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Mwakyula IH, Makarius E, Maro H, Ngatunga C. Pneumoconiosis among artisanal miners in Chunya district, Mbeya, Tanzania. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e260481. [PMID: 38914531 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This case series sheds light on the pulmonary diseases afflicting artisanal gold miners in Chunya district, Mbeya, Tanzania. We present 3 cases from a group of 21 miners. The patients, ranging in age and mining exposure, exhibited symptoms of severe pulmonary conditions, including pneumoconiosis, pulmonary hypertension and Cor pulmonale, attributed to prolonged exposure to dust and inadequate protective measures in mining environments. These cases underscore the urgent need for enhanced occupational health standards and preventive strategies in artisanal mining communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issakwisa Habakkuk Mwakyula
- Internal Medicine, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
- Internal Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Emanuel Makarius
- Internal Medicine, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Haika Maro
- Radiology, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
- Radiology, University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Cecilia Ngatunga
- Department of Radiology, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
- University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
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Blackman B, Barnett S, Premkumar A, Sheth NP. Orthopaedic and trauma research in Tanzania: A scoping review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304218. [PMID: 38837974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tanzania is disproportionately burdened by musculoskeletal injuries as it faces unique challenges when dealing with trauma care. This scoping review aims to summarize and assess the current state of orthopaedic and trauma research in Tanzania. By identifying key themes, trends, and gaps in the literature, this review seeks to guide future research initiatives catered specifically to the needs of Tanzania's healthcare system. Utilizing the PRISMA-ScR protocol, OVID Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception to June 17, 2023, using keywords such as "Orthopaedics" "Trauma" and "Tanzania". One hundred and ninety-two eligible studies were included and the Arksey and O'Malley framework for scoping studies was followed. There was a notable growth of relevant publications from 2015 onward, with peaks in growth in the years 2019, 2021, and 2020. The studies employed diverse research methodologies, with cross-sectional (n = 41, 21%) and prospective studies (n = 39, 20%) being the most prevalent, and randomized-controlled trials being the least prevalent methodology, making up eight studies (4.2%). The most common study themes were trauma (n = 101, 52.6%), lower extremity (n = 31, 16%), and spine-related issues (n = 27, 14%). Only three studies looked at work-related injuries (1.6%). Road traffic injuries (RTIs) were the most common mechanism of trauma in 77.0% of the trauma focused studies. Fifty-three percent of the studies were conducted by a majority of Tanzanian authors. This scoping review highlights various trends in orthopaedic and trauma research in Tanzania, with a particular emphasis on road traffic-related injuries. Various gaps are explored, including a lack of research on work-related injuries and a paucity of experimental research. Our findings underline areas where future research is warranted. The future of orthopaedic and trauma care in Tanzania depends on the efforts and collaboration of both local and international stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Barnett
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ajay Premkumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Neil P Sheth
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Sway GG, Materu SF. Status of occupational health and safety in the informal sectors in Tanzania: the case of stone quarrying and soil brickmaking. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:136-145. [PMID: 37914664 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2278935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. The informal economy in Tanzania, as in many other developing countries, presents numerous workplace safety issues. This study was conducted in stone quarrying (SQ) and soil brickmaking (SBM) sites to assess workers' awareness and perceptions of safety practices, identify common workplace risks and hazards, and evaluate challenges hindering the implementation of workplace safety culture. Methods. A total of 173 workers responded to a semi-structured questionnaire and 15 workers were interviewed. Data were summarized using Stata (version 15). Results. More than 95% of the SQ and SBM workers were exposed to ergonomic hazards and related health risks, due to low awareness (90%) and unavailable leadership structures (>96%) for enforcing and overseeing the implementation of workplace occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations. Conclusion. Due to the lack of regulation and oversight, workers in the informal sector in Tanzania often face hazardous conditions that put their health and safety at risk. Workers use self-intuitions, observations, injuries and near miss incidences to improvise control measures and minimize hazardous risks. This study provides baseline information that can be used for evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation to safeguard workers' safety and health in the informal sectors of Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon George Sway
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
