanoformulations of EGCG and addition of nutrients with EGCG have been made to improve the bioavailability of EGCG. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that EGCG has strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection independent of viral strains (Wuhan type (WT), other variants) by inhibition of viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. EGCG may be useful in reduction of this viral load in salivary glands of COVID-19 patients, if it is applied in mouth and throat wash formulations in optimal concentrations. EGCG could be a promising candidate in the development of effective vaccine for prevention of the infections of newly emergent strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus. EGCG might be useful also as a clinical medicine for treatment of COVID-19 patients if its bioavailability in human plasma is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799 022, India
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Kamalpur Govt Degree College, Dhalai,Tripura, 799 285, India
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, VA, 22908, United States of America
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9
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Wydorski PM, Osipiuk J, Lanham BT, Tesar C, Endres M, Engle E, Jedrzejczak R, Mullapudi V, Michalska K, Fidelis K, Fushman D, Joachimiak A, Joachimiak LA. Dual domain recognition determines SARS-CoV-2 PLpro selectivity for human ISG15 and K48-linked di-ubiquitin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2021.09.15.460543. [PMID: 35547846 PMCID: PMC9094096 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.15.460543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Papain-like protease (PLpro) is a domain of a multi-functional, non-structural protein 3 of coronaviruses. PLpro cleaves viral polyproteins and posttranslational conjugates with poly-ubiquitin and protective ISG15, composed of two ubiquitin-like (UBL) domains. Across coronaviruses, PLpro showed divergent selectivity for recognition and cleavage of posttranslational conjugates despite sequence conservation. We show that SARS-CoV-2 PLpro binds human ISG15 and K48-linked di-ubiquitin (K48-Ub 2 ) with nanomolar affinity and detect alternate weaker-binding modes. Crystal structures of untethered PLpro complexes with ISG15 and K48-Ub 2 combined with solution NMR and cross-linking mass spectrometry revealed how the two domains of ISG15 or K48-Ub 2 are differently utilized in interactions with PLpro. Analysis of protein interface energetics predicted differential binding stabilities of the two UBL/Ub domains that were validated experimentally. We emphasize how substrate recognition can be tuned to cleave specifically ISG15 or K48-Ub 2 modifications while retaining capacity to cleave mono-Ub conjugates. These results highlight alternative druggable surfaces that would inhibit PLpro function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M. Wydorski
- Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jerzy Osipiuk
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667 USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439 USA
| | - Benjamin T. Lanham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Christine Tesar
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667 USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439 USA
| | - Michael Endres
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667 USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439 USA
| | - Elizabeth Engle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667 USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439 USA
| | - Vishruth Mullapudi
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667 USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439 USA
| | - Krzysztof Fidelis
- Protein Structure Prediction Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facilities, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60667 USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60367 USA
| | - Lukasz A. Joachimiak
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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10
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 protease Nsp3 is a therapeutic target for developing anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Nsp3 is a large multi-spanning membrane protein, and its characterization in vitro has been challenging. Here we describe an in vitro assay to characterize the biochemical activity of full-length Nsp3 isolated from cells. The assay can be used to evaluate Nsp3 inhibitors.
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11
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Simultaneous capture of ISG15 conjugating and deconjugating enzymes using a semi-synthetic ISG15-Dha probe. Sci China Chem 2023; 66:837-844. [PMID: 36684644 PMCID: PMC9840423 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) protein attached to substrate proteins by ISG15 conjugating enzymes whose dysregulation is implicated in a multitude of disease processes, but the probing of these enzymes remains to be accomplished. Here, we describe the development of a new activity-based probe ISG15-Dha (dehydroalanine) through protein semi-synthesis. In vitro cross-linking and cell lysate proteomic profiling experiments showed that this probe can sequentially capture ISG15 conjugating enzymes including E1 enzyme UBA7, E2 enzyme UBE2L6, E3 enzyme HERC5, the previously known ISG15 deconjugating enzyme (USP18), as well as some other enzymes (USP5 and USP14) which we additionally confirmed to impart deISGylation activity. Collectively, ISG15-Dha provides a new tool that can simultaneously capture ISG15 conjugating and deconjugating enzymes for biochemical or pharmacological studies. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s11426-022-1455-x and is accessible for authorized users.
