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Ding R, Bi S, Luo Y, Liu T, Wang P, He W, Ni S. Mothers' emotional expressivity in urban and rural societies: Salience and links with young adolescents' emotional wellbeing and expressivity. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1130-1146. [PMID: 34766903 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942100105x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the salience of mothers' emotional expressivity and its links with adolescents' emotional wellbeing and expressivity in an urban society endorsing more individualism and a rural society ascribing to more collectivism. By comparing Chinese urban (N = 283, M age = 14.13) and rural (N = 247, M age = 14.09) adolescents, this research found that urban mothers' expression of positive-dominant and positive-submissive emotions (PD and PS) were more common while expression of negative-dominant (ND) emotions was less common than rural mothers'. PD and PS had significant links with urban and rural adolescents' increased emotional expressivity and self-esteem, however, only significantly related to urban adolescents' decreased depression but not with rural adolescents'. ND had significant links with both urban and rural adolescents' expression of negative emotions, however, only significantly correlated with urban adolescents' less level of self-esteem and rural adolescents' more expression of positive emotions. No significant difference was found in the salience of urban and rural mothers' expression of negative-submissive (NS) emotions, which positively related to both urban and rural adolescents' depression and emotional expressivity. Moreover, we found that adolescents' emotional wellbeing (i.e., self-esteem and depression) mediated the relationship between mothers' emotional expressivity and adolescents' expressivity in both societies. Overall, the study findings document that the salience of mothers' emotional expressivity and its relations with adolescents' emotional adjustment differ between urban and rural societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Ding
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Bi
- Department of Applied Psychology, College of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
| | - Yuhan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Psychology, Division for Psychological Methods and Statistics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pusheng Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei He
- Nanshan Educational Science Institute of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiguang Ni
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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Tan L, Smith CL. Longitudinal bidirectional relations between children’s negative affectivity and maternal emotion expressivity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:983435. [PMID: 36337491 PMCID: PMC9631433 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although children’s negative affectivity is a temperamental characteristic that is biologically based, it is framed within and shaped by their emotional environments which are partly created by maternal emotion expressivity in the family. Children, in turn, play a role in shaping their family emotional context, which could lead to changes in mothers’ emotion expressivity in the family. However, these theorized longitudinal bidirectional relations between child negative affectivity and maternal positive and negative expressivity have not been studied from toddlerhood to early school-age. The current study utilized a cross-lagged panel model to examine the reciprocal relations between children’s negative affectivity and maternal expressivity within the family over the course of early childhood. Participants were 140 mother–child dyads (72 boys, mean age = 2.67 years, primarily White). Mothers reported the positive and negative expressivity in the family and children’s negative affectivity in toddlerhood (T1), preschool (T2), and school-age (T3). Maternal negative expressivity and child negative affectivity at T1 were significantly correlated. Maternal negative expressivity at T1 significantly predicted child negative affectivity at T3. Children’s negative affectivity at T2 significantly predicted mothers’ negative expressivity at T3. Mothers’ positive expressivity was not related to children’s negative affectivity at any of the three time points. The findings demonstrate the reciprocal relations between children’s negative affectivity and maternal negative expressivity in the family, suggesting the importance of the interplay between child temperament and maternal expressivity within the family emotional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Cynthia L. Smith
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cynthia L. Smith,
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Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Rudolph J, Kerin J, Bohadana-Brown G. Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254211051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analytic review of 53 studies published between 2000 and 2020 to quantify associations of parents’ emotion regulation with parenting behavior and children’s emotion regulation and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Twelve meta-analyses, which included between 4 to 22 effect sizes ( N from 345 to 3609), were conducted to summarize associations of parent emotion regulation with positive or negative parenting behaviors and child outcomes of emotion regulation, difficulties in emotion regulation, internalizing symptoms, or externalizing behavior. Given the range of behavioral parent emotion regulation measures used across studies, effect sizes for parent emotion regulation strategy use ( skill) were analyzed separately from effect sizes for parents’ difficulties with emotion regulation. Summary effect sizes ranged from |.08| to |.28| for relations of parent emotion regulation skill with parenting behaviors and children’s adjustment. Summary effect sizes ranged from |.03| to |.42| for relations of parent emotion regulation difficulties with parenting behaviors and children’s adjustment. In general, parents with better emotion regulation skill or fewer difficulties are higher in positive parenting behaviors and have children with better emotion regulation and fewer internalizing symptoms. Evidence was less clear-cut for child externalizing behaviors. Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed in most analyses, and study characteristics (measures, child age, parent gender, sampling, and region where the study was conducted) were examined as moderators. Measures used, child age, and participant risk status moderated effect size in some analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Rudolph
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Kerin
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gal Bohadana-Brown