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Banerjee S, Goswami K. Whether occupational injuries of the industrial workers can be prevented: an analysis from the slums of West Bengal-India? Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024; 31:48-60. [PMID: 37740694 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2023.2258511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
A lack of research exists concerning the heterogeneity of the occupational injuries of slum dwellers across industries which has a close link with health expenditure and hence livelihood. It necessitates analysing their occupational injuries and associated out-of-pocket health expenditures. Multi-stage random sampling is used to collect the primary data and the logit model is used for data analyses. Permanent non-fatal injuries in the civil-mechanical industries and temporary non-fatal injuries in textile industries are common. The share of health expenditure of the injured workers seeking medical consultations remains 59% of their average monthly income. Average monthly income, parental occupation, types of industry, job security, risk intensity, and salary basis are significant estimates of occupational injuries. The differences in the nature and extent of the occupational injuries of the workers across industries in the light of the socio-demographic and working environment context provide significant insight into the policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwati Banerjee
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Shibpur, India
| | - Kishor Goswami
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Magoha L, Nyanza EC, Asori M, Thomas DSK. Informal welders' occupational safety and environmental health risks in northwestern Tanzania. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002923. [PMID: 38416749 PMCID: PMC10901300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Often with minimal formal training and protections, informal welders face significant occupational health and safety (OSH) risks. This cross-sectional study of 219 adult informal welders at 70 informal welding sites in Mwanza City, Tanzania aimed to: 1) capture knowledge and awareness of occupational risks and safety precautions, training, and self-reported work-related injuries and illness and 2) observe worker use of personal protective equipment and site safety. We hypothesized that knowledge, awareness, and site inspections would improve use of PPE and that improved safety and site inspections would reduce self-reported injuries and illness. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to model all relationships. Robust standard error estimation was used to avoid overestimation of parameters. Having a post-secondary education (aβ = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.962, 1.061; p = 0. 0679), having training in OSH (aβ = 0.927, 95% CI: 0.872, 0.984, p = 0.014), increased knowledge of occupational risks (aβ = 1.305, 95% CI: 1.143, 1.491; p<0.001), and knowledge of safety measures (aβ = 1.112, 95% CI: 0.881, 1.404; p = 0.372) increased PPE use by 1%, 7.3%, 30.5%, and 11.2% respectively. Workers who used PPE were less likely to experience fire explosions (AOR = 0.149, 95% CI: 0.029, 0.751; p = 0.02), radiation exposure (AOR = 0.097, 95% CI: 0.016, 0.579, p = 0.01) or electric shocks (AOR = 0.012; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.11, p<0.001). Having increased knowledge of safety practices also decreased the odds of fire explosions (AOR = 0.075, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.314; p<0.001). Those with higher knowledge of occupational risk (aβ = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.404, 1.756; p<0.001) and safety measures (aβ = 1.628, 95% CI: 1.34, 1.978; p<0.001) were more likely to have more positive attitudes towards safety practices. Our findings suggest that comprehensive targeted interventions including increased knowledge of occupational risks, safety practices, and occupational health law through training, along with enforcement and inspection by government officials, would benefit the environmental and occupational health for informal welders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Magoha
- Occupational Health and Safety Authority, Lake Zone Office, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Elias C Nyanza
- Department of Environmental, Occupational Health, and GIS, School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Moses Asori
- Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Deborah S K Thomas
- Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
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Raphala CP, Agbenyeku EEO, Mbazima SJ, Rathebe PC. Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards occupational noise among maintenance and administration workers of selected health facilities in Modimolle-Mookgopong Municipality, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38212981 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2302038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitude, and practices towards Noise-Induced Hearing Loss among maintenance and administration workers in selected health facilities in the Modimolle-Mookgopong Municipality. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to select 250 participants. Maintenance workers were populated within the age range of 26-35 years, being more than administrative personnel (COR 1.59, CI 0.8-3.16). Maintenance workers showed more knowledge of noise being an unwanted sound (COR 1.04, CI 0.29-3.73), an ear infection (COR 4.65, CI 1.48-14.58) and poor hearing of speech as a sign of hearing loss (AOR 0.25, CI 0.07-0.86). Thirty-four percent (34%) of maintenance workers believed that ear screening and assessments are important while 17.9% believed not to be important. Forty-eight percent (58%) of maintenance workers suggested that they could not use hearing protectors effectively without training while 13.7% suggested training is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Phuti Raphala
