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Arcidiacono DM, Lavoie EM, Potter AW, Vangala SV, Holden LD, Soucy HY, Karis AJ, Friedl KE, Santee WR, Looney DP. Peak performance and cardiometabolic responses of modern US army soldiers during heavy, fatiguing vest-borne load carriage. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 109:103985. [PMID: 36764233 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiological limits imposed by vest-borne loads must be defined for optimal performance monitoring of the modern dismounted warfighter. PURPOSE To evaluate how weighted vests affect locomotion economy and relative cardiometabolic strain during military load carriage while identifying key physiological predictors of exhaustion limits. METHODS Fifteen US Army soldiers (4 women, 11 men; age, 26 ± 8 years; height, 173 ± 10 cm; body mass (BM), 79 ± 16 kg) performed four incremental walking tests with different vest loads (0, 22, 44, or 66% BM). We examined the effects of vest-borne loading on peak walking speed, the physiological costs of transport, and relative work intensity. We then sought to determine which of the cardiometabolic indicators (oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiration rate) was most predictive of task failure. RESULTS Peak walking speed significantly decreased with successively heavier vest loads (p < 0.01). Physiological costs per kilometer walked were significantly higher with added vest loads for each measure (p < 0.05). Relative oxygen uptake and heart rate were significantly higher during the loaded trials than the 0% BM trial (p < 0.01) yet not different from one another (p > 0.07). Conversely, respiration rate was significantly higher with the heavier load in every comparison (p < 0.01). Probability modeling revealed heart rate as the best predictor of task failure (marginal R2, 0.587, conditional R2, 0.791). CONCLUSION Heavy vest-borne loads cause exceptional losses in performance capabilities and increased physiological strain during walking. Heart rate provides a useful non-invasive indicator of relative intensity and task failure during military load carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Arcidiacono
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Lavoie
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA; University at Buffalo, SUNY, 211 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Adam W Potter
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Sai V Vangala
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Lucas D Holden
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Hope Y Soucy
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Anthony J Karis
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Karl E Friedl
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - William R Santee
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - David P Looney
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
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Machado ÁS, Priego-Quesada JI, Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Carpes FP, Perez-Soriano P. Effects of different hydration supports on stride kinematics, comfort, and impact accelerations during running. Gait Posture 2022; 97:115-121. [PMID: 35917702 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different supports for hydration can influence total body mass and affect running biomechanics. RESEARCH QUESTION Do different hydration supports affect the perceived exertion and comfort, stride kinematics, and impact accelerations during running? METHODS This was a crossover study design. Thirteen trail runners completed a treadmill running test divided into four different durations and randomized hydration supports conditions, lasting 8 min each at moderate intensity: A) waist bag (0.84 kg); B) medium load backpack (0.84 kg); C) full load backpack (3.40 kg); and D) a control condition without water support. Impact accelerations were measured for 30 s in 4, 6, and 8 min. The rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were registered on minutes 4 and 8. At the last minute of each condition, comfort perception was registered RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE: No condition affected the stride kinematics. Full load backpack condition reduced head acceleration peak (-0.21 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.4) and head acceleration magnitude (-0.23 g; p = 0.03; ES=0.4), and increased shock attenuation (3.08 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.3). It also elicited higher perceived exertion (p < 0.05; ES>0.8) being considered heavier (p < 0.01; ES > 1.1). The waist bag condition was more comfortable in terms of noise (p = 0.006; ES=1.3) and humidity/heat (p = 0.001; ES=0.8). The waist bag was the most comfortable support. On the other hand, the full backpack elicited lower comfort and was the only generating compensatory adjustments. These results may help to improve design of full load backpack aiming at comfort for runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro S Machado
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Gil-Calvo
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; IIS Aragon - iHealthy, Department of physiatry and nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Pedro Perez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Batatinha H, Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Pedlar CR, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Recent COVID-19 vaccination has minimal effects on the physiological responses to graded exercise in physically active healthy people. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:275-282. [PMID: 34882029 PMCID: PMC8799387 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00629.