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Thangsiri S, Suttisansanee U, Koirala P, Chathiran W, Srichamnong W, Li L, Nirmal N. Phenolic content of Thai Bao mango peel and its in-vitro antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, and antidiabetic activities. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104033. [PMID: 38946846 PMCID: PMC11214510 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant phenolics have been known for various biological activities. This study aims to extract and examine the presence of phenolics in Bao mango (Mangifera indica L. var.) peel ethanolic extract (MPE). Further, antioxidant, anti-diabetic (α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity), and anti- Alzheimer's disease (AD) (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-secretase (BACE-1) inhibitory activity) efficacy of MPE were determined. The results indicated that mangiferin (8755.89 mg/ 100 g extract) was the major phenolic compound in MPE. An antioxidant mechanism revealed that MPE had a higher radical scavenging ability (4266.70 µmol TE/g extract) compared to reducing power (FRAP) or oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC). Further in-vitro enzyme inhibitory assay against diabetic and AD involved enzymes showed that MPE had stronger inhibitory action against an enzyme involved in diabetes compared to their standard drug (Acarbose) (P < 0.05). While a lower IC50 value was observed against AD-involved enzymes compared to their standard drug (donepezil) (P < 0.05). The results show that Thai Bao mango peel byproduct can be a potential source of nutraceuticals to lower diabetes and improve cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinapa Thangsiri
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pankaj Koirala
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wimonphan Chathiran
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Srichamnong
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nilesh Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
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Sugiaman VK, Jeffrey J, Naliani S, Pranata N, Lelyana S, Widowati W, Ferdiansyah R, Hadiprasetyo DS, Ayuni V. Brazilin cream from Caesalpinia sappan inhibit periodontal disease: in vivo study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17642. [PMID: 38978754 PMCID: PMC11229682 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums that is the initial cause of the development of periodontal disease by the activity of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), p38, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α). Unaddressed chronic inflammation can lead to persistent disturbances in other parts of the body. Brazilin is a naturally occurring plant chemical that may have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Treatment based on the natural plant compound, brazilin, is developed in the form of a topical cream for easy application. Objective The aim is to develop the natural compound brazilin in the form of a topical cream as an anti-inflammatory agent to reduce NF-κB expression through Imunohistochemistry (IHC) methods, and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β, IL-6, p38, and TNF-α. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with gingivitis using P. gingivalis bacteria. The observed groups included rats treated with a single application of brazilin cream and rats treated with two applications of brazilin cream. The treatment was administered for 15 days. On days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, anatomical wound observations and wound histology using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's Trichrome staining were performed. NF-κB protein expression was analyzed using the IHC method. Gingival inflammation gene expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, p38, and TNF-α was measured using q-RTPCR. Results Single and double applications of brazilin cream increased angiogenesis and decreased NF-κB protein expression, in addition to the IL-1β, IL-6, p38, and TNF-α gene expressions. Conclusion In a rat gingivitis model, Brazilin cream may function as an anti-inflammatory agent in the gingival tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinna Kurniawati Sugiaman
- Department of Oral Biology/Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Jeffrey Jeffrey
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry/Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Silvia Naliani
- Department of Prosthodontics/Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Natallia Pranata
- Department of Oral Biology/Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Shelly Lelyana
- Department of Oral Medicine/Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Widowati
- Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rival Ferdiansyah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sekolah Tinggi Farmasi Indonesia, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dhanar Septyawan Hadiprasetyo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Vini Ayuni
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Sasarom M, Wanachantararak P, Chaijareenont P, Okonogi S. Antioxidant, antiglycation, and antibacterial of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Caesalpinia Sappan extract. Drug Discov Ther 2024:2024.01030. [PMID: 38945877 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2024.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is environmentally friendly and of increasing interest. However, not all plant extracts can meet successfully on the synthesis. Therefore, searching for the high potential extracts that can reduce the metal salt precursor in the synthesis reaction is essential. The present study explores the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extract. Phytochemical analysis and determination of the total phenolic content of the extract were performed before use as a reducing agent. Under the suitable synthesized condition, a color change in the color of the solutions to brown confirmed the formation of CuONPs. The obtained CuONPs were confirmed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The synthesized CuONPs investigated for antioxidant, antiglycation, and antibacterial activities. CuONPs possessed antioxidant activities by quenching free radicals with an IC50 value of 63.35 µg/mL and reducing activity with an EC range of 3.19-10.27 mM/mg. CuONPs also inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products in the bovine serum albumin/ribose model with an IC50 value of 17.05 µg/mL. In addition, CuONPs showed inhibition of human pathogens, including Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and prevention of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication, with maximum inhibition of approx. 75%. Our findings suggest that C. sappan extract can be used to obtain highly bioactive CuONPs for the development of certain medical devices and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathurada Sasarom
- PhD Degree Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Pisaisit Chaijareenont
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kurniawan A, Piliang YA, Budiwaspada AE, Langi AZR. Heal Me!-Investigating the "Red Potion" Concept and Its Influence on Gamers' Cardiovascular Endurance. Games Health J 2024. [PMID: 38904083 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2024.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The "red potion," inspired by video games, emulates the health point replenishment mechanism for injured game characters. Conversely, red ginger, known for its potential tonic properties in enhancing cardiovascular endurance, poses challenges in acquisition within specific regions. Several previous studies have highlighted the existence of an inseparable link when gamers are engaged in real-world activities, even without actively playing the game in the virtual world. This suggests the potential for the "red potion" concept to enhance the well-being of gamers in reality. A statistical ANOVA experiment involved 90 participants, all avid gamers, categorized into three groups: basic, placebo, and experimental. The basic group (BG) received a red-colored beverage without red ginger infusion or the 'red potion' concept. In contrast, the placebo group (PG) received a similar beverage described as a "red potion" but without red ginger. Lastly, the experimental group (EG) received a red ginger-infused beverage without the "red potion" concept. Despite receiving different treatments, all beverages were presented in the same red color. Participants underwent the "beep test" to assess their baseline stamina. The results revealed that both PG and EG exhibited comparable cardiovascular endurance, affirming the potential of the "red potion" concept to positively influence gamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurniawan
- Doctoral Program in Visual Art and Design, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Yasraf Amir Piliang
- Doctoral Program in Visual Art and Design, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Agung Eko Budiwaspada
- Doctoral Program in Visual Art and Design, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Armein Z R Langi
- Doctoral Program in Visual Art and Design, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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Demidoff FC, Costa PRR, Caleffi GS. Advances in the synthesis of rearranged homoisoflavonoids. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4839-4863. [PMID: 38819298 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Rearranged homoisoflavonoids constitute a unique group of natural products, renowned for their structural diversity and complexity. These compounds, derived from modifications in the 3-benzylchroman skeleton, are categorized into four subclasses: brazilin, caesalpin, protosappanin, and scillascillin homoisoflavonoids. This review examines the advancements in the total synthesis of these complex structures, aiming to highlight the challenges and opportunities encountered. A comparative analysis of the strategies employed thus far to synthesize these compounds provides a comprehensive understanding of the progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Demidoff
- Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 27930-560 Macaé, Brazil
| | - Paulo R R Costa
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme S Caleffi
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Nirmal N, Koirala P, Khanashyam AC, Panichayupakaranant P, Septama AW. Combined effect of brazilin-rich extract and lawsone methyl ether against infection-causing bacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103999. [PMID: 38646564 PMCID: PMC11031759 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination and infection widely affect the food, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Additionally, these bacteria developed resistance to synthetic antibiotics causing public health danger, globally. Natural plant extracts (NPE) are suitable alternatives to synthetic antibiotics to tackle antimicrobial resistance problems. Furthermore, a blend or combination of different NPEs exerts a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the combined effect of brazilin-rich extract (BRE) and lawsome methyl ether (LME) against infection-causing common bacteria were evaluated. BRE had a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against most of the Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) while LME was active against most of the Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis). The combination of BRE and LME at 2:1 and 1:1 concentration significantly reduced the MIC value of each compound as compared to either BRE or LME concentration alone (P < 0.05). Further time-kill kinetics revealed a 3.0-3.5 log reduction in Gram-positive bacteria and a 2.5-3.0 log reduction in Gram-negative bacteria during 120 min of incubation, respectively. Therefore, a combination of BRE and LME was recommended as natural antibacterial to synthetic antibiotics for food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pankaj Koirala