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Emem-Obong Agbenyeku
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Setlamorago Jackson Mbazima
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Occupational Health, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Phoka Caiphus Rathebe
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Materu SF, Sway GG, Mussa BS. Workplace concentrations of particulate matter and noise levels among stone quarry and soil brick-making workers in Tanzania. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:563-573. [PMID: 37585341 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2249520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in 15 artisanal stone quarries (SQ) and 22 soil brick-making (SBM) sites. Specific objectives were to: (i) quantify ambient concentrations of suspended particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants and noise levels at SQ and SBM workplaces; (ii) critically evaluate the potential workplace hazards, and risk factors; and (iii) analyze potential health risks to workers. Gaseous pollutants, PM, and noise levels were measured by using portable digital devices. Social demographic information of 150 workers across the study sites was collected using a questionnaire. Quantitative data were summarized and exploratorily analyzed using Stata software. This study revealed that fuel burning in the SBM releases SPM up to 10-fold and CO gas up to 14-fold above the WHO-recommended time-weighted average exposure concentrations of 16.6 µg/m3 and 0.3 mg/m3, respectively. On average hitting with a pickax in SQ areas released noise levels of about 81.01 ± 6.8 dB[A]. Overall, the SQ and SBM workers were exposed to low concentrations of PM and noise levels when the measurements were taken. Long working hours for repetitive activities in hot-sunny (27.1 ± 2.3 °C) and low outdoor humidity 23 ± 1.5%, potentially increase epidemiological risks to vulnerable individuals and enhance worker exposures to inhalable PMs. Although workplace noise exposure below the regulatory threshold of 85 dB[A] may not cause immediate hearing damage, it can have a significant impact on workers' hearing health, cognitive performance, psychological well-being, and overall productivity. This study provides an overview of workplace conditions rather than an accurate representation of the actual worker exposure levels because personal breathing zone sampling devices were not used. This study provides baseline information for further research and can be used for evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation to safeguard worker safety and health in SQ and SBM sites in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Francis Materu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Rathebe PC, Mbazima SJ. Risk-Based Assessment of 132 kV Electric Distribution Substations and Proximal Residential Areas in the Mangaung Metropolitan Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4365. [PMID: 36901371 PMCID: PMC10001757 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Annually, an estimate of 2.3 million workers die prematurely due to occupational injuries and illnesses. In this study, a risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the compliance of 132 kV electric distribution substations and proximal residential areas with the South African occupational health and safety Act 85 of 1993. Data were collected from 30 electric distribution substations and 30 proximal residential areas using a checklist. Distribution substations of 132 kV were assigned an overall compliance value of ≥80%, while a composite risk value of < 0.5 was assigned to individual residential areas. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check for data normality before multiple comparisons and the Bonferroni adjustment was applied. Non-compliances in electric distribution substations were as a result of poor housekeeping and inappropriate fencing conditions. Ninety-three percent of the electric distribution substations (28/30) scored < 75% compliance on housekeeping and 30% (7/30) were non-compliant (<100%) on fencing. Conversely, there was compliance in the proximal residential areas concerning the substations. Statistically significant differences were found when substation positioning and surrounding infrastructure (p < 0.00), electromagnetic field sources (p < 0.00) and maintenance/general tidiness (p < 0.00) were compared. A peak risk value of 0.6 was observed when comparing the substation positioning with proximal electromagnetic field sources in the residential area. Housekeeping and fencing in the distribution substations must be improved to prevent occupational incidents such as injuries, fire outbreaks, theft and vandalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoka Caiphus Rathebe
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Setlamorago Jackson Mbazima
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Occupational Health, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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Mwemezi BR, Kikwasi GJ, Phoya S. Perception of masonry workers on health and safety risks in informal construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2022.2163556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Phoya