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12
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da Cruz Freire JE, Júnior JEM, Pinheiro DP, da Cruz Paiva Lima GE, do Amaral CL, Veras VR, Madeira MP, Freire EBL, Ozório RG, Fernandes VO, Montenegro APDR, Montenegro RC, Colares JKB, Júnior RMM. Evaluation of the anti-diabetic drug sitagliptin as a novel attenuate to SARS-CoV-2 evidence-based in silico: molecular docking and molecular dynamics. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:344. [PMCID: PMC9640538 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current outbreak of COVID-19 cases worldwide has been responsible for a significant number of deaths, especially in hospitalized patients suffering from comorbidities, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension. The disease not only has prompted an interest in the pathophysiology, but also it has propelled a massive race to find new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. In this scenario, known drugs commonly used to treat other diseases have been suggested as alternative or complementary therapeutics. Herein we propose the use of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) used to treat type-II diabetes, as an agent to block and inhibit the activity of two proteases, 3CLpro and PLpro, related to the processing of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. Inhibition of these proteases may possibly reduce the viral load and infection on the host by hampering the synthesis of new viruses, thus promoting a better outcome. In silico assays consisting in the modeling of the ligand sitagliptin and evaluation of its capacity to interact with 3CLpro and PLpro through the prediction of the ligand bioactivity, molecular docking, overlapping of crystal structures, and molecular dynamic simulations were conducted. The experiments indicate that sitagliptin can interact and bind to both targets. However, this interaction seems to be stronger and more stable to 3CLpro (ΔG = −7.8 kcal mol−1), when compared to PLpro (ΔG = −7.5 kcal mol−1). This study suggests that sitagliptin may be suitable to treat COVID-19 patients, beyond its common use as an anti-diabetic medication. In vivo studies may further support this hypothesis.
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13
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Coronaviral PLpro proteases and the immunomodulatory roles of conjugated versus free Interferon Stimulated Gene product-15 (ISG15). Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:16-26. [PMID: 35764457 PMCID: PMC9233553 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) share some features with ubiquitin (Ub) such as their globular 3D structure and the ability to attach covalently to other proteins. Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) is an abundant Ubl that similar to Ub, marks many hundreds of cellular proteins, altering their fate. In contrast to Ub, , ISG15 requires interferon (IFN) induction to conjugate efficiently to other proteins. Moreover, despite the multitude of E3 ligases for Ub-modified targets, a single E3 ligase termed HERC5 (in humans) is responsible for the bulk of ISG15 conjugation. Targets include both viral and cellular proteins spanning an array of cellular compartments and metabolic pathways. So far, no common structural or biochemical feature has been attributed to these diverse substrates, raising questions about how and why they are selected. Conjugation of ISG15 mitigates some viral and bacterial infections and is linked to a lower viral load pointing to the role of ISG15 in the cellular immune response. In an apparent attempt to evade the immune response, some viruses try to interfere with the ISG15 pathway. For example, deconjugation of ISG15 appears to be an approach taken by coronaviruses to interfere with ISG15 conjugates. Specifically, coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, encode papain-like proteases (PL1pro) that bear striking structural and catalytic similarities to the catalytic core domain of eukaryotic deubiquitinating enzymes of the Ubiquitin-Specific Protease (USP) sub-family. The cleavage specificity of these PLpro enzymes is for flexible polypeptides containing a consensus sequence (R/K)LXGG, enabling them to function on two seemingly unrelated categories of substrates: (i) the viral polyprotein 1 (PP1a, PP1ab) and (ii) Ub- or ISG15-conjugates. As a result, PLpro enzymes process the viral polyprotein 1 into an array of functional proteins for viral replication (termed non-structural proteins; NSPs), and it can remove Ub or ISG15 units from conjugates. However, by de-conjugating ISG15, the virus also creates free ISG15, which in turn may affect the immune response in two opposite pathways: free ISG15 negatively regulates IFN signaling in humans by binding non-catalytically to USP18, yet at the same time free ISG15 can be secreted from the cell and induce the IFN pathway of the neighboring cells. A deeper understanding of this protein-modification pathway and the mechanisms of the enzymes that counteract it will bring about effective clinical strategies related to viral and bacterial infections.