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Anandu Chandra Khanashyam
- Deaprtment of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkla Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, 16911, Indonesia
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Rojas EM, Zhang H, Velu SE, Wu H. Tetracyclic homoisoflavanoid (+)-brazilin: a natural product inhibits c-di-AMP-producing enzyme and Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0241823. [PMID: 38591917 PMCID: PMC11064632 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02418-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The tenacious biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans are resistant to conventional antibiotics and current treatments. There is a growing need for novel therapeutics that selectively inhibit S. mutans biofilms while preserving the normal oral microenvironment. Previous studies have shown that increased levels of cyclic di-AMP, an important secondary messenger synthesized by diadenylate cyclase (DAC), favored biofilm formation in S. mutans. Thus, targeting S. mutans DAC is a novel strategy to inhibit S. mutans biofilms. We screened a small NCI library of natural products using a fluorescence detection assay. (+)-Brazilin, a tetracyclic homoisoflavanoid found in the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan, was identified as one of the 11 "hits," with the greatest reduction (>99%) in fluorescence at 100 µM. The smDAC inhibitory profiles of the 11 "hits" established by a quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography assay revealed that (+)-brazilin had the most enzymatic inhibitory activity (87% at 100 µM) and was further studied to determine its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 25.1 ± 0.98 µM). (+)-Brazilin non-competitively inhibits smDAC's enzymatic activity (Ki = 140.0 ± 27.13 µM), as determined by a steady-state Michaelis-Menten kinetics assay. In addition, (+)-brazilin's binding profile with smDAC (Kd = 11.87 µM) was illustrated by a tyrosine intrinsic fluorescence quenching assay. Furthermore, at low micromolar concentrations, (+)-brazilin selectively inhibited the biofilm of S. mutans (IC50 = 21.0 ± 0.60 µM) and other oral bacteria. S. mutans biofilms were inhibited by a factor of 105 in colony-forming units when treated with 50 µM (+)-brazilin. In addition, a significant dose-dependent reduction in extracellular DNA and glucan levels was evident by fluorescence microscopy imaging of S. mutans biofilms exposed to different concentrations of (+)-brazilin. Furthermore, colonization of S. mutans on a representative model of enamel using suspended hydroxyapatite discs showed a >90% reduction with 50 µM (+)-brazilin. In summary, we have identified a drug-like natural product inhibitor of S. mutans biofilm that not only binds to smDAC but can also inhibit the function of smDAC. (+)-Brazilin could be a good candidate for further development as a potent therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.IMPORTANCEThis study represents a significant advancement in our understanding of potential therapeutic options for combating cariogenic biofilms produced by Streptococcus mutans. The research delves into the use of (+)-brazilin, a natural product, as a potent inhibitor of Streptococcus mutans' diadenylate cyclase (smDAC), an enzyme crucial in the formation of biofilms. The study establishes (+)-brazilin as a non-competitive inhibitor of smDAC while providing initial insights into its binding mechanism. What makes this finding even more promising is that (+)-brazilin does not limit its inhibitory effects to S. mutans alone. Instead, it demonstrates efficacy in hindering biofilms in other oral bacteria as well. The broader spectrum of anti-biofilm activity suggests that (+)-brazilin could potentially serve as a versatile tool in a natural product-based treatment for combating a range of conditions caused by resilient biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M. Rojas
- School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Division of Biomaterial & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sadanandan E. Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Division of Biomaterial & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Cui Z, Qu L, Zhang Q, Lu F, Liu F. Brazilin-7-2-butenoate inhibits amyloid β-protein aggregation, alleviates cytotoxicity, and protects Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130695. [PMID: 38458278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The fibrillogenesis of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) gradually accumulates to form neurotoxic Aβ aggregates in the human brain, which is the direct cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) related symptoms. There are currently no effective therapies for AD. Brazilin, a natural polyphenol, inhibits Aβ fibrillogenesis, disrupts the mature fibrils and alleviates the corresponding cytotoxicity, but it also has the high toxic. Therefore, brazilin-7-2-butenoate (B-7-2-B), a brazilin derivative, was designed and synthesized. B-7-2-B exhibited lower toxicity and stronger inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation than brazilin. B-7-2-B could prevent the formation of Aβ fibrils and oligomers, and depolymerize pre-formed aggregates in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, B-7-2-B prominently alleviated the cytotoxicity and the oxidative stress induced by Aβ aggregates in PC12 cells. The protective impacts of B-7-2-B were further demonstrated by using the Caenorhabditis elegans model, including decreasing the extent of Aβ aggregation, improving the motility and sensation disorders. Eventually, B-7-2-B was proven to be no apparent damage to worms. In summarize, it can be concluded that B-7-2-B has the potential as a drug for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Cui
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lili Qu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China.
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Arjin C, Hongsibsong S, Pringproa K, Ruksiriwanich W, Lumsangkul C, Arunorat J, Chuammitri P, Seel-Audom M, Sommano SR, Sringarm K. Immune response enhancement by dietary supplementation with Caesalpinia sappan extract in weaned pigs challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:111. [PMID: 38515094 PMCID: PMC10958915 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe epidemics impacting pig farming globally. Despite the fact that a number of studies have been conducted on potential solutions to this problem, none have proven effective. The focus of problem solving is the use of natural ingredients such as plant extracts. Popular throughout Asia, Caesalpinia sappan (CS) is a therapeutic plant that inhibits PRRSV in vitro. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the efficacy of CS extract dietary supplementation on the productive performance, antibody levels, immunological indicators, and lung pathology of PRRSV-challenged weaned pigs. A total of 32 weaned piglets (28 days old) were randomized into 4 groups and kept separately for 14 days. The treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 factorial design involving two factors: PRRSV challenge and supplementation with 1 mg/kg CS extract. The pigs in the PRRSV-challenged groups were intranasally inoculated with 2 mL of PRRSV (VR2332) containing 104 TCID50/mL, while those in the groups not challenged with PRRSV were inoculated with 2 mL of normal saline. RESULTS In the PRRSV-challenged group (CS + PRRSV), supplementation with CS extract led to an increase in white blood cells (WBCs) on Day 7 post infection (p < 0.05) and particularly in lymphocytes on Days 7 and 14. The antibody titer was significantly greater in the CS + PRRSV group than in the PRRSV-challenged group not administered CS (PRRSV group) on Day 14 postinfection (S/P = 1.19 vs. 0.78). In addition, CS extract administration decreased the prevalence of pulmonary lesions, which were more prevalent in the PRRSV-challenged pigs that did not receive the CS extract. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that supplementation with CS extract is beneficial for increasing WBC counts, especially lymphocytes, increasing the levels of antibodies and reducing the prevalence of lung lesions in PRRSV-infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiwat Arjin
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Science Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Mintra Seel-Audom
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Korawan Sringarm
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Feng F, Duan Q, Jiang X, Kao X, Zhang D. DendroX: multi-level multi-cluster selection in dendrograms. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:134. [PMID: 38308243 PMCID: PMC10835886 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cluster heatmaps are widely used in biology and other fields to uncover clustering patterns in data matrices. Most cluster heatmap packages provide utility functions to divide the dendrograms at a certain level to obtain clusters, but it is often difficult to locate the appropriate cut in the dendrogram to obtain the clusters seen in the heatmap or computed by a statistical method. Multiple cuts are required if the clusters locate at different levels in the dendrogram. RESULTS We developed DendroX, a web app that provides interactive visualization of a dendrogram where users can divide the dendrogram at any level and in any number of clusters and pass the labels of the identified clusters for functional analysis. Helper functions are provided to extract linkage matrices from cluster heatmap objects in R or Python to serve as input to the app. A graphic user interface was also developed to help prepare input files for DendroX from data matrices stored in delimited text files. The app is scalable and has been tested on dendrograms with tens of thousands of leaf nodes. As a case study, we clustered the gene expression signatures of 297 bioactive chemical compounds in the LINCS L1000 dataset and visualized them in DendroX. Seventeen biologically meaningful clusters were identified based on the structure of the dendrogram and the expression patterns in the heatmap. We found that one of the clusters consisting of mostly naturally occurring compounds is not previously reported and has its members sharing broad anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. CONCLUSIONS DendroX solves the problem of matching visually and computationally determined clusters in a cluster heatmap and helps users navigate among different parts of a dendrogram. The identification of a cluster of naturally occurring compounds with shared bioactivities implicates a convergence of biological effects through divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiling Feng
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaonan Duan
- Department of Clinical and Translational Medicine, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Kao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dadong Zhang
- Department of Clinical and Translational Medicine, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China.
