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Ramos-Cejudo J, Salguero JM, García-Sancho E, Gross JJ. Emotion Regulation Frequency and Self-Efficacy: Differential Associations with Affective Symptoms. Behav Ther 2024; 55:1004-1014. [PMID: 39174261 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Successful emotion regulation is a critical component of mental health, and difficulties with emotion regulation have been associated with a wide range of disorders, including anxiety and depressive disorders. However, although much is known about commonly used forms of emotion regulation such as cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, the relative contribution of two important facets of emotion regulation-frequency and self-efficacy-is not yet clearly established. To address this issue, we conducted two studies. Study 1 employed a community sample (cross-sectional N = 431; 4- to 5-month longitudinal N = 182). Study 2 employed a clinical sample (cross-sectional N = 132). Both assessed emotion regulation frequency and self-efficacy, as well as affective outcomes (anxiety and depressive symptoms). Findings indicated cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy appears to be a relevant variable understanding negative affect outcomes, cross-sectionally, longitudinally and in the clinical sample. Our findings support the process model of emotion regulation in affective symptomatology. Implications for theory and treatment are discussed.
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Gong X, Zhang L. Childhood Maltreatment and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: Testing a Moderated Mediating Model. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:925-948. [PMID: 38229266 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
There is a wealth of evidence to suggest that childhood maltreatment is a major risk factor contributing to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. However, how and under what conditions childhood maltreatment is related to NSSI remains largely unclear. This study examined the indirect effect of depressive symptoms in the relation between childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury, as well as the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal and emotion reactivity in those associations. A sample of 1,984 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 12.84, SD = 1.27, 47.9% girls) completed self-report questionnaires. The results of path analysis showed that childhood maltreatment was significantly related to NSSI and that depressive symptoms play an indirect effect in the relation between them. Cognitive reappraisal mitigated the effect of childhood maltreatment on depressive symptoms, and emotion reactivity strengthened the effect of depressive symptoms on non-suicidal self-injury. The results further showed that the indirect effect of depressive symptoms was more prominent for youths with lower levels of cognitive reappraisal and greater emotion reactivity. Interventions that enhance cognitive reappraisal and reduce emotion reactivity may interrupt the pathway from childhood maltreatment to NSSI via depressive symptoms.
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Brito AD, Soares AB. Well-being, character strengths, and depression in emerging adults. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1238105. [PMID: 37809290 PMCID: PMC10552671 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1238105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emerging adulthood is a period of transition between adolescence and adulthood, during which individuals explore different roles and possibilities. This period is often characterized by high levels of stress and uncertainty, which can increase the risk of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, character strengths and depression, as well as to verify the differences in the levels of these elements among different groups of depressive symptomatology. Methods Participants were 1,060 individuals (741 females, 305 males) between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 22.3, SD = 3.72). Spearman's correlation, linear regression, and Kruskal- Wallis with pairwise post-hoc analyses were used to analyze the data. Results There were significant positive correlations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths, and negative correlations between these variables and depression. There were also significant differences in the means of the evaluated constructs among the symptomm groups. Discussion The findings suggest that emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths are all associated with depression in emerging adults and have important implications for the provision of interventions in health and education for emerging adults. The study provides a deeper understanding of the factors influencing depression during emerging adulthood and emphasize the importance of promoting positive psychology elements and developing personalized interventions for emerging adults. This also suggest that public policies related to mental health and education should take into account the unique needs of emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almir Diego Brito
- Department of Psychology, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Adriana B. Soares
- Department of Psychology, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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GÖKDAĞ C, KIZILTEPE R. Risk Factors in Depression and Anxiety Disorders from the Framework of Developmental Psychopathology. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1118163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders that negatively affect individuals’ life in many ways. Understanding how these highly comorbid emotional disorders develop and persist might guide prevention, intervention, and treatment studies. Some common vulnerability factors underlie depression and anxiety disorders. Developmental psychopathology deals with these vulnerabilities and risk factors from a lifetime perspective. The aim of this review is to present the risk factors associated with depression and anxiety from the perspective of developmental psychopathology. For this purpose, we discussed genetic and biological factors, temperament, negative childhood experiences, family and peer relationships, and some cognitive and emotional factors as risk factors. Also, we discussed how these risk factors lead to depression and anxiety disorders. This review emphasizes that some common transdiagnostic risk factors underlie emotional disorders and highlights the importance of a developmental psychopathology perspective to understand the developmental pathways of depression and anxiety disorders.