- Building Economics Department, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Andersson T, Makenga G, Francis F, Minja DTR, Overballe-Petersen S, Tang MHE, Fuursted K, Baraka V, Lood R. Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes within bacteriophage populations in saliva samples from individuals undergoing oral antibiotic treatments. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1049110. [PMID: 36425042 PMCID: PMC9678940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1049110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spread of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge for our modern health care system, and even more so in developing countries with higher prevalence of both infections and resistant bacteria. Faulty usage of antibiotics has been pinpointed as a driving factor in spread of resistant bacteria through selective pressure. However, horizontal gene transfer mediated through bacteriophages may also play an important role in this spread. In a cohort of Tanzanian patients suffering from bacterial infections, we demonstrate significant differences in the oral microbial diversity between infected and non-infected individuals, as well as before and after oral antibiotics treatment. Further, the resistome carried both by bacteria and bacteriophages vary significantly, with blaCTX-M1 resistance genes being mobilized and enriched within phage populations. This may impact how we consider spread of resistance in a biological context, as well in terms of treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilde Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Geofrey Makenga
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanzania
| | - Filbert Francis
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanzania
- Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Man-Hung Eric Tang
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Bacterial Reference Center, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vito Baraka
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanzania
| | - Rolf Lood
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rolf Lood,
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Johanes M, Mark M, Steven J. A Global Review of Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems for the Period 1970 to 2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022; 29:821-836. [PMID: 35622415 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2083811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global awareness on Occupational Safety and Health management systems (OSHMSs) has been increasing exponentially with time over the years. Evidence on the public domain shows that there is still much skepticism and reluctance on implementing OSHMSs, particularly in the least developed and developing countries. The primary objective of the theoretical review was to analyze the available evidence of research gaps on OSHMSs implementation globally over the period 1970 to 2020. METHODS The review adopted a descriptive mixed methods design premised on its ability to provide a platform for data triangulation that is paramount in enhancing the authenticity of the review findings. RESULTS Many studies conducted on implementation of OSHMSs were bereft of examining the challenges of OSHMSs implementation. The review further exposed some OSHMSs implementation disparities existing between the developed and the developing world, hence a conclusion can be drawn that a 'one size fits all approach' to OSHMS implementation may not ideal for many workplaces. CONCLUSION This review recommends contextualization of OSHMSs implementation taking into consideration other differing environmental factors. Ultimately, the review recommends propagation of further research that will exude the challenges associated with implementation of OSHMSs and their causal factors thereby providing the basis for establishment of problem driven solutions to increase uptake of OSHMSs at workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandowa Johanes
- Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
| | - Matsa Mark
- Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
| | - Jerie Steven
- Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
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Chen T, Cao Z. Construction safety: an analysis of the cross-influence of economic, construction, and accident death factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65243-65254. [PMID: 34231146 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relations between the number of accident deaths (NCD) and various factors in construction safety, a multiple linear regression model was established, based on the panel data of economy, construction labor, and the number of accident deaths in 31 provinces (regions) of China from 2009 to 2018. The results show that the average total profits and taxes (TPAT), and the death rate of ten thousand people (DR) are positively correlated with NCD, while the labor productivity (LP) is negatively correlated with it. Under the condition that other factors remain unchanged, NCD increases by 0.02 per a hundred million CNY. However, if DR increases by one ten thousand, NCD will increase by 8.66 on average. On the contrary, when LP increases by a hundred million CNY per ten thousand people, NCD decreases by 0.19. The model also predicts NCD in different provinces and cities from 2019 to 2020 with the method of quadratic exponential smoothing. As well, practice results show that the model is effective and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghong Cao