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14
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Targeting papain-like protease for broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibition. Protein Cell 2022; 13:940-953. [PMID: 35384604 PMCID: PMC8983325 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-022-00909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and repeated outbreaks of coronavirus epidemics in the past two decades emphasize the need for next-generation pan-coronaviral therapeutics. Drugging the multi-functional papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of the viral nsp3 holds promise. However, none of the known coronavirus PLpro inhibitors has been shown to be in vivo active. Herein, we screened a structurally diverse library of 50,080 compounds for potential coronavirus PLpro inhibitors and identified a noncovalent lead inhibitor F0213 that has broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral activity, including against the Sarbecoviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), Merbecovirus (MERS-CoV), as well as the Alphacoronavirus (hCoV-229E and hCoV-OC43). Importantly, F0213 confers protection in both SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and MERS-CoV-infected human DPP4-knockin mice. F0213 possesses a dual therapeutic functionality that suppresses coronavirus replication via blocking viral polyprotein cleavage, as well as promoting antiviral immunity by antagonizing the PLpro deubiquitinase activity. Despite the significant difference of substrate recognition, mode of inhibition studies suggest that F0213 is a competitive inhibitor against SARS2-PLpro via binding with the 157K amino acid residue, whereas an allosteric inhibitor of MERS-PLpro interacting with its 271E position. Our proof-of-concept findings demonstrated that PLpro is a valid target for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus agents. The orally administered F0213 may serve as a promising lead compound for combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and future coronavirus outbreaks.
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15
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Wang T, Li C, Wang M, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Liang L, Chu G, Tian X, Deng H, He W, Liu L, Li J. Expedient Synthesis of Ubiquitin‐like Protein ISG15 Tools through Chemo‐Enzymatic Ligation Catalyzed by a Viral Protease Lb
pro. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206205. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Chuntong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Meijing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Lujun Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Guochao Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics School of Life Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics School of Life Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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16
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Wang T, Li C, Wang M, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Liang L, Chu G, Tian X, Deng H, He W, Liu L, Li J. Expedient Synthesis of Ubiquitin‐like Protein ISG15 Tools Through Chemo‐Enzymatic Ligation Catalyzed by a Viral Protease Lbpro. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Tsinghua University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chuntong Li
- Tsinghua University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Meijing Wang
- Tsinghua University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | | | | | - Lujun Liang
- Tsinghua University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Guochao Chu
- Tsinghua University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Wei He
- Tsinghua University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua University Chemistry Tsinghua University 100084 Beijing CHINA
| | - Jinghong Li
- Tsinghua University Department of Chemistry CHINA
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17
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Curcumin partly prevents ISG15 activation via ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1-like protein and decreases ISGylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 625:94-101. [PMID: 35952613 PMCID: PMC9352433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Selvaraj V, Rathinavel T, Ammashi S, Nasir Iqbal M. Polyphenolic Phytochemicals Exhibit Promising SARS-COV-2 Papain Like Protease (PLpro) Inhibition Validated through a Computational Approach. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasuki Selvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College of Arts and Science, Salem, India
| | | | - Subramanian Ammashi
- PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, Rajah Serfoji Government College, Thanjavur, India
| | - Muhammad Nasir Iqbal
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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19
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Tian X, Zhao Q, Chen X, Peng Z, Tan X, Wang Q, Chen L, Yang Y. Discovery of Novel and Highly Potent Inhibitors of SARS CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease Through Structure-Based Pharmacophore Modeling, Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Biological Evaluation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:817715. [PMID: 35264955 PMCID: PMC8899470 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.817715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: COVID-19 has struck our society as a great calamity, and the need for effective anti-viral drugs is more urgent than ever. Papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS CoV-2 plays important roles in virus maturation, dysregulation of host inflammation, and antiviral immune responses, which is being regarded as a promising druggable target for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we carried out a combined screening approach to identify novel and highly potent PLpro inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19. Methods: We used a combined screening approach of structure-based pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking to screen an in-house database containing 35,000 compounds. SARS CoV-2 PLpro inhibition assay was used to carry out the biological evaluation of hit compounds. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to check the stability of the PLpro-hit complexes predicted by molecular docking. Results: We found that four hit compounds showed excellent inhibitory activities against PLpro with IC50 values ranging from 0.6 to 2.4 μM. Among them, the most promising compound, hit 2 is the best PLpro inhibitor and its inhibitory activity was about 4 times higher than that of the positive control (GRL0617). The study of MD simulations indicated that four hits could bind stably to the active site of PLpro. Further study of interaction analysis indicated that hit 2 could form hydrogen-bond interactions with the key amino acids such as Gln269 and Asp164 in the PLpro-active site. Conclusion: Hit 2 is a novel and highly potent PLpro inhibitor, which will open the way for the development of clinical PLpro inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital to TMMU, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
