1
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Vargas NT, Robertson CV, Marino FE. Acute ingestion of Ibuprofen does not influence the release of IL-6 or improve self-paced exercise in the heat despite altering cortical activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2303-2313. [PMID: 38446191 PMCID: PMC11322222 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that ingesting 800 mg Ibuprofen prior to self-paced cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion (RPE) improves performance by attenuating the release of Interleukin (IL)-6 and its signalling molecules, whilst simultaneously modulating cortical activity and cerebral oxygenation to the brain. Eight healthy, recreationally active males ingested 800 mg Ibuprofen or a placebo ~ 1 h prior to performing fixed RPE cycling for 60 min in 35 °C and 60% relative humidity at an intensity of hard to very hard (RPE = 16) with intermittent maximal (RPE = 20) sprints every 10 min. Power output (PO), core and mean skin temperatures (Tc, Tsk), respectively, and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings at the frontal (Fz), motor (Cz) and Parietal (Pz) areas (90 s) were collected every 5 min. IL-6, soluble glycoprotein receptor (sgp130) and IL-6 receptor (R) were collected at pre-, 30 min and immediately post-exercise. Mean PO, HR, Tc and Tsk, and RPE were not different between trials (P ≥ 0.33). At end-exercise, the change in IL-6, sgp130 and sIL-6R was not different between trials (P ≥ 0.12). The increase in α and β activity did not differ in any cortices between trials (P ≥ 0.07); however, there was a significant reduction in α/β activity in the Ibuprofen compared to placebo trials at all sites (P ≤ 0.05). Ingesting a maximal, over-the-counter dose of Ibuprofen prior to exercise in the heat does not attenuate the release of IL-6, nor improve performance, but may influence cortical activity evidenced by a greater reduction in α/β activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, 54 Mills Rd, Florey Building, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Caroline V Robertson
- Griffith Centre For Mental Health and ALIVE National Centre for Mental Health Research Translation, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Frank E Marino
- School of Rural Medicine and Research Group for Human Adaptation, Exercise and Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2890, Australia
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2
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Corticospinal and peripheral responses to heat-induced hypo-hydration: potential physiological mechanisms and implications for neuromuscular function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1797-1810. [PMID: 35362800 PMCID: PMC9287254 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Heat-induced hypo-hydration (hyperosmotic hypovolemia) can reduce prolonged skeletal muscle performance; however, the mechanisms are less well understood and the reported effects on all aspects of neuromuscular function and brief maximal contractions are inconsistent. Historically, a 4–6% reduction of body mass has not been considered to impair muscle function in humans, as determined by muscle torque, membrane excitability and peak power production. With the development of magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological techniques, such as electromyography, peripheral nerve, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the integrity of the brain-to-muscle pathway can be further investigated. The findings of this review demonstrate that heat-induced hypo-hydration impairs neuromuscular function, particularly during repeated and sustained contractions. Additionally, the mechanisms are separate to those of hyperthermia-induced fatigue and are likely a result of modulations to corticospinal inhibition, increased fibre conduction velocity, pain perception and impaired contractile function. This review also sheds light on the view that hypo-hydration has ‘no effect’ on neuromuscular function during brief maximal voluntary contractions. It is hypothesised that irrespective of unchanged force, compensatory reductions in cortical inhibition are likely to occur, in the attempt of achieving adequate force production. Studies using single-pulse TMS have shown that hypo-hydration can reduce maximal isometric and eccentric force, despite a reduction in cortical inhibition, but the cause of this is currently unclear. Future work should investigate the intracortical inhibitory and excitatory pathways within the brain, to elucidate the role of the central nervous system in force output, following heat-induced hypo-hydration.