- School of Management, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Li C, Wang X, Wei C, Hao M, Qiao Z, He Y. Analysis of the Correlation between Occupational Accidents and Economic Factors in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10781. [PMID: 34682524 PMCID: PMC8535984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the important factors affecting the production safety of a country or region is the level of economic development. Avoiding accidents under the condition of ensuring economic development is a problem that needs in-depth research. On the basis of collecting the data of occupational accidents and economic development indicators in China from 2000 to 2020, this paper studies the relationship between occupational accidents and five economic indicators, such as resident consumption, energy consumption, education funds, wage level and research input. The grey working accident model of Gaussian function is established, the occurrence trend of occupational accidents is quantitatively analyzed, and the accident reduction measures are suggested based on the relationship between accidents and economy. The results show that there is a strong correlation between accident and economic indicators, and the comprehensive correlation coefficient among scientific research investment, education funds and accident indicators is significantly higher than that of other economic indicators. Increasing investment in scientific research and education is conducive to improving the quality of workers and training safety professionals and can effectively reduce workplace accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chengmin Wei
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.)
| | - Min Hao
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.)
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Occupational Skin Diseases among Building Construction Workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:92. [PMID: 34621627 PMCID: PMC8462472 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amongst established growing industries worldwide, the construction industry contributes about 7.5% of the world labor force and 16.4% of global occupational diseases and accidents. A variety of activities are practiced in construction work, such as masonry, painting, welding, carpentry, plastering, concrete and cement mixing. These may eventually lead to exposures that can subject the workers to risks of developing occupational skin diseases. Most studies done on the construction industry in Tanzania have focused on effects such as injuries, respiratory problems and ergonomics; very little research has been done on skin diseases. Objectives: The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of occupational skin diseases, associated factors and preventive measures among building construction workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: Construction sites and participants were selected using simple random sampling. The Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ) was adapted and used for assessing the development of skin diseases among constructions workers. Analysis of categorical variables, associated factors and skin preventive measures was done using Chi-square tests. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio for factors indicating an influence on the occurrence of skin diseases. Findings: The study consisted of 420 building construction workers from different sites with a mean age of 32.7 years. The participants were masons, assistant masons and carpenters. The mean work duration was 6 years. Occupational Skin diseases were prevalent in 228 (54%) workers. Carpenters had a higher prevalence of skin diseases 12(67%), followed by assistant masons 43 (64%). Timely provision of safety trainings and of PPE utility, training and guidance lowered the occurrence of skin diseases. Conclusion: A high number of construction workers experienced skin diseases, especially those who have worked for more than 4 years. Workers who received safety training before the work shift had lesser prevalence of skin diseases compared to those who did not. Receiving proper information on PPE usage and proper wearing of gloves had a protective effect.
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Shewiyo BS, Mwanga HH, Mrema EJ, Mamuya SH. Work-Related Injuries Reported toWorkers Compensation Fund in Tanzania from 2016 to 2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9152. [PMID: 34501742 PMCID: PMC8431483 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quality data on the magnitude and determinants of work-related injuries is an important element in the development of appropriate preventative strategies. However, there have been many challenges in obtaining quality information on work-related injuries in the developing countries. This archival study based on the data from workers' compensation registry from the year 2016 to 2019 aimed at determining trends and factors associated with work-related injuries (WRI). Data from 4578 WRI claims reported to Workers Compensation Fund (WCF) in Tanzania were analyzed. As expected, this new workers' compensation system had increasing participation from inception in 2016 through 2019, resulting in increasing numbers of fatal and non-fatal work-related claims. Motor traffic accidents, machine faults and falls were the most reported causes of WRI. Males had more than 2-fold increased odds of sustaining fatal injuries compared to females. More than 6-fold increased odds of fatal injuries were observed for injuries occurring during conveyance. Explosions, motor traffic accidents, and falls were more likely to result into fatal injuries. Increased odds of fatal injuries were observed in workers from transportation and storage sector; information and technology; construction and building; and electricity, gas, and steam sectors, as well as among teachers, drivers, office workers, and security guards. The current study offers some insights regarding trends and associated factors that are vital in planning and implementation of appropriate preventative strategies for work-related injuries in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda S. Shewiyo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania; (H.H.M.); (E.J.M.); (S.H.M.)