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are advised to receive the COVID-19 vaccination to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 infection during major competitions. Despite this, many athletes are reluctant to get the COVID-19 vaccine due to concerns that symptoms of vaccinosis may impair athletic performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the physiological responses to graded exercise. Healthy physically active participants completed a 20-min bout of graded cycling exercise at intensities corresponding to 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of the predetermined V̇O2max before and ∼21 days after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (2-dose Pfizer mRNA or 1-dose Johnson & Johnson). Vaccination had no effect on a large number of physiological responses to exercise measured in blood (e.g., lactate, epinephrine, and cortisol) and by respiratory gas exchange (e.g., oxygen uptake, CO2 production, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, predicted V̇O2max, and ventilatory threshold) (P > 0.05). We did, however, find significant elevations in heart rate (∼5 beats/min) and norepinephrine (P = 0.006 and 0.04, respectively) in response to vigorous (i.e., 70%-80% V̇O2max) intensity exercise after vaccination, particularly in those who received the two-shot Pfizer mRNA vaccine regimen. These findings held true when compared with demographically matched controls who completed identical bouts of exercise several weeks apart without receiving a vaccine; delta values for heart rate (P = 0.03) and norepinephrine (P = 0.01) were elevated in the second trial for those who received the Pfizer mRNA vaccine compared with the controls at the 70% and 80% V̇O2max stages, respectively. Recent COVID-19 vaccination has minimal effects on the physiological responses to graded exercise in physically active healthy people. The small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after the Pfizer mRNA vaccine regimen could have implications for athletes at the elite level and warrants investigation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent COVID-19 vaccination does not affect a large number of physiological responses to graded exercise, indicating that vaccination is unlikely to impair exercise capacity in normal healthy people. Heart rate and norepinephrine levels were elevated in response to exercise after the two-dose Pfizer mRNA vaccination compared to controls. Small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after recent COVID-19 vaccination could have implications for exercise performance in elite athletes and warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kyle A Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tiffany M Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane C Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Zwingmann L, Zedler M, Kurzner S, Wahl P, Goldmann JP. How Fit Are Special Operations Police Officers? A Comparison With Elite Athletes From Olympic Disciplines. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:742655. [PMID: 34927068 PMCID: PMC8674691 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.742655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse tasks of special operations police (SOP) units place high physical demands on every officer. Being fit for duty requires a wide range of motor abilities which must be trained regularly and in a structured manner. But SOP operators have to plan and manage large proportions of their training alone, which makes it difficult to control. Therefore, this study aimed to highlight strengths and deficits of the SOP operators' fitness by comparing them to elite athletes, and to define future training goals. Retrospective data of 189 male SOP operators were used, who completed several isometric strength tests, a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake, and countermovement jumps to determine leg muscle power. On the basis of a literature search, performance data were then compared to a total of 3,028 elite male athletes from 36 Summer Olympic disciplines. Pooled means and standard deviations were calculated for each discipline and effect sizes were used to analyze their similarities and differences to the SOP unit. On average, SOP operators were taller, heavier, and stronger than elite athletes. But both the ability to convert this strength into explosive movement and aerobic power was significantly less developed. From this point of view, SOP operators should consider polarized endurance training to work efficiently on improving aerobic performance. In addition, regular plyometric training seems necessary to improve leg muscle power and agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Zwingmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marvin Zedler
- The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Kurzner
- Bureau for Education, Advanced Training, and Personnel Matters, North Rhine-Westphalia State Police, Selm, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Goldmann
- The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Pace MT, Green JM, Killen LG, Swain JC, Chander H, Simpson JD, O'Neal EK. Minimalist style boot improves running but not walking economy in trained men. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:1329-1335. [PMID: 32588761 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1778096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined movement economy under load with 1000 g minimalist (MIN) vs. 1600 g traditional (TRD) style boots. Fourteen trained, male participants completed a VO2peak test (46.6 ± 7.3 ml/kg/min) while wearing a 16 kg external load. Treadmill speeds for the running economy (RE) trials were determined by the slowest pace in which participants completed a full stage with a running gait pattern during the VO2peak test. Walking economy (WE) pace was 1.6 km/h slower than RE pace. During the second session, participants completed 5-min exercise bouts at WE and RE pace under load wearing MIN and TRD. There were no differences for any measured variables during WE trials. In contrast, RE (MIN = 2.95 ± 0.28 vs. TRD = 3.04 ± 0.30 L/min; p = .003: Cohen's d = 0.32), respiratory exchange ratio (p < .001), and perceptual measures (p < .05) were all improved while wearing MIN. Practitioner summary: In trained men, 1000 g/pair minimalist style boots (MIN) resulted in improvements of approximately 3% and 5% for running economy and respiratory exchange ratio versus 1600 g/pair traditional boots while wearing a 16 kg kit. Perceptual responses, including comfort, also favoured MIN. These effects were not found at walking pace. Abbreviations: MIN: minimalist style boots; TRD: traditional style boots; RE: running economy; WE: walking economy; ES: effect size; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; HR: heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pace
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
| | - J M Green
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
| | - L G Killen
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