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11
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Chaisri W, Suebsakwong P, Pandith H, Panya A, Taynawa K, Pikulkaew S, Suriyasathaporn W, Okonogi S, Khonkarn R. Effects of Encapsulation of Caesalpinia sappan L. with Cyclodextrins for Bovine Mastitis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:230. [PMID: 37964017 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The main components of Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) are brazilin and brazilein, which show high potential in pharmacologic applications. However, these have been drastically limited by the poor water solubility and stability. The present study investigates the formation of inclusion complexes F1, F2, and F3 between CS and β-cyclodextrin (βCD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), respectively. These complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the highest encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of CS extract were 44.24% and 9.67%, respectively. The solubility and stability of CS extract were significantly increased through complexation in phase solubility and stability studies. The complexes F1-F3 showed mainly significant antibacterial activities on gram-positive bacteria pathogens causing mastitis. Moreover, the expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS were significantly decreased in LPS-induced inflammatory cells at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL. In addition, treatment of complex F3 (CS/MβCD) in bovine endothelial cells remarkably increased the chemokine gene expression of CXCL3 and CXCL8, which were responsible for immune cell recruitment (9.92 to 11.17 and 8.23 to 9.51-fold relative to that of the LPS-treated group, respectively). This study provides a complete characterization of inclusion complexes between CS extract and βCD, HPβCD, and MβCD for the first time, highlighting the impact of complex formation on the pharmacologic activities of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Chaisri
- Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Parichat Suebsakwong
- Center of Excellent in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Hataichanok Pandith
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Kraisorn Taynawa
- Center of Excellent in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Surachai Pikulkaew
- Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Cambodia Campus, Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Center of Excellent in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ruttiros Khonkarn
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Center of Excellent in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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12
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Jeong JY, Jung IG, Yum SH, Hwang YJ. In Vitro Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Plant Extract Combinations on Bacterial Growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1491. [PMID: 37895962 PMCID: PMC10610001 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common pathogens of healthcare-associated infections. Medicinal plants have long been used in the traditional treatment of diseases or syndromes worldwide. Combined use of plant extracts could improve the effectiveness of pharmacological action by obtaining synergism, acting on multiple targets simultaneously, reducing the doses of individual components, and minimizing side effects. We aimed to investigate the synergistic inhibitory effects of selected medicinal plants (Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GU), Sanguisorba officinalis L. (SO), and Uncaria gambir Roxb. (UG)) on the bacterial growth of MRSA and its clinical isolates. SO and UG extracts generated the best synergistic interaction as adjudged by checkerboard synergy assays. MICs of the individual extracts decreased 4-fold from 250 to 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. The SO + UG combination was further evaluated for its effects on bacterial growth inhibition, minimum bactericidal/inhibitory concentration (MBC/MIC) ratio, and time-kill kinetics. The results indicate that the SO + UG combination synergistically inhibited the bacterial growth of MRSA strains with bactericidal effects. SO + UG combination also exhibited more potent effects against clinical isolates. In multistep resistance selection experiments, both standard and isolates of MRSA showed no resistance to the SO + UG combination even after repeated exposure over fourteen passages. Our data suggest that using plant extract combinations could be a potential strategy to treat MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Geun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Hwang
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Iqbal M, Hasanah N, Arianto AD, Aryati WD, Puteri MU, Saputri FC. Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan L. as a Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitor: Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, In Silico Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Studies. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:5932315. [PMID: 37860715 PMCID: PMC10584496 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5932315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a crucial regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, as it binds to and degrades the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Elevated levels of PCSK9 have been linked to an increased LDL-c plasma levels, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. As a way to inhibit PCSK9 action, we searched for naturally derived small molecules which can block the binding of PCSK9 to the LDLR. Methods In this study, we carried out in silico studies which consist of virtual screening using an optimized pharmacophore model and molecular docking studies using Pyrx 0.98. Effects of the candidate compounds were evaluated using in vitro PCSK9-LDLR binding assays kit. Results Eleven natural compounds that bind to PCSK9 were virtually screened form HerbalDB database, including brazilin. Next, molecular docking studies using Pyrx 0.98 showed that brazilin had the highest binding affinity with PCSK9 at -9.0 (Kcal/mol), which was higher than that of the other ten compounds. Subsequent in vitro PCSK9-LDLR binding assays established that brazilin decreased the binding of PCSK9 to the EGF-A fragment of the LDLR in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 2.19 μM. Conclusion We have identified brazilin, which is derived from the Caesalpinia sappan herb, which can act as a small molecule inhibitor of PCSK9. Our findings suggest that screening for small molecules that can block the interaction between PCSK9 and the LDLR in silico and in vitro may be a promising approach for developing novel lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Iqbal
- Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Nur Hasanah
- Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
- Pharmacy Department, Widya Dharma Husada School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Banten 15417, Indonesia
| | - Aimee Detria Arianto
- Laboratory of Biomedical Computation and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Widya Dwi Aryati
- Laboratory of Biomedical Computation and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Meidi Utami Puteri
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
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Sasarom M, Wanachantararak P, Chaijareenont P, Okonogi S. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Caesalpinia sappan extract: In vitro evaluation of antifungal and antibiofilm activities against Candida albicans. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:238-247. [PMID: 37612046 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of nanoparticles using natural organic substances has attracted more attention due to avoiding inorganic toxicity. This work aimed to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extract as a reducing agent. The effects of pH of synthesis reaction were investigated. The obtained CuONPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Their particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential were determined using photon correlation spectrophotometry. Candida albicans is a major cause of chronic fungal infections due to its biofilms leading to severe drug resistance problems. In this study, in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activities as well as killing kinetics of the synthesized CuONPs against C. albicans were investigated. Additionally, fungal biofilm was observed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that the pH of the synthesis reaction played an important role in the physicochemical properties and antifungal activities of the obtained CuONPs. CuONPs synthesized at pH 10 and 12 showed the relatively small and narrow size distribution with high negative zeta potential and time-dependent killing kinetics. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirms obvious fungal biofilm reduction and increased fungal cell death after exposure to CuONPs. These findings suggest the optimal pH of CuONPs synthesis using C. sappan extract as a reducing agent. The results on antifungal and antibiofilm activities indicate that the obtained CuONPs can be a promising agent for treating fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pisaisit Chaijareenont
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellent inPharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellent inPharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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15
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Homyuen A, Vanitjinda G, Yingkamhaeng N, Sukyai P. Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolation and Impregnation with Sappan Wood Extracts as Antioxidant Dietary Fiber for Bread Preparation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31100-31111. [PMID: 37663459 PMCID: PMC10468960 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has gained considerable attention as a functional ingredient in bread making. This work demonstrates the isolation of MCC from sugar cane bagasse (SCB) for preparing bread. The effect of MCC on bread attributes and antioxidant activity by impregnation with sappan wood extract (SAP) was evaluated. The highest crystallinity index and suitable size of MCC were achieved at 85 °C under 90 min hydrolysis condition. Increasing MCC/SAP levels in bread showed a significant increase in bread color with decreases in the specific volume and baking loss. There was a positive correlation between bread texture and the MCC/SAP level. The addition of MCC/SAP interfered with the bread hardness. Low MCC/SAP levels have no effect on springiness and cohesiveness; however, 4% MCC/SAP has significantly decreased these attributes, with the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Therefore, MCC can be functionalized with SAP as an antioxidant fiber additive for health benefits in bakery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athitaya Homyuen
- Cellulose
for Future Materials and Technologies Special Research Unit, Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Gawisara Vanitjinda
- Cellulose
for Future Materials and Technologies Special Research Unit, Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Naiyasit Yingkamhaeng
- Cellulose
for Future Materials and Technologies Special Research Unit, Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prakit Sukyai
- Cellulose
for Future Materials and Technologies Special Research Unit, Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University
Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart
University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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16
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Vij T, Anil PP, Shams R, Dash KK, Kalsi R, Pandey VK, Harsányi E, Kovács B, Shaikh AM. A Comprehensive Review on Bioactive Compounds Found in Caesalpinia sappan. Molecules 2023; 28:6247. [PMID: 37687076 PMCID: PMC10488625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) is a tropical hardwood tree found in Southeast Asia. Sappan wood contains a water-soluble compound, which imparts a red color named brazilin. Sappan wood is utilized to produce dye for fabric and coloring agents for food and beverages, such as wine and meat. As a valuable medicinal plant, the tree is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has been observed that sappan wood contains various bioactive compounds, including brazilin, brazilein, sappan chalcone, and protosappanin A. It has also been discovered that these substances have various health advantages; they lower inflammation, enhance blood circulation, and are anti-oxidative in nature. Sappan wood has been used as a medicine to address a range of illnesses, such as gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, and skin conditions. Studies have also suggested that sappan wood may have anticarcinogenic potential as it possesses cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Based on this, the present review emphasized the different medicinal properties, the role of phytochemicals, their health benefits, and several food and nonfood applications of sappan wood. Overall, sappan wood has demonstrated promising medicinal properties and is an important resource in traditional medicine. The present review has explored the potential role of sappan wood as an essential source of bioactive compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Vij
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pawase Prashant Anil
- MIT School of Food Technology, MIT ADT University, Pune 412201, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rafeeya Shams
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Kshirod Kumar Dash
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology (GKCIET), Malda 732141, West Bengal, India
| | - Rhythm Kalsi
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Pandey
- Division of Research & Innovation (DRI), School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Endre Harsányi
- Agricultural Research Institutes and Academic Farming (AKIT), Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béla Kovács
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ayaz Mukarram Shaikh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Kimura K, Kikegawa M, Kan Y, Uesawa Y. Identifying Crude Drugs in Kampo Medicines Associated with Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database: A Comprehensive Survey. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050678. [PMID: 37242461 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify the crude drugs associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in 148 Kampo medicines prescribed throughout Japan using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database, a large-scale spontaneous reporting system in Japan. First, we tabulated the number of DILI reports from the report-based dataset and the background information from the patient-based dataset. Thereafter, we combined the 126 crude drugs into 104 crude drug groups to examine multicollinearity. Finally, the reporting odds ratios (RORs), 95% confidence intervals, p values for Fisher's exact test, and number of reports were calculated for each crude group to identify those associated with DILI. Notably, the number of adverse event reports for DILI (63,955) exceeded that for interstitial lung disease (51,347), the most common adverse event. In total, 78 crude drug groups (90 crude drugs) were reported to have an ROR > 1, a p < 0.05, and ≥10 reported cases. Our results highlight DILI as an essential issue, given that it was among the most frequently reported adverse drug reactions. We were able to clearly identify the crude drugs associated with DILI, which could help manage adverse drug reactions attributed to Kampo medicines and crude drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Kimura
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
- Datack, Inc., Tokyo 102-0072, Japan
| | - Mami Kikegawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kan
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
- Nanohana Pharmacy, Tomakomai 053-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
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18
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Sari DY, Lestari GW, Farika Pulungan HF, Remiyati I, Widyasari R. Moisturized and non-irritating hand gel based on sappan wood (<em>caesalpinia sappan</em> l.) and limau citrus peel (<em>citrus amblycarpa</em> (hassk.) ochse) extracts. J Public Health Afr 2023. [PMID: 37492550 PMCID: PMC10365648 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hand gel is a preparation used to protect hand skin from dryness. The antioxidant compounds in sappan wood and limau citrus peel can moisturize hands by preventing the oxidation of oils and fats on the surface of the (sebaceous glands).