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16
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A systematic review of factors leading to occupational injuries and fatalities. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Ncube F, Kanda A, Dhlakama P. Postural risk associated with Wooden Steel Chairs and Stackable Arm Chairs in a low-income country. Work 2019; 64:579-586. [PMID: 31658090 DOI: 10.3233/wor-193019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wooden Steel Chairs (WSCs) and Stackable Arm Chairs (SACs) are widely used in tertiary institutions of learning in low income countries. No local studies seem to have investigated the postural risk associated with the concerned chair type. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the postural risk associated with WSCs and SACs. It also determined the anatomical distribution of musculoskeletal complaints among users of the chair types. METHODS Purposive sampling was used to select 100 desktop computer users (23.25±1.6 years) of which 50% consistently used a computer laboratory with WSCs and the other half used one with SACs. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method was used to evaluate the sitting posture of users of both chair types. Musculoskeletal complaints were investigated using the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. RESULTS Analyses showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean RULA scores for the right side of the body for users of WSCs (6.08±0.85) compared to users of SACs (5.26±1.23). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found on the prevalence of lower back pain between users of WSCs and SACs. Among all study participants, 72% reported musculoskeletal pain at one or more body parts in the previous 12 months. Self-reported complaints pertained to the neck (24%), lower back (19%), shoulders (16%), elbow (8%), upper back (8%) and wrist (4%). CONCLUSION WSCs seem to pose a higher postural risk for lower back pain than SACs. Ergonomics interventions and exercise training programmes may be useful to address the poor working posture and musculoskeletal complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Ncube
- Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe
| | - Artwell Kanda
- Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe
| | - Praisemore Dhlakama
- Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe
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18
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Majeed S, Rahman MU, Majeed H, Rahman SU, Hayat A, Smith SD. Chemical mismanagement and skin burns among hospitalized and outpatient department patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2019; 27:817-830. [PMID: 31251122 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2019.1638142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. This article attempts to elucidate the nature of chemicals causing major and minor skin burns, and their associated characterization across different industries, using Fujian provincial hospitals' admission and outpatient department records. Materials and methods. Data were collected from the provincial hospitals of Fujian through a questionnaire, sent via email, from June 1, 2017 to November 30, 2017. The collected responses were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 19 through the interquartile range, median, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test with two-tailed significance. Results and conclusions. The results of 306 collected responses reveal that the majority of skin burn cases are due to a lack of technical education and professional training among workers handling chemicals. This study suggests that management's effective supervision and governmental regulations may help to prevent chemical skin burns at work, and can further be controlled by hiring professional workers alongside providing training to them in chemical handling as well as using protective equipment and developing appropriate management policies to improve victims' well-being and quality of life. Findings will help workers, doctors, hospitals, industries, government and other stakeholders to understand and control chemical hazards on site to minimize the risks of chemical skin burn incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hammad Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ur Rahman
- Urban Policy Unit Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (UPU, P&DD GoKP) Civil Secretariat, Pakistan
| | - Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, China
| | - Sandra D Smith
- University of Auckland Business School, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Naidoo S. Challenges for Exposure Science in Developing Countries. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 63:614-618. [PMID: 31009026 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures are important contributors influencing the burden of disease in developing countries. It is important to quantify the impact of exposures from working and living environments on individual and population health in order to reduce the burden of related diseases. Despite the tremendous advances made internationally in the field of exposure science, numerous challenges, including low literacy levels, poor organization of work and living, legislative gaps, and limited exposure science capacity, exist in developing countries. In this commentary, these challenges are discussed and recommendations for the exposure science community to help in addressing the challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloshni Naidoo
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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20