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20
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Lv Z, Cano KE, Jia L, Drag M, Huang TT, Olsen SK. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteases for COVID-19 Antiviral Development. Front Chem 2022; 9:819165. [PMID: 35186898 PMCID: PMC8850931 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.819165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 marked the third occurrence of a highly pathogenic coronavirus in the human population since 2003. As the death toll surpasses 5 million globally and economic losses continue, designing drugs that could curtail infection and disease progression is critical. In the US, three highly effective Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-authorized vaccines are currently available, and Remdesivir is approved for the treatment of hospitalized patients. However, moderate vaccination rates and the sustained evolution of new viral variants necessitate the ongoing search for new antivirals. Several viral proteins have been prioritized as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug targets, among them the papain-like protease (PLpro) and the main protease (Mpro). Inhibition of these proteases would target viral replication, viral maturation, and suppression of host innate immune responses. Knowledge of inhibitors and assays for viruses were quickly adopted for SARS-CoV-2 protease research. Potential candidates have been identified to show inhibitory effects against PLpro and Mpro, both in biochemical assays and viral replication in cells. These results encourage further optimizations to improve prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we examine the latest developments of potential small-molecule inhibitors and peptide inhibitors for PLpro and Mpro, and how structural biology greatly facilitates this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kristin E. Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Lijia Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tony T. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shaun K. Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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21
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Li JY, Zhou ZJ, Wang Q, He QN, Zhao MY, Qiu Y, Ge XY. Innate Immunity Evasion Strategies of Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:770656. [PMID: 34777324 PMCID: PMC8586461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, coronavirus (CoV) has emerged frequently in the population. Three CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been identified as highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HP-hCoVs). Particularly, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 warns that HP-hCoVs present a high risk to human health. Like other viruses, HP-hCoVs interact with their host cells in sophisticated manners for infection and pathogenesis. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the interference of HP-hCoVs in multiple cellular processes and their impacts on viral infection. HP-hCoVs employed various strategies to suppress and evade from immune response, including shielding viral RNA from recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), impairing IFN-I production, blocking the downstream pathways of IFN-I, and other evasion strategies. This summary provides a comprehensive view of the interplay between HP-hCoVs and the host cells, which is helpful to understand the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and develop antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing-Nan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Yi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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22
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Mathieu NA, Paparisto E, Barr SD, Spratt DE. HERC5 and the ISGylation Pathway: Critical Modulators of the Antiviral Immune Response. Viruses 2021; 13:1102. [PMID: 34207696 PMCID: PMC8228270 DOI: 10.3390/v13061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells have developed an elaborate network of immunoproteins that serve to identify and combat viral pathogens. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a 15.2 kDa tandem ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is used by specific E1-E2-E3 ubiquitin cascade enzymes to interfere with the activity of viral proteins. Recent biochemical studies have demonstrated how the E3 ligase HECT and RCC1-containing protein 5 (HERC5) regulates ISG15 signaling in response to hepatitis C (HCV), influenza-A (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Taken together, the potent antiviral activity displayed by HERC5 and ISG15 make them promising drug targets for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics that can augment the host antiviral response. In this review, we examine the emerging role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity with a particular focus on how HERC5 orchestrates the specific and timely ISGylation of viral proteins in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Mathieu
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA;
| | - Ermela Paparisto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Stephen D. Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Donald E. Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA;
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23
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Ji W. Coronaviruses: What Should We Know About the Characteristics of Viruses? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:23-39. [PMID: 33973170 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious and fatal, posing a direct threat to human health and the global economy. Most strategies to prevent, control, and eradicate COVID-19 are established based on the specific characteristics of the pathogen. The quest for interruption and eradication of COVID-19 has moved research forward in understanding fundamental aspects of the virus genome, proteome, replication mechanisms, and virus-host interactions, which pave the way for the development of effective antiviral drugs and vaccines. This chapter provides an overview of recent progress in human coronavirus taxonomy, molecular features of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and proteome, and virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Medical school, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Liaocheng, China.