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3
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Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH, Daanen HAM. Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1873-1979. [PMID: 33829868 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances, and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies, and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australia
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein A M Daanen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Canestri R, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Brietzke C, Vinícius Í, Smith SA, Mauger AR, Goethel MF, Pires FO. Effects of experimentally induced muscle pain on endurance performance: A proof-of-concept study assessing neurophysiological and perceptual responses. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13810. [PMID: 33713484 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pain arising from exercise potentiates fatigue and impairs the performance of endurance exercise. We assessed neurophysiological and perceptual responses to endurance exercise performed under experimentally induced muscle pain by a model that separates muscle pain from muscle fatigue. After a series of pilot studies investigating different hypertonic saline volumes, 17 healthy males performed a preliminary VO2PEAK test before performing a familiarization of the cycling time-to-exhaustion exercise (80% of the peak power output in the VO2PEAK test). Participants, performed a baseline exercise session before the sessions with hypertonic and isotonic saline injections in the vastus lateralis of both legs, in a crossover and counterbalanced design. Neurophysiological and perceptual responses such as electroencephalography (EEG) in frontal, prefrontal, parietal, and motor cortex, electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), pain sensation, and affective valence were measured at rest and during exercise. The hypertonic injection reduced the resting EEG alpha-beta ratio in the frontal and prefrontal cortex. When compared to exercise performed after the isotonic injection (430.5 ± 152.6 s), hypertonic injection shortened the time-to-exhaustion (357.5 ± 173.0 s), reduced the EMG of the assessed muscles, and increased the muscle co-contraction during exercise. The hypertonic injection also reduced the EEG alpha-beta ratio in the prefrontal and parietal cortex, increased RPE and pain sensation, and reduced affective valence during exercise. This proof-of-concept study showed that hypertonic injection-induced muscle pain reduced endurance performance, promoting centrally mediated alterations in motor command and cortical activation, as well as an interplay of perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Resende, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel A Smith
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis R Mauger
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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Wu YN, Stark C, Gravel J, White M, Avery J, Enis T, Cantu RC. Effects of Interval-Training Exercise on People Who Have Had Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms for Less Than One Year: A Pilot Study. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:573-581. [PMID: 33096965 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is to examine the effects of a 12-session moderate intensity-interval-training program with blood flow restriction (BFR) and body cooling (BC) on people who have had persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) for <1 year. A single-blind randomized controlled trial of interval-training exercise with BFR and BC was conducted. Twenty-five adults with PPCS were assigned to the experimental group (n = 14) or the control group (n = 11). Both groups rode a recumbent elliptical machine for 21 min at moderate intensity (65% predicted maximum heart rate) twice a week for 6 weeks, but only the experimental group received BFR and BC while riding. The variances of overall PPCS scale scores and their sub-domain scores for individuals during the 6-week intervention and 6-week follow-up period were calculated. During the intervention, the fluctuation of overall symptom severity, severity in the cognitive domain and severity in the mood domain were significantly less in the experimental group (p = 0.03; p = 0.02; p = 0.02). During the follow-up period, the number of symptoms remained more stable in the experimental group (p = 0.02), and a trend toward less fluctuation of symptom severity (p = 0.05) was also observed. The reduced number of symptoms in the cognitive and sleep domains remained more stable in the experimental group following the intervention (p = 0.007; p = 0.02). The severity of mood and sleep symptoms also remained more stable during the follow-up period in the experimental group (p = 0.04). More stable recovery was found in individuals who exercised using BFR and BC than in those who underwent exercise without BFR and BC. Moderate intensity-interval-training exercise with BFR and BC alleviated post-concussive symptoms in people who have had PPCS <1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Wu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline Stark
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Gravel
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew White
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josh Avery
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terrie Enis
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert C Cantu