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Nyarubeli IP, Tungu AM, Bråtveit M, Moen BE. Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss: A study of knowledge, attitude and practice among Tanzanian iron and steel workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 75:216-225. [PMID: 31033430 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1607816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We assessed Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) regarding occupational noise exposure, Noise-induced hearing loss, audiometry and use of hearing protection devices among iron and steel factory workers exposed to high noise level. A modified, validated, structured questionnaire was used to collect information from 253 male workers randomly selected from the four factories. The sum scores for each domain of KAP were computed. Scores above 75% were defined as good knowledge and positive attitude. For practice, scores of >50% were defined as good. Independent samples t-test and Chi-squared test were used to analyze association between KAP and continuous/categorical variables respectively. Majority of workers displayed poor knowledge and poor practice (94%), but 76% displayed a positive attitude. Most of the workers (86%) had never been provided with hearing protection devices. The mean scores for attitude and practice differed significantly between the four factories (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Implementation of hearing conservation program with provision of hearing protection devices are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel P Nyarubeli
- Department of Global Public and Primary Care, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Global Public and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander M Tungu
- Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Magne Bråtveit
- Department of Global Public and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente E Moen
- Department of Global Public and Primary Care, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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21
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Mona GG, Chimbari MJ, Hongoro C. A systematic review on occupational hazards, injuries and diseases among police officers worldwide: Policy implications for the South African Police Service. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:2. [PMID: 30679940 PMCID: PMC6341669 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational hazards, injuries and diseases are a major concern among police officers, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is limited locally relevant literature for guiding policy for the South African Police Service (SAPS). The purpose of this review was to describe the occupational hazards, injuries and diseases affecting police officers worldwide, in order to benchmark policy implications for the SAPS. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies using Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus. Results A total of 36 studies were included in this review. Six revealed that police officers’ exposure to accident hazards may lead to acute or chronic injuries such as sprains, fractures or even fatalities. These hazards may occur during driving, patrol or riot control. There were two studies, which confirmed physical hazards such as noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), due to exposure to high levels of noise. Three studies on chemical hazards revealed that exposure to high concentrations of carbon dioxide and general air pollution was associated with cancer, while physical exposure to other chemical substances was linked to dermatitis. Four studies on biological hazards demonstrated potential exposure to blood borne diseases from needle stick injuries (NSIs) or cuts from contaminated objects. One study on ergonomic hazards showed that musculoskeletal disorders can result from driving long distances and lifting heavy objects. There were 15 studies that indicated psychological hazards such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as stress. Moreover, four studies were conducted on organizational hazards including burnout, negative workplace exposure and other factors. Conclusions This review outlined the global impact of occupational hazards, injuries and diseases in the police force. It served as a benchmark for understanding the policy implications for South Africa, where there is paucity of studies on occupational health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gift Gugu Mona
- 1College of Health Sciences, George Campbell Building, Mazisi Kunene Road, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O Box X7, Congella, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4013 South Africa
| | - Moses John Chimbari
- 1College of Health Sciences, George Campbell Building, Mazisi Kunene Road, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O Box X7, Congella, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4013 South Africa
| | - Charles Hongoro
- Research Use and Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council Building, 134 Pretorius Street, Pretoria, 0083 South Africa
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22