| | - J C Swain
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
| | - H Chander
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - J D Simpson
- Department of Movement Sciences and Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - E K O'Neal
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
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Scheer V, Vieluf S, Bitter N, Christ L, Heitkamp HC. The Optimal Weight Carriage System for Runners: Comparison Between Handheld Water Bottles, Waist Belts, and Backpacks. Front Physiol 2020; 11:571221. [PMID: 33117192 PMCID: PMC7561373 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.571221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In endurance running, where fluid and nutritional support is not always readily available, the carriage of water and nutrition is essential. To compare the economy and physiological demands of different carriage systems, 12 recreational runners (mean age 22.8 ± 2.2 years, body mass index 24.5 ± 1.8 kg m−2, VO2max 50.4 ± 5.3 ml kg−1 min−1), completed four running tests, each of 60-min duration at individual running speeds (mean running speed 9.5 ± 1.1 km h−1) on a motorized treadmill, after an initial exercise test. Either no load was carried (control) or loads of 1.0 kg, in a handheld water bottle, waist belt, or backpack. Economy was assessed by means of energy cost (CR), oxygen cost (O2 cost), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). CR [F(2,20) = 37.74, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.79], O2 cost [F(2,20) = 37.98, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.79], HR [F(2,18) = 165.62, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.95], and RPE [F(2,18) = 165.62, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.95] increased over time, but no significant differences were found between the systems. Carrying a handheld water bottle, waist belt, or backpack, weighing 1.0 kg, during a 60-min run exhibited similar physiological changes. Runners’ choice may be guided by personal preference in the absence of differences in economy (CR, O2 cost, HR, and RPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Health Science Department, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), Madrid, Spain.,Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre Benite, France.,Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Solveig Vieluf
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Niko Bitter
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Leon Christ
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Heitkamp
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
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Krajewski KT, Dever DE, Johnson CC, Mi Q, Simpson RJ, Graham SM, Moir GL, Ahamed NU, Flanagan SD, Anderst WJ, Connaboy C. Load Magnitude and Locomotion Pattern Alter Locomotor System Function in Healthy Young Adult Women. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:582219. [PMID: 33042981 PMCID: PMC7525027 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.582219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction During cyclical steady state ambulation, such as walking, variability in stride intervals can indicate the state of the system. In order to define locomotor system function, observed variability in motor patterns, stride regulation and gait complexity must be assessed in the presence of a perturbation. Common perturbations, especially for military populations, are load carriage and an imposed locomotion pattern known as forced marching (FM). We examined the interactive effects of load magnitude and locomotion pattern on motor variability, stride regulation and gait complexity during bipedal ambulation in recruit-aged females. Methods Eleven healthy physically active females (18–30 years) completed 1-min trials of running and FM at three load conditions: no additional weight/bodyweight (BW), an additional 25% of BW (BW + 25%), and an additional 45% of BW (BW + 45%). A goal equivalent manifold (GEM) approach was used to assess motor variability yielding relative variability (RV; ratio of “good” to “bad” variability) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to determine gait complexity on stride length (SL) and stride time (ST) parameters. DFA was also used on GEM outcomes to calculate stride regulation. Results There was a main effect of load (p = 0.01) on RV; as load increased, RV decreased. There was a main effect of locomotion (p = 0.01), with FM exhibiting greater RV than running. Strides were regulated more tightly and corrected quicker at BW + 45% compared (p < 0.05) to BW. Stride regulation was greater for FM compared to running. There was a main effect of load for gait complexity (p = 0.002); as load increased gait complexity decreased, likewise FM had less (p = 0.02) gait complexity than running. Discussion This study is the first to employ a GEM approach and a complexity analysis to gait tasks under load carriage. Reduction in “good” variability as load increases potentially exposes anatomical structures to repetitive site-specific loading. Furthermore, load carriage magnitudes of BW + 45% potentially destabilize the system making individuals less adaptable to additional perturbations. This is further evidenced by the decrease in gait complexity, which all participants demonstrated values similarly observed in neurologically impaired populations during the BW + 45% load condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dennis E Dever
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Camille C Johnson
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qi Mi
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott M Graham
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin L Moir
- Exercise Science Department, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA, United States
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William J Anderst