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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van den Heuvel AMJ, Haberley BJ, Hoyle DJR, Taylor NAS, Croft RJ. Hyperthermia, but not dehydration, alters the electrical activity of the brain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2797-2811. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Rahman M, Karwowski W, Fafrowicz M, Hancock PA. Neuroergonomics Applications of Electroencephalography in Physical Activities: A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:182. [PMID: 31214002 PMCID: PMC6558147 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen increased interest in neuroergonomics, which investigates the brain activities of people engaged in diverse physical and cognitive activities at work and in everyday life. The present work extends upon prior assessments of the state of this art. However, here we narrow our focus specifically to studies that use electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain activity, correlates, and effects during physical activity. The review uses systematically selected, openly published works derived from a guided search through peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Identified studies were then categorized by the type of physical activity and evaluated considering methodological and chronological aspects via statistical and content-based analyses. From the identified works (n = 110), a specific number (n = 38) focused on less mobile muscular activities, while an additional group (n = 22) featured both physical and cognitive tasks. The remainder (n = 50) investigated various physical exercises and sporting activities and thus were here identified as a miscellaneous grouping. Most of the physical activities were isometric exertions, moving parts of upper and lower limbs, or walking and cycling. These primary categories were sub-categorized based on movement patterns, the use of the event-related potentials (ERP) technique, the use of recording methods along with EEG and considering mental effects. Further information on subjects' gender, EEG recording devices, data processing, and artifact correction methods and citations was extracted. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the findings from various studies, statistical analyses were not performed. These were thus included in a descriptive fashion. Finally, contemporary research gaps were pointed out, and future research prospects to address those gaps were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Rahman
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Waldemar Karwowski
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Neurobiology Department, The Maloploska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter A Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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8
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Périard JD, De Pauw K, Zanow F, Racinais S. Cerebrocortical activity during self-paced exercise in temperate, hot and hypoxic conditions. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28686002 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Heat stress and hypoxia independently influence cerebrocortical activity and impair prolonged exercise performance. This study examined the relationship between electroencephalography (EEG) activity and self-paced exercise performance in control (CON, 18 °C, 40% RH), hot (HOT, 35 °C, 60% RH) and hypoxic (HYP, 18 °C, 40% RH FiO2 : 0.145) conditions. METHODS Eleven well-trained cyclists completed a 750 kJ cycling time trial in each condition on separate days in a counterbalanced order. EEG activity was recorded with α- and β-activity evaluated in the frontal (F3 and F4) and central (C3 and C4) areas. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) was also utilized to localize changes in cerebrocortical activity. RESULTS Both α- and β-activity decreased in the frontal and central areas during exercise in HOT relative to CON (P < 0.05). α-activity was also lower in HYP compared with CON (P < 0.05), whereas β-activity remained similar. β-activity was higher in HYP than in HOT (P < 0.05). sLORETA revealed that α- and β-activity increased at the onset of exercise in the primary somatosensory and motor cortices in CON and HYP, while only β-activity increased in HOT. A decrease in α- and β-activity occurred thereafter in all conditions, with α-activity being lower in the somatosensory and somatosensory association cortices in HOT relative to CON. CONCLUSION High-intensity prolonged self-paced exercise induces cerebrocortical activity alterations in areas of the brain associated with the ability to inhibit conflicting attentional processing under hot and hypoxic conditions, along with the capacity to sustain mental readiness and arousal under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre; Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital; Doha Qatar
| | - K. De Pauw
- Research Group Human Physiology; Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - F. Zanow
- ANT Neuro bv; Enschede the Netherlands
| | - S. Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre; Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital; Doha Qatar
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9
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Vargas N, Marino F. Neuroinflammation, cortical activity, and fatiguing behaviour during self-paced exercise. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:413-426. [PMID: 29159538 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify whether or not the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and soluble (s) IL-6 receptor (R) is associated with fatiguing behaviour and changes in cortical activity during self-paced exercise. Relationships between the IL-6 and its soluble receptors, total work, reductions in power output, and changes in slow, alpha (α) and fast, beta (β) brain waves during self-paced exercise were evaluated. Different intensities and environments were used to manipulate the release of IL-6, whereby seven active males cycled for 60 min in heat stress (HS) or thermoneutral (TN) environments at a clamped rating of perceived exertion (RPE) equating to low intensity (RPE = 12) or high intensity (RPE = 16). IL-6 and sIL-6R were positively associated with total work, but not with reductions in power output. There was greater α activity in high-intensity conditions, which was associated with the reduction in power output. Both high-intensity conditions appeared to have greater β activity, and there was a positive correlation between β activity and total work and β activity and sIL-6R. We conclude that IL-6 and sIL-6R may contribute to perturbations in cortical activity and are associated with total work output, but reductions in power output are likely influenced greater by other internal and external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Vargas
- University at Buffalo, 214 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA.