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Ncube F, Kanda A. Current Status and the Future of Occupational Safety and Health Legislation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Saf Health Work 2018; 9:365-371. [PMID: 30559983 PMCID: PMC6284162 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses three key issues. First, the commonalities, differences, strengths, and limitations of existing occupational safety and health (OSH) legislation of low- and middle-income countries were determined. Second, required revisions were identified and discussed to strengthen the laws in accordance with the best international practice. Finally, proposals for additional OSH laws and interventions were suggested. A literature search of OSH laws of 10 selected low- and middle-income countries was carried out. The laws were subjected to uniform review criteria. Although the agricultural sector employs more than 70% of the population, most of the reviewed countries lack OSH legislation on the sector. Existing OSH laws are gender insensitive, fragmented among various government departments, insufficient, outdated, and nondeterrent to perpetrators and lack incentives for compliance. Conclusively, the legal frameworks require reformation and harmonization for the collective benefit to employees, employers, and regulatory authorities. New OSH legislation for the agricultural sector is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Ncube
- Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
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23
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Moyo D, Zungu M, Erick P, Tumoyagae T, Mwansa C, Muteti S, Makhothi A, Maribe K. Occupational health and safety in the Southern African Development Community. Occup Med (Lond) 2018; 67:590-592. [PMID: 29211908 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dingani Moyo
- Baines Occupational and Travel Medicine Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Muzimkhulu Zungu
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patience Erick
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Corner of Notwane and Mobuto Road, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tshephang Tumoyagae
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Corner of Notwane and Mobuto Road, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Connard Mwansa
- Occupational Health and Safety Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shamiso Muteti
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Keletso Maribe
- Debswana Diamond Mining Company, Jwaneng Occupational Health Centre, Jwaneng, Botswana
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24
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France N, Kanda A. Commentary on the Organisation of Occupational Health and Safety in Southern Africa, the International Labour Organization and Policies in General. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:500-503. [PMID: 30835395 PMCID: PMC6748260 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The design and implementation of sound occupational health and safety (OHS) programmes require understanding of the main issues that need attention. This article highlights key issues regarding the (i) organisation of OHS services in southern Africa, (ii) role of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the provision of OHS services and (iii) implementation of policies in general. METHODS Relevant peer-reviewed journal articles, ILO conventions and policies were identified and discussed. RESULTS Inadequacies that exist on the organisation of OHS services in southern Africa include (i) lack of some critical categories of OHS practitioners, (ii) no emphasis on the surveillance of the work environment (iii) disregard of the worker's right to refuse to work in unsafe work environments and (iv)non-coverage of some sectors of the economy. Further research is needed to identify additional efforts that the ILO requires to effectively discharge its OHS promotion mandate. CONCLUSION Responsible authorities need to attend to the shortcomings of the national OSH laws and intergovernmental pacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ncube France
- Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, ZW
| | - Artwell Kanda
- Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, ZW
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25
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Mrema EJ, Ngowi AV, Kishinhi SS, Mamuya SH. Pesticide Exposure and Health Problems Among Female Horticulture Workers in Tanzania. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2017; 11:1178630217715237. [PMID: 28690397 PMCID: PMC5484550 DOI: 10.1177/1178630217715237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of horticulture farming, expansion of farms, and the practice of monoculture favor the proliferation of pests, which in turn increases the need for pesticides. Increased exposure to pesticides is associated with inadequate knowledge on the hazardous nature of pesticides, poor hygiene practices, lack of availability of washing facilities, and insufficient adherence to precautionary instructions on pesticide labels. Mitigating the risks posed by pesticides is considered a less compelling interest than alleviating poverty. Women working in horticulture in Tanzania usually have low levels of education and income and lack decision-making power even on matters relating to their own health. This contributes to pesticide exposure and other health challenges. Because of multiple factors, some of which act as study confounders, few studies on exposure to pesticides and health effects have been conducted among women. This review identified factors that contribute to the increased health effects among women working in the horticultural industry and how these effects relate to pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65015, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Gümüş R, Gülsün Z. Occupational health and safety indicators of Turkey and their relationships with social and economic development factors between 1998 and 2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2017.1308669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rojan Gümüş
- Ataturk Vocational School of Health Sciences, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Zülküf Gülsün
- International Engineering Science and Education Group (INESEG), Diyarbakır, Turkey
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