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24
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Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S. Interactions between SARS coronavirus 2 papain-like protease and immune system: A potential drug target for the treatment of COVID-19. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13044. [PMID: 33872387 PMCID: PMC8250271 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of respiratory viruses which can cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. Recently, new coronavirus named as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been identified which is a major threat to public health. Innate immune responses play a vital role in a host's defence against viruses. Interestingly, CoVs have evolved elaborate strategies to evade the complex system of sensors and signalling molecules to suppress host immunity. SARS‐CoV‐2 papain‐like protease (PLpro), as an important coronavirus enzyme, regulates viral spread and innate immune responses. SCoV‐2 PLpro is multifunctional enzyme with deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activity. The PLpro can interact with key regulators in signalling pathways such as STING, NF‐κB, cytokine production, MAPK and TGF‐β and hijack those to block the immune responses. Therefore, the PLpro can be as an important target for the treatment of COVID‐19. Until now, several drugs or compounds have been identified that can inhibit PLpro activity. Here we discuss about the dysregulation effects of PLpro on immune system and drugs that have potential inhibitors for SCoV‐2 PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Student Research CommitteeAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Department of VirologySchool of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Somayeh Shokri
- Student Research CommitteeAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Department of VirologySchool of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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25
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Structure of papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2 and its complexes with non-covalent inhibitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:743. [PMID: 33531496 PMCID: PMC7854729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to expand. Papain-like protease (PLpro) is one of two SARS-CoV-2 proteases potentially targetable with antivirals. PLpro is an attractive target because it plays an essential role in cleavage and maturation of viral polyproteins, assembly of the replicase-transcriptase complex, and disruption of host responses. We report a substantive body of structural, biochemical, and virus replication studies that identify several inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 enzyme. We determined the high resolution structure of wild-type PLpro, the active site C111S mutant, and their complexes with inhibitors. This collection of structures details inhibitors recognition and interactions providing fundamental molecular and mechanistic insight into PLpro. All compounds inhibit the peptidase activity of PLpro in vitro, some block SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture assays. These findings will accelerate structure-based drug design efforts targeting PLpro to identify high-affinity inhibitors of clinical value. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) is of interest as an antiviral drug target. Here, the authors synthesize and characterise naphthalene-based inhibitors for PLpro and present the crystal structures of PLpro in its apo state and with the bound inhibitors, which is of interest for further structure-based drug design efforts.
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26
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Interaction of small molecules with the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease: In silico studies and in vitro validation of protease activity inhibition using an enzymatic inhibition assay. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 104:107851. [PMID: 33556646 PMCID: PMC7837617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is causing COVID-19, an ongoing pandemic, with extraordinary global health, social, and political implications. Currently, extensive research and development efforts are aimed at producing a safe and effective vaccine. In the interim, small molecules are being widely investigated for antiviral effects. With respect to viral replication, the papain-like (PLpro) and main proteases (Mpro), are critical for processing viral replicase polypeptides. Further, the PLpro possesses deubiquitinating activity affecting key signalling pathways, including inhibition of interferon and innate immune antagonism. Therefore, inhibition of PLpro activity with small molecules is an important research direction. Our aim was to focus on identification of potential inhibitors of the protease activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. We investigated 300 small compounds derived predominantly from our OliveNet™ library (222 phenolics) and supplemented with synthetic and dietary compounds with reported antiviral activities. An initial docking screen, using the potent and selective noncovalent PLpro inhibitor, GRL-0617 as a control, enabled a selection of 30 compounds for further analyses. From further in silico analyses, including docking to scenes derived from a publicly available molecular dynamics simulation trajectory (100 μs PDB 6WX4; DESRES-ANTON-11441075), we identified lead compounds for further in vitro evaluation using an enzymatic inhibition assay measuring SARS-CoV-2 PLpro protease activity. Our findings indicate that hypericin possessed inhibition activity, and both rutin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of the PLpro, with activity in the micromolar range. Overall, hypericin, rutin, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside can be considered lead compounds requiring further characterisation for potential antiviral effects in appropriate model systems.