Objective: This study aims to formulate hand gel from ethanol extract of sappan wood with a combination of limau citrus peel extract that can moisturize hands and not to cause irritation.
Methods: Sappan wood and limau citrus peel simplicia were macerated using 96% ethanol. The ethanolic extracts were then formulated into hand gel by varying the concentration of the ethanol extracts. The evaluation of the hand gel involved an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, viscosity test, and skin moisture test. A primary irritation test was carried out to ensure the hand gel’s safety.
Results: The results shows that the three hand gel formulas produce an orange-red color and soft scent of roses and citrus, with a pH of 7.8 and with good homogeneity. The formulas also have a spreading level of FI (5 cm), FII (5.2 cm), and FIII (5, 1 cm), and viscosity values were FI 12000 mPas, F II 12500 mPas, and F III 12400 mPas. The humidity test results on the three formulas shows different moisture values of 45.16%, 46.17%, and 45.09%, respectively (category of normal or moisture). The hand gel formulas have an irritation index of 0 (no irritation category).
Conclusion: The hand gel formulas meet the quality requirements of hand gel, have moisturizing agent, and are not irritating.
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Ngamwonglumlert L, Devahastin S. Brazilein as an alternative pigment: Isolation, characterization, stability enhancement and food applications. Food Chem 2023; 398:133898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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A brief review on natural dyes, pigments: Recent advances and future perspectives. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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21
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López-Romero JC, Torres-Moreno H, Vidal-Gutiérrez M, Cabrera-Cabrera GG, Robles-Zepeda RE, Rodríguez-Martínez KL, Ortega-García J, Villegas-Ochoa MA, Salazar-López NJ, Domínguez-Avila JA, González-Aguilar GA. Caesalpinia palmeri: First Report on the Phenolic Compounds Profile, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Effect. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200631. [PMID: 36423339 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the phenolic compounds profile, antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions of Caesalpinia palmeri. Methanolic extracts were generated from C. palmeri berries, stems and flowers. The latter was subjected to liquid-liquid partition, obtaining hexane, ethyl acetate and residues fractions. Results showed that the flower extract and ethyl acetate fraction had a larger concentration of phenolic compounds (148.9 and 307.9 mg GAE/g, respectively), being ellagic acid (6233.57 and 19550.08 μg/g, respectively), quercetin-3-β-glycoside (3023.85 and 8952.55 μg/g, respectively) and gallic acid (2212.98 and 8422.34 μg/g, respectively) the most abundant compounds. Flower extract and ethyl acetate fraction also presented the highest antioxidant capacity on all tested methods (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and FRAP) and low cytotoxicity against ARPE-19 cells (IC50 >170 μg/mL). C. palmeri possessed high antioxidant potential, associated with the presence of phenolic compounds and low cytotoxicity, suggesting that they could represent an option to counter oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C López-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Ave. Universidad e Irigoyen, H. Caborca, 83600, Sonora, México
| | - H Torres-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Ave. Universidad e Irigoyen, H. Caborca, 83600, Sonora, México
| | - M Vidal-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Sur, Lazaro Cardenas de Rio No. 100 Col. Francisco Villa, Navojoa, Sonora, México
| | - G G Cabrera-Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Ave. Universidad e Irigoyen, H. Caborca, 83600, Sonora, México
| | - R E Robles-Zepeda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - K L Rodríguez-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición Humana, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Unidad Académica Hermosillo, 83100, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - J Ortega-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Ave. Universidad e Irigoyen, H. Caborca, 83600, Sonora, México
| | - M A Villegas-Ochoa
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Aztiazarán Rosas No. 42, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Norma J Salazar-López
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Medicina de Mexicali, Lic. en Nutrición, Dr. Humberto Torres Sanginés S/N, Centro Cívico, Mexicali, Baja California, 21000, México
| | - J Abraham Domínguez-Avila
- Conacyt-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, 83304, Mexico
| | - G A González-Aguilar
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Aztiazarán Rosas No. 42, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Arjin C, Tateing S, Potapohn N, Arunorat J, Pringproa K, Lumsangkul C, Seel-audom M, Ruksiriwanich W, Sringarm K. Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan inhibits viral infection against PRRSV via CD163 ΔSRCR5 MARC-145 cells: an in silico and in vitro studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21595. [PMID: 36517668 PMCID: PMC9748407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to identify bioactive compounds from Caesalpinia sappan extract that function as novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection inhibitors by computational molecular screening. We obtained a set of small-molecule compounds predicted to target the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain 5 (SRCR5) of CD163. In addition, the functions of positive hits were assessed and verified utilizing an in vitro antiviral activity assay with PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Combining molecular docking with the results of binding affinity and ligand conformation, it was found that brazilin had the highest binding energy with the SRCR5 receptor compared to catechin and epicatechin (- 5.8, - 5.5, and - 5.1 kcal/mol, respectively). In terms of molecular mechanics, the binding free energy between the SRCR5 receptor was - 15.71 kcal/mol based on the Poisson-Boltzmann surface area of brazilin. In addition, PRRSV infection in MARC-145 cells was significantly inhibited by brazilin compared to the control (virus titer, 4.10 vs. 9.25 TCID50/mL, respectively). Moreover, brazilin successfully limited the number of PRRSV RNA copies in MARC-145 cells as determined by RT-qPCR. By inhibiting the PRRSV-CD163 interaction with brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan, it may be possible to prevent PRRSV infection in pigs, as suggested by this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiwat Arjin
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Suriya Tateing
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Nuttha Potapohn
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Mintra Seel-audom
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand ,grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Korawan Sringarm
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand ,grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
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Park JI, Kim SJ, Kim YJ, Lee SJ. Protective role of Caesalpinia sappan extract and its main component brazilin against blue light-induced damage in human fibroblasts. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:7025-7034. [PMID: 36057446 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a well-known factor that causes skin aging. Recently, with the development of technology, the skin has been exposed to not only the UV radiation but also the blue light from electronic devices. Blue light is a high-energy visible light that penetrates deep into the dermal layer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulting in skin aging. In this study, we searched for candidate materials that can inhibit blue light-induced skin aging and found Caesalpinia sappan extract (CSE) to be effective. METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were treated with various concentrations of CSE and brazilin and exposed to blue light. We measured that antioxidant activity, MMP-1 levels using MMP-1 ELISA, changes in collagen type 1, collagen type 3, MMP-1, and MMP-3 mRNA expressions, and ROS generation. RESULTS We confirmed that CSE has high absorption of blue light and antioxidant activity. Blue light irradiation at 30 J/cm2 decreased the expression of collagen types 1 and 3, increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and 3, and decreased the production of ROS in human dermal fibroblasts as compared to those of the nonirradiated group. However, pretreatment with CSE protected against the damage caused by the blue light. Brazilin, a major constituent of C. sappan, had high absorbance in the blue light region and antioxidant activities. Pretreatment with brazilin also inhibited the damage caused by the blue light in the cells. CONCLUSION CSE and brazilin are potential agents for inhibiting skin aging caused by blue light-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Il Park
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
| | - Yong Jae Kim
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
| | - Seung Ji Lee
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
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Pyun BJ, Jo K, Lee JY, Lee A, Jung MA, Hwang YH, Jung DH, Ji KY, Choi S, Kim YH, Kim T. Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Ameliorates Allergic Nasal Inflammation by Upregulating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in an Allergic Rhinitis Mouse Model and Nasal Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2256. [PMID: 36421442 PMCID: PMC9686907 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common upper-airway inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by immunoglobulin (IgE)-mediated inflammation. AR causes various painful clinical symptoms of the nasal mucosa that worsen the quality of daily life, necessitating the urgent development of therapeutic agents. Herein, we investigated the effects of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood water extract (CSLW), which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, on AR-related inflammatory responses. We examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of CSLW in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR mice and in primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs). Administration of CSLW mitigated allergic nasal symptoms in AR mice, decreased total immune cell and eosinophil counts in nasal lavage fluid, and significantly reduced serum levels of OVA-specific IgE, histamine, and Th2 inflammation-related cytokines. CSLW also inhibited the infiltration of several inflammatory and goblet cells, thereby ameliorating OVA-induced thickening of the nasal mucosa tissue. We found that CSLW treatment significantly reduced infiltration of eosinophils and production of periostin, MUC5AC, and intracellular reactive oxygen species through the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in HNEpCs. Thus, our findings strongly indicate that CSLW is a potent therapeutic agent for AR and can improve the daily life of patients by controlling the allergic inflammatory reaction of the nasal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Hee Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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25