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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The interactive effects of maternal personality and adolescent temperament on externalizing behavior problem trajectories from age 12 to 14. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Children’s Anxious Characteristics Predict how their Parents Socialize Emotions. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 47:1225-1238. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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KANG Y, CHONG X, WU N. Autism Spectrum Disorders early warning: Occurrence, development and influencing factors of joint attention and empathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Loop L, Mouton B, Stievenart M, Roskam I. One or many? Which and how many parenting variables should be targeted in interventions to reduce children's externalizing behavior? Behav Res Ther 2017; 92:11-23. [PMID: 28187306 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This research compared the efficacy of two parenting interventions that vary according to the number and the nature of variables in reducing preschoolers' externalizing behavior (EB). The goal was to identify which parenting intervention format (one-variable versus two-variable) caused higher behavioral adjustment in children. The first was a one-variable intervention manipulating parental self-efficacy beliefs. The second was a two-variable intervention manipulating both parents' self-efficacy beliefs and emotion coaching practices. The two interventions shared exactly the same design, consisting of eight parent group sessions. Effect on children's EB and observed behaviors were evaluated through a multi-method assessment at three points (pre-test, post-test and follow-up). The results highlighted that compared to the waitlist condition, the two intervention formats tended to cause a significant reduction in children's EB reported by their parent. However, the one-variable intervention was found to lead to a greater decrease in children's EB at follow-up. The opposite was reported for children's observed behavior, which was improved to a greater extent in the two-variable intervention at post-test and follow-up. The results illustrated that interventions' format cannot be considered as purely interchangeable since their impact on children's behavior modification is different. The results are discussed for their research and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Loop
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, 10 place du Cardinal Mercier, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Bénédicte Mouton
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, 10 place du Cardinal Mercier, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Marie Stievenart
- Faculté de Psychologie, Logopédie et des Sciences de l'Education, University of Liege, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Roskam
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, 10 place du Cardinal Mercier, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Yu JJ, Ko YK. Paternal Family Expressiveness as a Mediator Between Father's Dispositional Optimism and Child's Dispositional Optimism. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2013; 174:677-95. [DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2013.783548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Emotion expression is an important feature of healthy child development that has been found to show gender differences. However, there has been no empirical review of the literature on gender and facial, vocal, and behavioral expressions of different types of emotions in children. The present study constitutes a comprehensive meta-analytic review of gender differences and moderators of differences in emotion expression from infancy through adolescence. We analyzed 555 effect sizes from 166 studies with a total of 21,709 participants. Significant but very small gender differences were found overall, with girls showing more positive emotions (g = -.08) and internalizing emotions (e.g., sadness, anxiety, sympathy; g = -.10) than boys, and boys showing more externalizing emotions (e.g., anger; g = .09) than girls. Notably, gender differences were moderated by age, interpersonal context, and task valence, underscoring the importance of contextual factors in gender differences. Gender differences in positive emotions were more pronounced with increasing age, with girls showing more positive emotions than boys in middle childhood (g = -.20) and adolescence (g = -.28). Boys showed more externalizing emotions than girls at toddler/preschool age (g = .17) and middle childhood (g = .13) and fewer externalizing emotions than girls in adolescence (g = -.27). Gender differences were less pronounced with parents and were more pronounced with unfamiliar adults (for positive emotions) and with peers/when alone (for externalizing emotions). Our findings of gender differences in emotion expression in specific contexts have important implications for gender differences in children's healthy and maladaptive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Chaplin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Fox JRE. A qualitative exploration of the perception of emotions in anorexia nervosa: A basic emotion and developmental perspective. Clin Psychol Psychother 2009; 16:276-302. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Coggins J, Fox JRE. A qualitative exploration of emotional inhibition: a basic emotions and developmental perspective. Clin Psychol Psychother 2009; 16:55-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Camras L, Kolmodin K, Yinghe Chen. Mothers' self-reported emotional expression in Mainland Chinese, Chinese American and European American families. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025408093665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared Mainland Chinese, Chinese American and European American mothers' self-reported emotional expression within the family. Mothers of 3-year-old European American ( n = 40), Chinese American ( n = 39) and Mainland Chinese ( n = 36) children ( n = 20 girls per group) completed the Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire (SEFQ), a measure that includes 40 items describing the expression of positive and negative emotion (20 items each). Respondents indicate how frequently they engage in each expressive practice. Mothers also completed a questionnaire regarding family ecology variables. European American mothers reported significantly more positive emotional expression than Mainland Chinese mothers, although no significant differences were found for expression of negative emotion. While family ecology differed across groups, these variables were not related to the emotional expression scores. No child-gender differences were obtained. Results of this study confirm the presence of cultural differences in mothers' emotional expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Camras
- De Paul University, Chicago, USA, lcamras:@depaul.edu
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Shipman KL, Schneider R, Fitzgerald MM, Sims C, Swisher L, Edwards A. Maternal Emotion Socialization in Maltreating and Non-maltreating Families: Implications for Children's Emotion Regulation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Goodvin R, Carlo G, Torquati J. The Role of Child Emotional Responsiveness and Maternal Negative Emotion Expression in Children's Coping Strategy Use. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Valiente C, Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Shepard SA, Cumberland A, Losoya SH. Prediction of children's empathy-related responding from their effortful control and parents' expressivity. Dev Psychol 2005; 40:911-26. [PMID: 15535747 PMCID: PMC1351094 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the linear and interactive relations of children's effortful control and parents' emotional expressivity to children's empathy-related responses were examined. Participants were 214 children, 4.5 to 8 years old. Children's effortful control was negatively related to their personal distress and was positively related to their sympathy. Parents' positive expressivity was marginally negatively related to children's personal distress and was marginally positively related to children's dispositional sympathy. Parents' negative expressivity was positively related to children's personal distress, but primarily at high levels of children's effortful control. Moreover, parents' negative expressivity was negatively related to children's situational sympathy at low levels of effortful control but was positively related to children's dispositional sympathy at high levels of effortful control. There were also quadratic relations between the measures of parents' expressivity and children's empathy-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Valiente
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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