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27
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Fu Z, Huang B, Tang J, Liu S, Liu M, Ye Y, Liu Z, Xiong Y, Zhu W, Cao D, Li J, Niu X, Zhou H, Zhao YJ, Zhang G, Huang H. The complex structure of GRL0617 and SARS-CoV-2 PLpro reveals a hot spot for antiviral drug discovery. Nat Commun 2021; 12:488. [PMID: 33473130 PMCID: PMC7817691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like cysteine protease (PLpro) has been implicated in playing important roles in virus maturation, dysregulation of host inflammation, and antiviral immune responses. The multiple functions of PLpro render it a promising drug target. Therefore, we screened a library of approved drugs and also examined available inhibitors against PLpro. Inhibitor GRL0617 showed a promising in vitro IC50 of 2.1 μM and an effective antiviral inhibition in cell-based assays. The co-crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLproC111S in complex with GRL0617 indicates that GRL0617 is a non-covalent inhibitor and it resides in the ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP) domain of PLpro. NMR data indicate that GRL0617 blocks the binding of ISG15 C-terminus to PLpro. Using truncated ISG15 mutants, we show that the C-terminus of ISG15 plays a dominant role in binding PLpro. Structural analysis reveals that the ISG15 C-terminus binding pocket in PLpro contributes a disproportionately large portion of binding energy, thus this pocket is a hot spot for antiviral drug discovery targeting PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinle Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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28
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Abstract
Many research teams all over the world focus their research on the SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus that causes the so-called COVID-19 disease. Most of the studies identify the main protease or 3C-like protease (Mpro/3CLpro) as a valid target for large-spectrum inhibitors. Also, the interaction of the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with the viral surface glycoprotein (S) is studied in depth. Structural studies tried to identify the residues responsible for enhancement/weaken virus-ACE2 interactions or the cross-reactivity of the neutralizing antibodies. Although the understanding of the immune system and the hyper-inflammatory process in COVID-19 are crucial for managing the immediate and the long-term consequences of the disease, not many X-ray/NMR/cryo-EM crystals are available. In addition to 3CLpro, the crystal structures of other nonstructural proteins offer valuable information for elucidating some aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the structural analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 is currently mainly focused on three directions-finding Mpro/3CLpro inhibitors, the virus-host cell invasion, and the virus-neutralizing antibody interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Ileana Ionescu
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Microbiology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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29
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Francés-Monerris A, Hognon C, Miclot T, García-Iriepa C, Iriepa I, Terenzi A, Grandemange S, Barone G, Marazzi M, Monari A. Molecular Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Rational Design of Potential Antiviral Agents: Modeling and Simulation Approaches. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4291-4315. [PMID: 33119313 PMCID: PMC7640986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence in late 2019 of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the breakthrough of the COVID-19 pandemic that is presently affecting a growing number of countries. The development of the pandemic has also prompted an unprecedented effort of the scientific community to understand the molecular bases of the virus infection and to propose rational drug design strategies able to alleviate the serious COVID-19 morbidity. In this context, a strong synergy between the structural biophysics and molecular modeling and simulation communities has emerged, resolving at the atomistic level the crucial protein apparatus of the virus and revealing the dynamic aspects of key viral processes. In this Review, we focus on how in silico studies have contributed to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism and the proposal of novel and original agents to inhibit the viral key functioning. This Review deals with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, including the mode of action that this structural protein uses to entry human cells, as well as with nonstructural viral proteins, focusing the attention on the most studied proteases and also proposing alternative mechanisms involving some of its domains, such as the SARS unique domain. We demonstrate that molecular modeling and simulation represent an effective approach to gather information on key biological processes and thus guide rational molecular design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Francés-Monerris
- Université
de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Departament
de Química Física, Universitat
de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Cécilia Hognon
- Université
de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Tom Miclot
- Université
de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Department
of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río”
(IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Chemical
Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río”
(IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad
de Alcalá, Ctra.
Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Department
of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giampaolo Barone
- Department
of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río”
(IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université
de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
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30
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Shin D, Mukherjee R, Grewe D, Bojkova D, Baek K, Bhattacharya A, Schulz L, Widera M, Mehdipour AR, Tascher G, Geurink PP, Wilhelm A, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Ovaa H, Müller S, Knobeloch KP, Rajalingam K, Schulman BA, Cinatl J, Hummer G, Ciesek S, Dikic I. Papain-like protease regulates SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and innate immunity. Nature 2020; 587:657-662. [PMID: 32726803 PMCID: PMC7116779 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The papain-like protease PLpro is an essential coronavirus enzyme that is required for processing viral polyproteins to generate a functional replicase complex and enable viral spread1,2. PLpro is also implicated in cleaving proteinaceous post-translational modifications on host proteins as an evasion mechanism against host antiviral immune responses3-5. Here we perform biochemical, structural and functional characterization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) PLpro (SCoV2-PLpro) and outline differences with SARS-CoV PLpro (SCoV-PLpro) in regulation of host interferon and NF-κB pathways. SCoV2-PLpro and SCoV-PLpro share 83% sequence identity but exhibit different host substrate preferences; SCoV2-PLpro preferentially cleaves the ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15), whereas SCoV-PLpro predominantly targets ubiquitin chains. The crystal structure of SCoV2-PLpro in complex with ISG15 reveals distinctive interactions with the amino-terminal ubiquitin-like domain of ISG15, highlighting the high affinity and specificity of these interactions. Furthermore, upon infection, SCoV2-PLpro contributes to the cleavage of ISG15 from interferon responsive factor 3 (IRF3) and attenuates type I interferon responses. Notably, inhibition of SCoV2-PLpro with GRL-0617 impairs the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect, maintains the antiviral interferon pathway and reduces viral replication in infected cells. These results highlight a potential dual therapeutic strategy in which targeting of SCoV2-PLpro can suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection and promote antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyuk Shin
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rukmini Mukherjee
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Diana Grewe
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kheewoong Baek
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anshu Bhattacharya
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Schulz
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ahmad Reza Mehdipour
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Tascher
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paul P Geurink
- Oncode Institute and Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Wilhelm
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany.