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Wang S, Jiang K, Muthusamy R, Kalaimani S, Selvababu AP, Balupillai A, Narenkumar J, Jeevakaruniyam SJ. Protosappanin-B suppresses human melanoma cancer cell growth through impeding cell survival, inflammation and proliferative signaling pathways. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Widodo N, Puspitarini S, Widyananda MH, Alamsyah A, Wicaksono ST, Masruri M, Jatmiko YD. Anticancer activity of Caesalpinia sappan by downregulating mitochondrial genes in A549 lung cancer cell line. F1000Res 2022; 11:169. [PMID: 36128561 PMCID: PMC9468624 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.76187.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The standardization and mechanism of action of
Caesalpinia sappan as an anticancer agent are still lacking. This study aimed to understand the mechanism of action of
C,sappan extract as an anticancer agent. Methods: This study was conducted using the A549 lung cancer cell line to understand the mechanism of action of
C. sappan extract as an anticancer agent. The cytotoxicity activity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, protein-related apoptosis (i.e., BCL-2and BAX protein) assays, and RNA sequencing were performed level were measured. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and phenolics of
C.sappan were also assessed. Results:C.sappan has strong antioxidant activity (22.14 ± 0.93 ppm) total flavonoid content of (529.3 ± 4.56 mgQE/g), and phenolics content of (923.37 ± 5 mgGAE/g). The
C.sappan ethanol extract inhibited cancer cell growth and arrested at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, inducing apoptosis by increasing BAX/BCL-2 protein ratio in A549 lung cancer cell line. Furthermore, results from RNA sequencing analysis showed that
C.sappan ethanol extract caused downregulation of genes acting on mitochondrial function including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and respiration. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that
C.sappan has the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashi Widodo
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Sapti Puspitarini
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | | | - Adzral Alamsyah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Septian Tri Wicaksono
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Masruri Masruri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Yoga Dwi Jatmiko
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
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Begum AF, Balasubramanian KK, Bhagavathy S. 3‐Arylidene‐4‐Chromanones and 3‐arylidene‐4‐thiochromanones: Versatile Synthons towards the Synthesis of Complex Heterocycles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayisha F Begum
- B S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology Chemistry 600048 Chennai INDIA
| | | | - Shanmugasundaram Bhagavathy
- B S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology Chemistry Seethakathi EstateVandalur 600048 Chennai INDIA
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28
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Vajpayee M, Dave H, Singh M, Ledwani L. Cellulase Enzyme Based Wet‐Pretreatment of Lotus Fabric to Improve Antimicrobial Finishing with
A. indica
Extract and Enhance Natural Dyeing: Sustainable Approach for Textile Finishing. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Vajpayee
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
| | - Hemen Dave
- National Forensic Sciences University Gandhinagar 382007 Gujarat India
| | - Mumal Singh
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
| | - Lalita Ledwani
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
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Diana EDN, Widhiati S, Mochtar M, Irawanto ME. Comparison between patch test results of natural dyes and standard allergens in batik workers with occupational contact dermatitis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2022; 41:215-220. [PMID: 35771736 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2022.2077751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is a skin disorder caused by contact with any substances found in the workplace. Occupational contact dermatitis is second most common occupational disease (15% of all cases of occupational disease). Occupational contact dermatitis is divided into allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) which is 80% of cases that affects hands. Batik is an art that is painted on cloth, it is one of Indonesian cultural heritage. Batik workers have a higher risk of obtaining OCD due to exposure to chemicals and fluids used during work. Natural dyes used in the dyeing process are less likely to cause ACD than standard allergens. Some of the natural dyes used in the dyeing process in batik industries are Indigofera tinctoria, sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan), and Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni) cause skin sensitisation. OBJECTIVE To compare the results of patch testing between natural dyes (Indigofera tinctoria, sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan), and Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni) with standard allergens (p-phneyldiamine 0.1%, potassium dichromate 0.5% and formaldehyde 0.1%) as a cause of ACD in batik workers in Surakarta, East Java, Indonesia. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted on 63 subjects batik workers with OCD in Surakarta, East Java, Indonesia. Subjects were patch tested with three standard allergens (p-phenylenediamine 0.1%, potassium dichromate 0.5%, and formaldehyde 1%) and natural dyes (Indigofera tinctoria, sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan), and Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni). A closed patch test was evaluated 48 and 96 hour later. Screening of OCD in batik workers in Surakarta, East Java, Indonesia was based on Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire NOSQ-2002, and diagnosis of OCD was based on Mathias criteria (at least 4 out of 7 criteria were met). Data were analysed using a non-parametric Chi-square test with SPSS 21 with a significant difference if the p-value < 0.05. RESULT Natural dyes significantly caused allergic contact dermatitis in batik workers in Surakarta, East Java, Indonesia than standard allergens (p = 0.016). A positive patch test was found in 11 patients, standard allergen p-phenylenediamine (PPD) 0.1% was seen on one patient, potassium dichromate 0.5% on two patients, and formaldehyde 1% on two patients. A positive patch test using Indigofera tinctoria was found at one patient, sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) in three patients, and Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni) in five patients. CONCLUSION Natural dyes cause more positive patch test results in batik workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Devinta Novi Diana
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret/Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suci Widhiati
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret/Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Moerbono Mochtar
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret/Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Eko Irawanto
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret/Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
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Pattananandecha T, Apichai S, Julsrigival J, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Saenjum C. Antibacterial Activity against Foodborne Pathogens and Inhibitory Effect on Anti-Inflammatory Mediators' Production of Brazilin-Enriched Extract from Caesalpinia sappan Linn. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11131698. [PMID: 35807650 PMCID: PMC9269513 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood was collected from Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Crude extracts were prepared by Soxhlet’s extraction using 50, 60, and 70% of ethanol (EtOH) at 50, 60, and 70 °C, and the brazilin content was measured using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens and anti-inflammatory aspects were investigated. C. sappan, prepared from 70% EtOH at 70 °C (E70T70), significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited the highest amount of brazilin (7.90 ± 0.50% w/w). All extracts were investigated for anti-inflammatory activity through an inhibition effect on nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells. The inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production in HT-29 and HCT116 was also studied. All the extracts inhibited NO, iNOS, and COX-2 production induced by combined lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ, especially E70T70, indicating the highest inhibition effect among other extracts. Additionally, E70T70 was selected to determine the antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The result showed that 200 µg/mL extract reduced all test pathogens 100% at 24 h. These results suggested the potential of using C. sappan L. extract as a natural preservative in food and a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Pattananandecha
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sutasinee Apichai
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jakaphun Julsrigival
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Fumihiko Ogata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan; (F.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Naohito Kawasaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan; (F.O.); (N.K.)