| | - Frank Marino
- Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
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10
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Lial L, Moreira R, Correia L, Andrade A, Pereira AC, Lira R, Figueiredo R, Silva-Júnior F, Orsini M, Ribeiro P, Velasques B, Cagy M, Teixeira S, Bastos VH. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation increases alpha absolute power in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex. Somatosens Mot Res 2017; 34:204-212. [PMID: 29096587 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1392298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The physiotherapist's clinical practice includes proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), which is a treatment concept that accelerates the response of neuromuscular mechanisms through spiral and diagonal movements. The adaptations that occur in the nervous system following PNF are still poorly described in the literature. Thus, this study had a goal to investigate the electrophysiological changes in the fronto-parietal circuit during PNF and movement in sagittal and diagonal patterns. This study included 30 female participants, who were divided into three groups (control, PNF, and flexion groups). Electroencephalogram measurements were determined before and after tasks were performed by each group. For the statistical analysis, a two-way ANOVA was performed for the factors group and time. Interactions between the two factors were investigated using a one-way ANOVA. A value of p < 0.004 was considered significant. The results showed an increase in alpha absolute power in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and upper left parietal cortex of the PNF group, suggesting these areas work together to execute a motor action. The PNF group showed a greater alpha absolute power compared with the other groups, indicating a specific cortical demand for planning and attention, reinforcing its use for the rehabilitation of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysnara Lial
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Rayele Moreira
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Luan Correia
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Alzira Andrade
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Ane Caroline Pereira
- b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lira
- c UFPI, Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Silva-Júnior
- b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,d Department of Neurology , Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Marco Orsini
- d Department of Neurology , Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Maurício Cagy
- e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,f Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory (LAMPLACE/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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11
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Robertson CV, Marino FE. Cerebral responses to exercise and the influence of heat stress in human fatigue. J Therm Biol 2017; 63:10-15. [PMID: 28010806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Ludyga S, Hottenrott K, Gronwald T. Four weeks of high cadence training alter brain cortical activity in cyclists. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1377-1382. [PMID: 27328649 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1198045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise at different cadences might serve as potential stimulus for functional adaptations of the brain, because cortical activation is sensitive to frequency of movement. Therefore, we investigated the effects of high (HCT) and low cadence training (LCT) on brain cortical activity during exercise as well as endurance performance. Cyclists were randomly assigned to low and high cadence training. Over the 4-week training period, participants performed 4 h of basic endurance training as well as four additional cadence-specific exercise sessions, 60 min weekly. At baseline and after 4 weeks, participants completed an incremental exercise test with spirometry and exercise at constant load with registration of electroencephalogram (EEG). Compared with LCT, a greater increase of frontal alpha/beta ratio was confirmed in HCT. This was based on a lower level of beta activity during exercise. Both groups showed similar improvements in maximal oxygen consumption and power at the individual anaerobic threshold. Whereas HCT and LCT elicit similar benefits on aerobic performance, cycling at high pedalling frequencies enables participants to perform an exercise bout with less cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- b Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Germany.,c Department of Sport Sciences , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- b Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Germany.,d Faculty for Sport , University of Health and Sport Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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13
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Cheron G, Petit G, Cheron J, Leroy A, Cebolla A, Cevallos C, Petieau M, Hoellinger T, Zarka D, Clarinval AM, Dan B. Brain Oscillations in Sport: Toward EEG Biomarkers of Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 26955362 PMCID: PMC4768321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain dynamics is at the basis of top performance accomplishment in sports. The search for neural biomarkers of performance remains a challenge in movement science and sport psychology. The non-invasive nature of high-density electroencephalography (EEG) recording has made it a most promising avenue for providing quantitative feedback to practitioners and coaches. Here, we review the current relevance of the main types of EEG oscillations in order to trace a perspective for future practical applications of EEG and event-related potentials (ERP) in sport. In this context, the hypotheses of unified brain rhythms and continuity between wake and sleep states should provide a functional