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Scheer V, Vieluf S, Schröder M, Lappe P, Heitkamp HC. A comparison of economy between two different backpack designs for runners. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 84:103038. [PMID: 31987519 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We compared two backpack designs (back/front or back only) in twelve recreational runners (age 22.0 ± 1.7years). An initial incremental exercise test (VO2max 52.2 ± 4.7 ml kg-1.min-1) was conducted, followed by four tests of 20 min duration (running speed 9.8 ± 1.1 km/h) with loads carried of 0, 1 kg, 3 kg, and 6 kg with the two backpack designs in a randomized order. Economy was assessed by energy cost of running (CR), oxygen cost (O2 cost), heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Repeated measure ANOVA revealed a non-significant main effect for CR, O2 cost, HR, RPE between systems. Post-hoc comparison of significant time × position interaction showed for CR, F(3,33) = 5.34, p < .01, ηp2 = 0.33, and O2 cost, F(3,33) = 5.15, p < .01, ηp2 = 0.32, that carrying weight in the back/front were significantly lower after 20 min (CR: p = .02 and O2 cost: p = .03). These results suggest, that for longer runs the equal distribution of weight is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre Benite, France; British Forces Germany, RRU Sennelager, Normandy Barracks, BFPO 16, Germany; Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Solveig Vieluf
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany
| | - Marc Schröder
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany
| | - Pascal Lappe
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany
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Maupin D, Schram B, Orr R. Tracking Training Load and Its Implementation in Tactical Populations: A Narrative Review. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boffey D, Harat I, Gepner Y, Frosti CL, Funk S, Hoffman JR. The Physiology and Biomechanics of Load Carriage Performance. Mil Med 2018; 184:e83-e90. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Boffey
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Idan Harat
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Cheyanne L Frosti
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Shany Funk
- Israel Defense Forces, Combat Fitness Branch, Netanya, Israel
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
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11
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Scheer V, Cramer L, Heitkamp HC. Running economy and energy cost of running with backpacks. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:555-560. [PMID: 29722253 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is a popular recreational activity and additional weight is often carried in backpacks on longer runs. Our aim was to examine running economy and other physiological parameters while running with a 1-kg and 3-kg backpack at different submaximal running velocities. METHODS Ten male recreational runners (age 25±4.2 years, VO2peak 60.5±3.1 mL/kg/min) performed runs on a motorized treadmill of 5 minutes durations at three different submaximal speeds of 70, 80 and 90% of anaerobic lactate threshold (LT) without additional weight, and carrying a 1-kg and 3-kg backpack. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, lactate and RPE were measured and analyzed. RESULTS Oxygen consumption, energy cost of running and heart rate increased significantly while running with a backpack weighing 3 kg compared to running without additional weight at 80% of speed at lactate threshold (sLT) (P=0.026, P=0.009 and P=0.003) and at 90% sLT (P<0.001, P=0.001, and P=0.001). Running with a 1-kg backpack showed a significant increase in heart rate at 80% sLT (P=0.008) and a significant increase in oxygen consumption and heart rate at 90% sLT (P=0.045 and P=0.007) compared to running without additional weight. Also running at 70% sLT running economy and cardiovascular effort increased with weighted backpack running compared to running without additional weight, however these increases did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Running economy deteriorates and cardiovascular effort increases while running with additional backpack weight especially at higher submaximal running speeds. Backpack weight should therefore be kept to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany - .,Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Lyon, France -
| | - Leoni Cramer
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
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Colosio AL, Pogliaghi S. Quantification of energy expenditure of military loaded runs: what is the performance of laboratory-based equations when applied to the field environment? J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2018; 164:253-258. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2017-000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionPerformance during army loaded runs provides a synthetic indicator of a soldier’s capacity to move while carrying loads and thereby remain able to execute a mission. The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the energy expenditure (EE) of army loaded runs, conducted in a field environment using laboratory-based equations and HR index (HRindex).Methods45 Ranger recruits had HR monitored during three loaded runs (10, 15 and 20 km) in full military equipment in the field environment. EE was calculated using reference equations (EE-Eq) and estimates of oxygen consumption based on HRindex (EE-HRindex). Correspondence between EE-Eq and EE-HRindex estimates was evaluated using a two-way analysis of variance, correlation test and Bland-Altman analysis.ResultsEE-Eq relative to time and weight was significantly higher for the 10 km (0.175±0.016) compared with 15 and 20 km (0.163±0.016 and 0.160±0.013 kcal/kg/min, not different). The overall EE-Eq increased significantly with distance (1129±59, 1703±80 and 2250±115 kcal for 10, 15 and 20 km). EE-Eq was not different from and highly correlated with EE-HRindex, with a small and non-significant bias and good precision between methods.ConclusionsOur study provides the first comprehensive data on HR and EE during long-distance loaded army runs, in full combat equipment, in actual field conditions. Equation-based estimates of EE during these heavy-intensity activities were not significantly different from and highly correlated with HR-based estimates. This corroborates the general applicability of the predictive equations in the field environment. Furthermore, our study suggests that time-resolved HR-based estimates of EE during army runs can be used to evaluate for the effects of context specificity, individual variability and fatigue in movement economy.
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