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Chalermpong Saenjum
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-89-950-4227
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Development of Intelligent Gelatin Films Incorporated with Sappan ( Caesalpinia sappan L.) Heartwood Extract. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122487. [PMID: 35746061 PMCID: PMC9228210 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop intelligent gelatin films incorporated with sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.) heartwood extracts (SE) and characterize their properties. The intelligent gelatin film was prepared through a casting method from gelatin (3%, w/v), glycerol (25% w/w, based on gelatin weight), and SE at various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00%, w/v). The thickness of the developed films ranged from 43 to 63 μm. The lightness and transparency of the films decreased with the increasing concentration of SE (p < 0.05). All concentrations of gelatin films incorporated with SE exhibited great pH sensitivity, as indicated by changes in film color at different pH levels (pH 1−12). Significant decreases in tensile strength were observed at 1.00% SE film (p < 0.05). The addition of SE reduced gelatin films’ solubility and water vapor permeability (p < 0.05). The chemical and physical interactions between gelatin and SE affected the absorption peaks in FTIR spectra. SE was affected by increased total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the gelatin film, and the 1.00% SE film showed the highest TPC (15.60 mg GAE/g db.) and antioxidant activity (DPPH: 782.71 μM Trolox/g db. and FRAP: 329.84 mM/g db.). The gelatin films combined with SE could inhibit S. aureus and E. coli, while the inhibition zone was not observed for E. coli; it only affected the film surface area. The result suggested that gelatin films incorporated with SE can be used as an intelligent film for pH indicators and prolong the shelf life of food due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
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Yan J, Tran C, Bignon J, Provot O, Hamze A. Synthesis of Dihydro‐5
H
‐Benzo[
c
]‐Fluorenes, Dihydroindeno[
c
]‐Chromenes and Thiochromenes
via
Intramolecular Cyclization and their Effect on Human Leukemia Cells. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS BioCIS 92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Christine Tran
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS BioCIS 92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Jérôme Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UPR 2301 CNRS avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Olivier Provot
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS BioCIS 92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS BioCIS 92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
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Putri BM, Wasita B, Febrinasari RP. The Effect of Combined Extracts of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.) in Improving Diabetic Condition in Rats. JURNAL GIZI DAN PANGAN 2022. [DOI: 10.25182/jgp.2022.17.1.37-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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HydroZitLa inhibits calcium oxalate stone formation in nephrolithic rats and promotes longevity in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5102. [PMID: 35332173 PMCID: PMC8948263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low fluid intake, low urinary citrate excretion, and high oxidative stress are main causative factors of calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. HydroZitLa contains citrate and natural antioxidants and is developed to correct these three factors simultaneously. Antioxidants theoretically can prolong the lifespan of organisms. In this study, we preclinically investigated the antilithogenic, lifespan-extending and anti-aging effects of HydroZitLa in HK-2 cells, male Wistar rats, and Caenorhabditis elegans. HydroZitLa significantly inhibited CaOx crystal aggregation in vitro and reduced oxidative stress in HK-2 cells challenged with lithogenic factors. For experimental nephrolithiasis, rats were divided into four groups: ethylene glycol (EG), EG + HydroZitLa, EG + Uralyt-U, and untreated control. CaOx deposits in kidneys of EG + HydroZitLa and EG + Uralyt-U rats were significantly lower than those of EG rats. Intrarenal expression of 4-hydroxynonenal in EG + HydroZitLa rats was significantly lower than that of EG rats. The urinary oxalate levels of EG + HydroZitLa and EG + Uralyt-U rats were significantly lower than those of EG rats. The urinary citrate levels of EG + HydroZitLa and EG + Uralyt-U rats were restored to the level in normal control rats. In C. elegans, HydroZitLa supplementation significantly extended the median lifespan of nematodes up to 34% without altering feeding ability. Lipofuscin accumulation in HydroZitLa-supplemented nematodes was significantly lower than that of non-supplemented control. Additionally, HydroZitLa inhibited telomere shortening, p16 upregulation, and premature senescence in HK-2 cells exposed to lithogenic stressors. Conclusions, HydroZitLa inhibited oxidative stress and CaOx formation both in vitro and in vivo. HydroZitLa extended the lifespan and delayed the onset of aging in C. elegans and human kidney cells. This preclinical evidence suggests that HydroZitLa is beneficial for inhibiting CaOx stone formation, promoting longevity, and slowing down aging.
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Gupta P, Toksha B, Rahaman M. A Review on Biodegradable Packaging Films from Vegetative and Food Waste. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100326. [PMID: 35253984 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastics around the globe have been a matter of grave concern due to the unavoidable habits of human mankind. Taking waste statistics in India for the year 2019-20 into account, the data of 60 major cities show that the generation of plastic waste stands tall at around 26,000 tonnes/day, of which only about 60 % is recycled. A majority of the non-recycled plastic waste is petrochemical-based packaging materials that are non-biodegradable in nature. Vegetative/food waste is another global issue, evidenced by vastly populated countries such as China and India accounting for 91 and 69 tonnes of food wastage, respectively in 2019. The mitigation of plastic packaging issues has led to key scientific developments, one of which is biodegradable materials. However, there is a way that these two waste-related issues can be fronted as the analogy of "taking two shots with the same arrow". The presence of various bio-compounds such as proteins, cellulose, starch, lipids, and waxes, etc., in food and vegetative waste, creates an opportunity for the development of biodegradable packaging films. Although these flexible packaging films have limitations in terms of mechanical, permeation, and moisture absorption characteristics, they can be fine-tuned in order to convert the biobased raw material into a realizable packaging product. These strategies could work in replacing petrochemical-based non-biodegradable packaging plastics which are used in enormous quantities for various household and commercial packaging applications to combat the ever-increasing pollution in highly populated countries. This paper presents a systematic review based on modern scientific tools of the literature available with a major emphasis on the past decade and aims to serve as a standard resource for the development of biodegradable packaging films from food/vegetative waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gupta
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010
| | - Bhagwan Toksha
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Network Pharmacology Study to Reveal the Potentiality of a Methanol Extract of Caesalpinia sappan L. Wood against Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020277. [PMID: 35207564 PMCID: PMC8880704 DOI: 10.3390/life12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) is widely used to treat diabetic complications in south-east Asia, specifically in traditional Chinese medicine. This study intends to explain the molecular mechanism of how chemical constituents of CS interrelate with different signaling pathways and receptors involved in T2DM. GC-MS was employed to identify the chemical compounds from the methanol extract of CS wood (MECSW). Lipinski’s rule of five was applied, and 33 bioactive constituents have been screened from the CS extract. After that, 124 common targets and 26 compounds associated with T2DM were identified by mining several public databases. Protein–protein interactions and compound-target network were constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape tool. Protein–protein interactions were identified in 121 interconnected nodes active in T2DM and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) as key target receptors. Furthermore, pathway compound target (PCT) analysis using the merger algorithm plugin of Cytoscape revealed 121 nodes from common T2DM targets, 33 nodes from MECSW compounds and 9 nodes of the KEGG pathway. Moreover, network topology analysis determined “Fisetin tetramethyl ether” as the key chemical compound. The DAVID online tool determined seven signaling receptors, among which PPARG was found most significant in T2DM progression. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis implied the involvement of nine pathways, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway was selected as the hub signaling pathway. Finally, molecular docking and quantum chemistry analysis confirmed the strong binding affinity and reactive chemical nature of fisetin tetramethyl ether with target receptors exceeding that of the conventional drug (metformin), PPARs agonist (rosiglitazone) and co-crystallized ligands, indicating that fisetin could be a potential drug of choice in T2DM management. This study depicts the interrelationship of the bioactive compounds of MECSW with the T2DM-associated signaling pathways and target receptors. It also proposes a more pharmaceutically effective substance, fisetin tetramethyl ether, over the standard drug that activates PPARG protein in the PPAR signaling pathway of T2DM.
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Widodo N, Puspitarini S, Widyananda MH, Alamsyah A, Wicaksono ST, Masruri M, Jatmiko YD. Anticancer activity of Caesalpinia sappan by downregulating mitochondrial genes in A549 lung cancer cell line. F1000Res 2022; 11:169. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.76187.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The standardization and mechanism of action of Caesalpinia sappan as an anticancer agent are still lacking. This study aimed to understand the mechanism of action of C,sappan extract as an anticancer agent. Methods: This study was conducted using the A549 lung cancer cell line to understand the mechanism of action of C. sappan extract as an anticancer agent. The cytotoxicity activity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, protein-related apoptosis (i.e., BCL-2and BAX protein) assays, and RNA sequencing were performed level were measured. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and phenolics of C.sappan were also assessed. Results: C.sappan has strong antioxidant activity (22.14 ± 0.93 ppm) total flavonoid content of (529.3 ± 4.56 mgQE/g), and phenolics content of (923.37 ± 5 mgGAE/g). The C.sappan ethanol extract inhibited cancer cell growth and arrested at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, inducing apoptosis by increasing BAX/BCL-2 protein ratio in A549 lung cancer cell line. Furthermore, results from RNA sequencing analysis showed that C.sappan ethanol extract caused downregulation of genes acting on mitochondrial function including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and respiration. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that C.sappan has the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells.