template for EEG biomarkers in sport. The oscillations in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampal circuitry including the physiology of the place cells and the grid cells provide a frame of reference for the analysis of delta, theta, beta, alpha (incl.mu), and gamma oscillations recorded in the space field of human performance. Based on recent neuronal models facilitating the distinction between the different dynamic regimes (selective gating and binding) in these different oscillations we suggest an integrated approach articulating together the classical biomechanical factors (3D movements and EMG) and the high-density EEG and ERP signals to allow finer mathematical analysis to optimize sport performance, such as microstates, coherency/directionality analysis and neural generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons-HainautMons, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Petit
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julian Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Haute Ecole CondorcetCharleroi, Belgium
| | - Anita Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Petieau
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hoellinger
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Zarka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Clarinval
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Dan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Inkendaal Rehabilitation HospitalVlezembeek, Belgium
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14
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Roelands B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. Neurophysiological effects of exercise in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 25 Suppl 1:65-78. [PMID: 25943657 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue during prolonged exercise is a multifactorial phenomenon. The complex interplay between factors originating from both the periphery and the brain will determine the onset of fatigue. In recent years, electrophysiological and imaging tools have been fine-tuned, allowing for an improved understanding of what happens in the brain. In the first part of the review, we present literature that studied the changes in electrocortical activity during and after exercise in normal and high ambient temperature. In general, exercise in a thermo-neutral environment or at light to moderate intensity increases the activity in the β frequency range, while exercising at high intensity or in the heat reduces β activity. In the second part, we review literature that manipulated brain neurotransmission, through either pharmacological or nutritional means, during exercise in the heat. The dominant outcomes were that manipulations changing brain dopamine concentration have the potential to delay fatigue, while the manipulation of serotonin had no effect and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition was detrimental for performance in the heat. Research on the effects of neurotransmitter manipulations on brain activity during or after exercise is scarce. The combination of brain imaging techniques with electrophysiological measures presents one of the major future challenges in exercise physiology/neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roelands
- Department of Human Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Kunstetter AC, Wanner SP, Madeira LG, Wilke CF, Rodrigues LOC, Lima NRV. Association between the increase in brain temperature and physical performance at different exercise intensities and protocols in a temperate environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:679-88. [PMID: 25003543 PMCID: PMC4165295 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that brain temperature (Tbrain) provides a more
sensitive index than other core body temperatures in determining physical
performance. However, no study has addressed whether the association between
performance and increases in Tbrain in a temperate environment is
dependent upon exercise intensity, and this was the primary aim of the present study.
Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to constant exercise at three different speeds
(18, 21, and 24 m/min) until the onset of volitional fatigue. Tbrain was
continuously measured by a thermistor inserted through a brain guide cannula.
Exercise induced a speed-dependent increase in Tbrain, with the fastest
speed associated with a higher rate of Tbrain increase. Rats subjected to
constant exercise had similar Tbrain values at the time of fatigue,
although a pronounced individual variability was observed (38.7-41.7°C). There were
negative correlations between the rate of Tbrain increase and performance
for all speeds that were studied. These results indicate that performance during
constant exercise is negatively associated with the increase in Tbrain,
particularly with its rate of increase. We then investigated how an incremental-speed
protocol affected the association between the increase in Tbrain and
performance. At volitional fatigue, Tbrain was lower during incremental
exercise compared with the Tbrain resulting from constant exercise
(39.3±0.3 vs 40.3±0.1°C; P<0.05), and no association between the
rate of Tbrain increase and performance was observed. These findings
suggest that the influence of Tbrain on performance under temperate
conditions is dependent on exercise protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kunstetter
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - S P Wanner
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - L G Madeira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - C F Wilke
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - L O C Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - N R V Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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16