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31
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Klemm T, Ebert G, Calleja DJ, Allison CC, Richardson LW, Bernardini JP, Lu BGC, Kuchel NW, Grohmann C, Shibata Y, Gan ZY, Cooney JP, Doerflinger M, Au AE, Blackmore TR, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Geurink PP, Ovaa H, Newman J, Riboldi‐Tunnicliffe A, Czabotar PE, Mitchell JP, Feltham R, Lechtenberg BC, Lowes KN, Dewson G, Pellegrini M, Lessene G, Komander D. Mechanism and inhibition of the papain-like protease, PLpro, of SARS-CoV-2. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106275. [PMID: 32845033 PMCID: PMC7461020 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus encodes an essential papain-like protease domain as part of its non-structural protein (nsp)-3, namely SARS2 PLpro, that cleaves the viral polyprotein, but also removes ubiquitin-like ISG15 protein modifications as well as, with lower activity, Lys48-linked polyubiquitin. Structures of PLpro bound to ubiquitin and ISG15 reveal that the S1 ubiquitin-binding site is responsible for high ISG15 activity, while the S2 binding site provides Lys48 chain specificity and cleavage efficiency. To identify PLpro inhibitors in a repurposing approach, screening of 3,727 unique approved drugs and clinical compounds against SARS2 PLpro identified no compounds that inhibited PLpro consistently or that could be validated in counterscreens. More promisingly, non-covalent small molecule SARS PLpro inhibitors also target SARS2 PLpro, prevent self-processing of nsp3 in cells and display high potency and excellent antiviral activity in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Klemm
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Gregor Ebert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Dale J Calleja
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Cody C Allison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Lachlan W Richardson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Jonathan P Bernardini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichael Smith Laboratories University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Bernadine GC Lu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Nathan W Kuchel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Christoph Grohmann
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Yuri Shibata
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Zhong Yan Gan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James P Cooney
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Amanda E Au
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Timothy R Blackmore
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | | | - Paul P Geurink
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Janet Newman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Biomedical ProgramParkvilleVic.Australia
| | | | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Jeffrey P Mitchell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Rebecca Feltham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Bernhard C Lechtenberg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Kym N Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics DepartmentUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - David Komander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
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32
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Freitas BT, Durie IA, Murray J, Longo JE, Miller HC, Crich D, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA, Pegan SD. Characterization and Noncovalent Inhibition of the Deubiquitinase and deISGylase Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2099-2109. [PMID: 32428392 PMCID: PMC7274171 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, is a novel human betacoronavirus that is rapidly spreading worldwide. The outbreak currently includes over 3.7 million cases and 260,000 fatalities. As a betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 encodes for a papain-like protease (PLpro) that is likely responsible for cleavage of the coronavirus (CoV) viral polypeptide. The PLpro is also responsible for suppression of host innate immune responses by virtue of its ability to reverse host ubiquitination and ISGylation events. Here, the biochemical activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro against ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) substrates is evaluated, revealing that the protease has a marked reduction in its ability to process K48 linked Ub substrates compared to its counterpart in SARS-CoV. Additionally, its substrate activity more closely mirrors that of the PLpro from the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and prefers ISG15s from certain species including humans. Additionally, naphthalene based PLpro inhibitors are shown to be effective at halting SARS-CoV-2 PLpro activity as well as SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Ian A. Durie
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Jaron E. Longo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Holden C. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin
College, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert Jeff Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
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33
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Zhou H, Fang Y, Xu T, Ni W, Shen A, Meng X. Potential therapeutic targets and promising drugs for combating SARS-CoV-2. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3147-3161. [PMID: 32368792 PMCID: PMC7267399 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As of April 9, 2020, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) had caused 89,931 deaths and 1,503,900 confirmed cases worldwide, which indicates an increasingly severe and uncontrollable situation. Initially, little was known about the virus. As research continues, we now know the genome structure, epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Based on this knowledge, potential targets involved in the processes of virus pathogenesis need to be identified, and the discovery or development of drugs based on these potential targets is the most pressing need. Here, we have summarized the potential therapeutic targets involved in virus pathogenesis and discuss the advances, possibilities, and significance of drugs based on these targets for treating SARS-CoV-2. This review will facilitate the identification of potential targets and provide clues for drug development that can be translated into clinical applications for combating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wei‐Jian Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Ai‐Zong Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Xiao‐Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