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Li X, Wu L, Wu R, Sun M, Fu K, Kuang T, Wang Z. Comparison of medicinal preparations of Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114775. [PMID: 34742863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ayurveda is the main traditional healthcare system in Indian medicine. Tibetan medicine (TM), Mongolian medicine (MM), Buddhist medicine (BM), Dai medicine (DM), and Uyghur medicine (UM) are main traditional medicines practiced in China. These are existing traditional medical systems that still play a role in disease prevention and treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY To reveal the similarities and differences of traditional medicinal preparations between Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China to deepen medical exchanges and cooperation between the two countries and beyond. METHODS All preparations were extracted from statutory pharmacopoeias, ministry standards, and prescription textbooks from China and India. The information of each preparation, such as therapeutic uses, medicinal materials, and preparation forms, was recorded in Excel for statistical analysis and visual comparison. RESULTS A total of 645 Ayurvedic preparations, 458 TM preparations, 164 MM preparations, 616 BM preparations, 227 DM preparations, and 94 UM preparations were identified. Preparations of the six traditional medicines were mostly used for treating digestive, respiratory, and urogenital system diseases. The preparation forms of these six traditional medicines are mainly pills and powders. There are 38 shared-use medicinal materials in Ayurveda and TM preparations, 25 in Ayurveda and MM preparations, 30 in Ayurveda and BM preparations, 39 in Ayurveda and DM preparations, and 31 in Ayurveda and UM preparations. Finally, we selected one important shared-use preparation (Triphala) and 51 medicinal materials to research traditional use and modern pharmacology. CONCLUSIONS These preparations are used by different prescribers and users of medicinal materials in different medical systems with the similarities and differences. The similarities may reflect the historical exchanges of traditional medicines between the two countries. The differences showed that traditional medicines in China have absorbed some theories, diagnoses, and treatments from Ayurveda but also retained their own ethnic and regional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ming Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tingting Kuang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Research Institute of Traditional Indian Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Research Institute of Traditional Indian Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Correia Soeiro MDN, Vergoten G, Bailly C. Molecular docking of brazilin and its analogs to barrier‐to‐autointegration factor 1 (BAF1). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1511:154-163. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, INFINITE ‐ U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL) Faculté de Pharmacie Lille France
| | - Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan Scientific Consulting Office Lille (Wasquehal), 59290 France
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Chatterjee B, Ghosh K, Swain A, Nalla KK, Ravula H, Pan A, Kanade SR. The phytochemical brazilin suppress DNMT1 expression by recruiting p53 to its promoter resulting in the epigenetic restoration of p21 in MCF7cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153885. [PMID: 34920321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is an outcome of uncontrolled cell division eventually associated with dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. DNA methyltransferase 1 is ubiquitously expressed in the proliferating cells and is essential for the maintenance of DNA methylation. It causes the abnormal silencing of tumor suppressor genes in human cancer which is necessary for proliferation, cell cycle progression, and survival. DNMT1 is involved in tumorigenesis of several cancers, its upregulation potentially upscale the promoter level inactivation of transcription of a tumor inhibitory gene by introducing repressive methylation marks on the CpG islands. This epigenetic perturbation caused by DNMT is targeted for cancer therapeutics. PURPOSE To demonstrate the proliferative inhibitory potential of brazilin in human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with concurrent mitigation of DNMT1 functional expression and to understand its effect on downstream targets like cell cycle inhibitor p21. STUDY DESIGN/ METHODS The impact of brazilin on the growth and proliferation of the MCF-7 cells was determined using the XTT assay. The global DNA 5-methyl cytosine methylation pattern was analyzed upon brazilin treatment. The gene and protein expression of DNMTs were determined with quantitative RTPCR and western blots respectively. The potential binding sites of transcription factors in the human DNMT1 promoter were predicted using the MatInspector tool on the Genomatix software. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to demonstrate the transcription factors occupancy at the promoter. Methylation of promoter CpG islands was determined by the methylation-specific PCR (MSP) upon brazilin treatment. The molecular docking of the human DNMT1 with brazilin (ligand) was performed using the Schrödinger suite. RESULTS The heterotetracyclic compound brazilin, present in the wood of Caesalpinia sappan, inhibited the proliferation of the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and reduced the DNMT1 expression with a decrease in global DNA methylation. Brazilin, by activating p38 MAPK and elevating p53 levels within the exposed cells. The elevated level of p53 enriched the occupancy at binding sites within 200 bp upstream to the transcription start site in the DNMT1 promoter, resulting in reduced DNMT1 gene expression. Furthermore, the brazilin restored the p21 levels in the exposed cells as the CpGs in the p21 promoter (-128 bp/+17 bp) were significantly demethylated as observed in the methylation-specific PCR (MSP). CONCLUSION Highly potential anti-proliferative molecule brazilin can modulate the DNMT1 functional expression and restore the cell cycle inhibitor p21expression. We propose that brazilin can be used in therapeutic interventions to restore the deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod-671316, Kerala, India
| | - Krishna Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod-671316, Kerala, India
| | - Aishwarya Swain
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Nalla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Central University P.O., Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India
| | - Haritha Ravula
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Central University P.O., Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India
| | - Archana Pan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Santosh R Kanade
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Central University P.O., Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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Hemthanon T, Ungcharoenwiwat P. Antibacterial activity, stability, and hemolytic activity of heartwood extract from Caesalpinia sappan for application on nonwoven fabric. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Datta S, Luthra R, Bharadvaja N. Medicinal Plants for Glioblastoma Treatment. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:2367-2384. [PMID: 34939551 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666211221144739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer, demonstrates the least life expectancy among all brain cancers. Because of the regulation of diverse signaling pathways in cancers, the chemotherapeutic approaches used to suppress their multiplication and spreading are restricted. Sensitivity towards chemotherapeutic agents has developed because of the pathological and drug-evading abilities of these diverse mechanisms. As a result, the identification and exploration of strategies or treatments, which can overcome such refractory obstacles to improve glioblastoma response to treatment as well as recovery, is essential. Medicinal herbs contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, which could trigger aggressive brain cancers, regulate their anti-cancer mechanisms and immune responses to assist in cancer elimination, and cause cell death. Numerous tumor-causing proteins, which facilitate invasion as well as metastasis of cancer, tolerance of chemotherapies, and angiogenesis, are also inhibited by these phytochemicals. Such herbs remain valuable for glioblastoma prevention and its incidence by effectively being used as anti-glioma therapies. This review thus presents the latest findings on medicinal plants using which the extracts or bioactive components are being used against glioblastoma, their mechanism of functioning, pharmacological description as well as recent clinical studies conducted on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeja Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi-110042. India
| | - Ritika Luthra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi-110042. India
| | - Navneeta Bharadvaja
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi-110042. India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is considered to be a serious health problem worldwide. Controlling and lowering blood pressure are of significant benefit to people with hypertension because hypertension is a risk factor for stroke, heart disease, and cardiovascular disease. Roselle, the tropical plant Hibiscus sabdariffa, also commonly called sour tea or red tea, has been used as both a thirst-quenching drink and for medicinal purposes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of Roselle on blood pressure in people with primary hypertension. SEARCH METHODS For this update, the Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases and trials registers for randomised controlled trials (RCTs): the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register (to 6 August 2021), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2021, Issue 7), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 5 August 2021), Embase Ovid (1974 to 5 August 2021), ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (to 6 August 2021), Web of Science Clarivate (to 7 August 2021), Food Science and Technology Abstracts Clarivate (to 7 August 2021), the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (to 6 August 2021), and the US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov (to 6 August 2021). We searched Google Scholar and OpenSIGLE. We also handsearched local and regional Chinese databases: CBM, CMCC, TCMLARS, CNKI, CMAC, and the Index to Chinese Periodical Literature (to 14 September 2020), as well as Thai databases (ThaiJO, CUIR, TDC, CMU e-Theses, TCTR) (to 3 October 2020). There were no language or publication date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We sought RCTs evaluating the use of any forms of Roselle with placebo or no treatment in adults with hypertension. Our primary outcome was change in trough and/or peak systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP). Secondary outcomes were withdrawals due to adverse effects, change in pulse pressure, and change in heart rate. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS All search results were managed using Covidence and re-checked for the number of records, inclusion and exclusion of studies with Mendeley reference management software. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors worked independently in parallel for screening (titles and abstracts, and full reports), data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and assessment of the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or by consultation with the third review author if necessary. We presented mean difference (MD) of change in SBP and DBP with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). MAIN RESULTS For this update, only one RCT with a parallel-group design involving 60 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus fulfilled the inclusion criteria. This study investigated the effect of Roselle extract capsules (total dose of 5600 mg) compared with placebo (lactose) at eight weeks. The study was at low risk of selection bias, performance bias, and detection bias. Conversely, it was at high risk of attrition bias, reporting bias, and other bias (baseline imbalance). We have very little confidence in the effect estimate of Roselle on change-from-baseline in both SBP and DBP between the two groups. The MD of change in SBP was 1.65, 95% CI -7.89 to 11.19 mmHg, 52 participants, very low-certainty evidence. The MD of change in DBP was 4.60, 95% CI -1.38 to 10.58 mmHg, 52 participants, very low-certainty evidence. Our secondary outcomes of withdrawals due to adverse effects, change in pulse pressure, and change in heart rate were not reported. Due to the limited available data, no secondary analyses were performed (subgroup and sensitivity analysis). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence is currently insufficient to determine the effectiveness of Roselle compared to placebo for controlling or lowering blood pressure in people with hypertension. The certainty of evidence was very low due to methodological limitations, imprecision, and indirectness. There is a need for rigorous RCTs that address the review question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porjai Pattanittum
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chetta Ngamjarus
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Fonthip Buttramee
- Department of Disease Control, The office of disease prevention and control 8 Udon Thani, Udon Thani, Thailand
| | - Charoonsak Somboonporn
- Department of Radiology (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Thailand
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A novel thin-layer chromatography-based method for Brazilin quantification. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-021-00131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Identifying Brazilwood’s Marker Component, Urolithin C, in Historical Textiles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. HERITAGE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage4030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The fugitive nature of the colorants obtained from sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) or the South American species commonly known as ‘brazilwoods’ (including other Caesalpinia species and Paubrasilia echinata (Lam.)) makes the identification of brazilwood dyes and pigments in historic artefacts analytically challenging. This difficulty has been somewhat alleviated recently by the recognition and structural elucidation of a relatively stable marker component found in certain brazilwood dyes and pigments—the benzochromenone metabolite urolithin C. This new understanding creates an ideal opportunity to explore the possibilities for urolithin C’s localization and identification in historical artefacts using a variety of analytical approaches. Specifically, in this work, micro-destructive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic methods following a one-sample two-step (direct application of the colloid and then subsequent exposure of the same sample to HF before reapplication of the colloid) approach are utilized for the examination of four historical brazilwood dyed textiles with the results confirmed via HPLC-DAD analysis. It is shown that characterization of reference urolithin C is possible, and diagnostic features of this molecule can also be traced in faded historical linen, silk and wool textiles, even in the presence of minor quantities of flavonoid, indigoid and tannin components. The exploitation of the same micro-sample through a series of SERS analyses affords a fuller potential for confirming the characterization of this species.