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Girard O, Racinais S. Combining heat stress and moderate hypoxia reduces cycling time to exhaustion without modifying neuromuscular fatigue characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1521-32. [PMID: 24748530 PMCID: PMC4048668 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the isolated and combined effects of heat [temperate (22 °C/30 % rH) vs. hot (35 °C/40 % rH)] and hypoxia [sea level (FiO2 0.21) vs. moderate altitude (FiO2 0.15)] on exercise capacity and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics. Methods Eleven physically active subjects cycled to exhaustion at constant workload (66 % of the power output associated with their maximal oxygen uptake in temperate conditions) in four different environmental conditions [temperate/sea level (control), hot/sea level (hot), temperate/moderate altitude (hypoxia) and hot/moderate altitude (hot + hypoxia)]. Torque and electromyography (EMG) responses following electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve (plantar-flexion; soleus) were recorded before and 5 min after exercise. Results Time to exhaustion was reduced (P < 0.05) in hot (−35 ± 15 %) or hypoxia (−36 ± 14 %) compared to control (61 ± 28 min), while hot + hypoxia (−51 ± 20 %) further compromised exercise capacity (P < 0.05). However, the effect of temperature or altitude on end-exercise core temperature (P = 0.089 and P = 0.070, respectively) and rating of perceived exertion (P > 0.05) did not reach significance. Maximal voluntary contraction torque, voluntary activation (twitch interpolation) and peak twitch torque decreased from pre- to post-exercise (−9 ± 1, −4 ± 1 and −6 ± 1 % all trials compounded, respectively; P < 0.05), with no effect of the temperature or altitude. M-wave amplitude and root mean square activity were reduced (P < 0.05) in hot compared to temperate conditions, while normalized maximal EMG activity did not change. Altitude had no effect on any measured parameters. Conclusion Moderate hypoxia in combination with heat stress reduces cycling time to exhaustion without modifying neuromuscular fatigue characteristics. Impaired oxygen delivery or increased cardiovascular strain, increasing relative exercise intensity, may have also contributed to earlier exercise cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar,
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17
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Kacem A, Ftaiti F, Chamari K, Dogui M, Grélot L, Tabka Z. EEG-Related Changes to Fatigue during Intense Exercise in the Heat in Sedentary Women. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.611156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Hilty L, Langer N, Pascual-Marqui R, Boutellier U, Lutz K. Fatigue-induced increase in intracortical communication between mid/anterior insular and motor cortex during cycling exercise. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:2035-42. [PMID: 22097899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, intracortical communication between mid/anterior insular and motor cortex was investigated during a fatiguing cycling exercise. From 16 healthy male subjects performing a constant-load test at 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO(2peak)) until volitional exhaustion, electroencephalography data were analysed during repetitive, artefact-free periods of 1-min duration. To quantify fatigue-induced intracortical communication, mean intra-hemispheric lagged phase synchronization between mid/anterior insular and motor cortex was calculated: (i) at the beginning of cycling; (ii) at the end of cycling; and (iii) during recovery cycling. Results revealed significantly increased lagged phase synchronization at the end of cycling, which returned to baseline during recovery cycling after subjects' cessation of exercise. Following previous imaging studies reporting the mid/anterior insular cortex as an essential instance processing a variety of sensory stimuli and signalling forthcoming physiological threat, our results provide further evidence that during a fatiguing exercise this structure might not only integrate and evaluate sensory information from the periphery, but also act in communication with the motor cortex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to empirically demonstrate that muscle fatigue leads to changes in interaction between structures of a brain's neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hilty
- Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Balderrama C, Ibarra G, De La Riva J, López S. Evaluation of three methodologies to estimate the VO2max in people of different ages. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2010; 42:162-168. [PMID: 20650446 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aging and gender are factors that affect the variation of physical work capacity. The present paper highlights the importance of the metabolism used by ergonomics to establish the appropriate limits of loads at work. This study compares the aerobic capacity of people from 20 to 71 years old split in 5 different groups. The laboratory experiment tested 33 volunteers (19 women and 14 men). A submaximal step test was used to measure the VO(2) using a portable breath by breath metabolic system and a telemetric heart rate monitor. Three methods to estimate the VO(2max) were compared: 1) a direct measurement of VO(2), 2) estimation by heart rate, and 3) a step test method using predetermined charts. Significant difference was encountered among the estimation methods as well as among the age ranges (F(2,92)=6.43, p<0.05 y F(4,92)=7.18, p<0.05 respectively). The method of direct measurement and the method of predetermined charts were different for the estimation of the VO(2max) with a confidence level of 95%. The method of predetermined charts is better adapted for males and people younger than 30 years. The estimation through non invasive heart rate apparatus was a good appraiser of the maximal oxygen consumption considering both genders and all the age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Balderrama
- Department of Industrial Design, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Av. del Charro Num. 450 norte, Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua, CP 32310, Mexico.
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