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34
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Freitas BT, Scholte FEM, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. How ISG15 combats viral infection. Virus Res 2020; 286:198036. [PMID: 32492472 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein critical for the control of microbial infections. ISG15 appears to serve a wide variety of functions, which regulate multiple cellular responses contributing to the development of an antiviral state. ISG15 is a versatile molecule directly modulating both host and virus protein function which regulate many signaling pathways, including its own synthesis. Here we review the various roles ISG15 plays in the antiviral immune response, and examine the mechanisms by which viruses attempt to mitigate or exploit ISG15 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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35
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Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Coronaviruses and Possible Therapeutic Opportunities for COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103492. [PMID: 32429099 PMCID: PMC7278987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the outbreak of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)2, the majority of nations are struggling with countermeasures to fight infection, prevent spread and improve patient survival. Considering that the pandemic is a recent event, no large clinical trials have been possible and since coronavirus specific drug are not yet available, there is no strong consensus on how to treat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated viral pneumonia. Coronaviruses code for an important multifunctional enzyme named papain-like protease (PLP), that has many roles in pathogenesis. First, PLP is one of the two viral cysteine proteases, along with 3-chymotripsin-like protease, that is responsible for the production of the replicase proteins required for viral replication. Second, its intrinsic deubiquitinating and deISGylating activities serve to antagonize the host’s immune response that would otherwise hinder infection. Both deubiquitinating and deISGylating functions involve the removal of the small regulatory polypeptides, ubiquitin and ISG15, respectively, from target proteins. Ubiquitin modifications can regulate the innate immune response by affecting regulatory proteins, either by altering their stability via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway or by directly regulating their activity. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like modifier with pleiotropic effects, typically expressed during the host cell immune response. PLP inhibitors have been evaluated during past coronavirus epidemics, and have showed promising results as an antiviral therapy in vitro. In this review, we recapitulate the roles of PLPs in coronavirus infections, report a list of PLP inhibitors and suggest possible therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 treatment, using both clinical and preclinical drugs.
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36
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Chellapandi P, Saranya S. Genomics insights of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) into target-based drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2020; 29:1777-1791. [PMID: 32837137 PMCID: PMC7394272 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is a global health emergency and no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available to date. Intensive research on SARS-CoV-2 is urgently warranted to understand its pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms and to discover target-based antiviral therapeutics. Among various research logics, current bioinformatics highlights novel testable hypotheses for systematic drug repositioning and designing against COVID-19. A total of 121 articles related to bioinformatics facets of this virus were collected from the PubMed Central. The content of each investigation was comprehensively reviewed, manually curated, and included herein. Interestingly, 109 COVID-19-related literature published in 2020 (January-June) were included in this review. The present article emphasizes novel resource development on its genome structure, evolution, therapeutic targets, drug designing, and drug repurposing strategies. Genome organization, the function of coding genes, origin, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is described in detail. Genomic insights into understanding the structure-function relationships of drug targets including spike, main protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed intensively. Several molecular docking and systems pharmacology approaches have been investigated some promising antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 based on its genomic characteristics, pathogenesis mechanism, and host specificity. Perhaps, the present genomic insights of this virus will provide a lead to the researchers to design or repurpose of antiviral drugs soon and future directions to control the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Chellapandi
- grid.411678.d0000 0001 0941 7660Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024 India
| | - S. Saranya
- grid.411678.d0000 0001 0941 7660Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024 India
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