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Kurniawan E, Krihariyani D. Working goal of Brazilein sappan wood as a candidate for SARS-coV-2 antivirus drug against spike (S) glycoprotein, papain-like proteinase, and main protease: In silico study. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:298-304. [PMID: 34345611 PMCID: PMC8300323 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_222_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilein sappan wood, played by Spike (S) glycoprotein, Papain-Like proteinase (PLpro), and Main protease (Mpro), is expected to be a candidate for the antiviral drug SARS-CoV-2, which can inhibit viral attachment to the human body, replication, and transcription processes. The aim of this study was to predict in silico, using the comparative drug hydroxychloroquine, the working goal of brazilein sappan wood as a candidate for the antiviral drug SARS-CoV-2 against protein S, PLpro, and Mpro. The approach used is the in silico docking test using the computer program Molegro Virtual Docker. Receptor used by protein S, Protein Data Bank (PDB) code: 6M0J, NAG_601[E] ligand; PLpro, PDB code: 7JIT, Y95_501[A] ligand; and Mpro, PDB code: 1WOF, I12_1145[A] ligand. Data analysis was carried out by comparing the docking bond energies between the ligands at the target receptor. Silico test results for protein S: ligand bond energy NAG_601 [E] = -59.4555, brazilein = -71.5537, hydroxychloroquine = -79.3704; PLpro protein: Ligand bond energy Y95_501 [A] = -129.561, brazilein = -94.9761, hydroxychloroquine = -100.984; Mpro protein: Ligand bond energy I12 1145 [A] = -141.135, brazilein = -96.6169, hydroxychloroquine = -104.88. The above test results indicate that brazilein sappan wood has potential as a SARS-CoV-2 drug candidate, has a stable bond, and that the biological activity of the compound is stronger against S protein than the proteins of PLpro and Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entuy Kurniawan
- Departement of Medical Laboratory, Technology Health Polytechnics of Bandung, Ministry of Health, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Krihariyani
- Departement of Medical Laboratory, Technology Health Polytechnics of Surabaya, Ministry of Health, Indonesia
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Acosta-Quiroga K, Rojas-Peña C, Nerio LS, Gutiérrez M, Polo-Cuadrado E. Spirocyclic derivatives as antioxidants: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21926-21954. [PMID: 35480788 PMCID: PMC9034179 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, spiro compounds have attracted significant interest in medicinal chemistry due to their numerous biological activities attributed primarily to their versatility and structural similarity to important pharmacophore centers. Currently, the development of drugs with potential antioxidant activities is of great importance since numerous investigations have shown that oxidative stress is involved in the development and progression of numerous diseases such as cancer, senile cataracts, kidney failure, diabetes, high blood pressure, cirrhosis, and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. This article provides an overview of the synthesis and various antioxidant activities found in naturally occurring and synthetic spiro compounds. Among the antioxidant activities reviewed are DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, anti-LPO, superoxide, xanthine oxidase, peroxide, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide tests, among others. Molecules that presented best results for these tests were spiro compounds G14, C12, D41, C18, C15, D5, D11, E1, and C14. In general, most active compounds are characterized for having at least one oxygen atom; an important number of them (around 35%) are phenolic compounds, and in molecules where this functional group was absent, aryl ethers and nitrogen-containing functional groups such as amine and amides could be found. Recent advances in the antioxidant activity profiles of spiro compounds have shown that they have a significant position in discovering drugs with potential antioxidant activities. This article provides an overview of the synthesis and various antioxidant activities found in naturally occurring and synthetic spiro compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Acosta-Quiroga
- Universidad de la Amazonia, Programa de Química Cl. 17 Diagonal 17 con, Cra. 3F Florencia 180001 Colombia
| | - Cristian Rojas-Peña
- Universidad de la Amazonia, Programa de Química Cl. 17 Diagonal 17 con, Cra. 3F Florencia 180001 Colombia
| | - Luz Stella Nerio
- Universidad de la Amazonia, Programa de Química Cl. 17 Diagonal 17 con, Cra. 3F Florencia 180001 Colombia
| | - Margarita Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio Síntesis Orgánica y Actividad Biológica, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca Casilla 747 Talca 3460000 Chile
| | - Efraín Polo-Cuadrado
- Laboratorio Síntesis Orgánica y Actividad Biológica, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca Casilla 747 Talca 3460000 Chile
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Caesalpinia sappan L. Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice via the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF Pathway. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is an essential aspect of human cognition. A decrease in this aspect is well associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The development of a novel cognitive enhancer (CE) may help overcome AD-related problems. In this study, we evaluated the CE effect of Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) in memory deficit mice. Administration of its ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and brazilin (5 and 10 mg/kg BW) ameliorated the scopolamine-amnesic effect, as evidenced by significant decreases (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) in the escape latency time and increases (p < 0.01) in the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant of the Morris water maze test. We also examined the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and protein expression levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding (pCREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampal tissues to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. Results showed that CS wood ethanolic extract and brazilin not only significantly increase (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) cAMP levels and PKA activity but also significantly enhance (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) the expression level of pCREB and BDNF in the hippocampus. These findings indicate that CS activates the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CS is a promising herb that could be developed as a CE agent.
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Effect of Ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan Fraction on In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060106. [PMID: 34207801 PMCID: PMC8229879 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major epidemic in pig production, leading to economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. The use of medicinal plants with antiviral properties might be useful help to prevent and control PRRSV outbreaks. Caesalpinia sappan (CS) heartwood is an important herbal ingredient used in Thai folk medicine, possessing various biological activities, including antiviral activity. The present study focuses on the in vitro antiviral activity against PRRSV of a semi-purified fraction of ethanolic CS crude extract using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Qualification of the fractions illustrating positive antiviral activity was carried out with liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The preparative chromatography separated the crude extract into six consecutive fractions, among which the first fraction showed potential antiviral activity by inhibiting PRRSV replication in a MARC-145 monolayer (virus titer 2.75 median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL (log10) vs. 9.50 median log10 TCID50/mL of the control) at 72 h post-infection, and this fraction included byakangelicin, brazilin, naringenin, and brazilein. These results provide useful information for further study to effectively develop the CS bioactive antiviral compounds against PRRSV as a feed additive or veterinary drug in the pig industry.
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Ortiz Y, García-Heredia A, Merino-Mascorro A, García S, Solís-Soto L, Heredia N. Natural and synthetic antimicrobials reduce adherence of enteroaggregative and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251096. [PMID: 33939753 PMCID: PMC8092791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence of bacteria to the human intestinal mucosa can facilitate their internalization and the development of pathological processes. Escherichia coli O104:H4 is considered a hybrid strain (enteroaggregative hemorrhagic E. coli [EAHEC]), sharing virulence factors found in enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), and enteroaggregative (EAEC) E. coli pathotypes. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of natural and synthetic antimicrobials (carvacrol, oregano extract, brazilin, palo de Brasil extract, and rifaximin) on the adherence of EHEC O157:H7, EAEC 042, and EAHEC O104:H4 to HEp-2 cells and to assess the expression of various genes involved in this process. Two concentrations of each antimicrobial that did not affect (p≤0.05) bacterial viability or damage the bacterial membrane integrity were used. Assays were conducted to determine whether the antimicrobials alter adhesion by affecting bacteria and/or alter adhesion by affecting the HEp-2 cells, whether the antimicrobials could detach bacteria previously adhered to HEp-2 cells, and whether the antimicrobials could modify the adherence ability exhibited by the bacteria for several cycles of adhesion assays. Giemsa stain and qPCR were used to assess the adhesion pattern and gene expression, respectively. The results showed that the antimicrobials affected the adherence abilities of the bacteria, with carvacrol, oregano extract, and rifaximin reducing up to 65% (p≤0.05) of E. coli adhered to HEp-2 cells. Carvacrol (10 mg/ml) was the most active compound against EHAEC O104:H4, even altering its aggregative adhesion pattern. There were changes in the expression of adhesion-related genes (aggR, pic, aap, aggA, and eae) in the bacteria and oxidative stress-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx) in the HEp-2 cells. In general, we demonstrated that carvacrol, oregano extract, and rifaximin at sub-minimal bactericidal concentrations interfere with target sites in E. coli, reducing the adhesion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaraymi Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Angel Merino-Mascorro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Santos García
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Luisa Solís-Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Norma Heredia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
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