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Alawadhi YT, Smith MR, King KM. The relations between real-time use of emotion regulation strategies and anxiety and depression symptoms. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:1082-1098. [PMID: 36490357 PMCID: PMC10042282 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE How individuals differentially implement specific emotion regulation (ER) strategies is a critical indicator of the progression of depressive and anxiety disorders. Symptoms of anxiety and depression may be associated with differences in ER, but little evidence to date had examined whether anxiety and depression were associated with individual differences in the real-time use of ER strategies. METHODS This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in two samples (n = 276) of undergraduate students from a single university who were assessed for 8-10 days. Baseline surveys captured participant self-reported anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms using the PROMIS-Anxiety scale and the PROMIS-Depression scale, respectively. We measured ER through EMA-adapted prompts from the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), which participants received on their internet-enabled cell phones. In pre-registered analyses, we tested the associations between anxiety symptoms with the use of discrete ER strategies in EMA using generalized estimating equations with a log-link function to account for nesting of EMA observations within participants, and further tested whether the findings generalized to depression (not pre-registered). RESULTS Symptoms of anxiety and depression were associated with greater odds of using both maladaptive and adaptive ER strategy use during the EMA period, and with lower odds of reporting no strategy use. Moreover, associations were generally stronger for maladaptive than adaptive ER strategies. CONCLUSION Anxiety and depressive symptoms are related to increased regulatory efforts overall, and results suggest that individuals with anxiety and depressive symptoms may be especially prone to use maladaptive ER strategies. Tracking ER strategies in a natural environment can further inform our understanding of how anxious and depressed individuals attempt to regulate emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen T. Alawadhi
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle WA 98195-1525, (206) 685-3571, USA
| | - Michele R. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle WA 98195-1525, (206) 685-3571, USA
| | - Kevin M. King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle WA 98195-1525, (206) 685-3571, USA
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Kaleta FO, Kristensen CB, Duncan M, Crutchley P, Kerr P, Hirsch CR. Cognitive mechanisms and resilience in UK-based general practitioners: cross-sectional findings. Occup Med (Lond) 2023; 73:91-96. [PMID: 36745461 PMCID: PMC10016029 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being a general practitioner (GP) is a stressful occupation, and the strain GPs are under can have negative effects on their psychological well-being, as well as on the patients' experience of healthcare. Resilience can help buffer against this and is a dynamic process by which one can cope with adversity and stress. AIMS This study aimed to identify modifiable cognitive mechanisms related to resilience in GPs, specifically interpretation bias and cognitive reappraisal. METHODS One hundred and fourteen GPs completed an online cross-sectional correlational study. This comprised questionnaires assessing resilience, emotional distress, work environment and cognitive mechanisms (emotion regulation), as well as a task assessing interpretation bias. RESULTS Resilience of GPs was negatively correlated with measures of emotional distress. Furthermore, resilience was positively correlated with positive interpretation bias (r = 0.60, ρ = 0.60, P < 0.01) and cognitive reappraisal (r = 0.39, ρ = 0.40, P < 0.01). In a hierarchical regression, positive interpretation bias (B = 0.25, SE B = 0.06, β = 0.39, P < 0.01) was a significant independent predictor of resilience when controlling for depression, anxiety and stress. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to establish an association between resilience and positive interpretation bias and cognitive reappraisal in GPs. Future research should use longitudinal designs to determine if they have a causal role in promoting resilience, and importantly whether interventions focusing on these processes may foster resilience in less resilient GPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Kaleta
- King’s College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 4AF, UK
| | - C B Kristensen
- King’s College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 4AF, UK
| | - M Duncan
- King’s College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 4AF, UK
| | - P Crutchley
- Harrow Community Mental Health Team, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust (CNWL), Bentley House, Harrow HA3 5QX, UK
| | - P Kerr
- Cornerways Surgery, Bromley BR3 5LG, UK
| | - C R Hirsch
- King’s College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 4AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
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Blanke ES, Schmiedek F, Siebert S, Richter D, Brose A. Perspectives on resilience: Trait resilience, correlates of resilience in daily life, and longer-term change in affective distress. Stress Health 2023; 39:59-73. [PMID: 35603817 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resilience describes successful adaptation in the face of adversity, commonly inferred from trajectories of well-being following major life events. Alternatively, resilience was conceptualised as a psychological trait, facilitating adaptation through stable individual characteristics. Both perspectives may relate to individual differences in how stress is regulated in daily life. In the present study, we combined these perspectives on resilience. Our sample consisted of N = 132 middle-aged adults, who experienced major life events in between two waves of a longitudinal study. We implemented latent change regression models to predict change in affective distress. As predictors, we investigated trait resilience and correlates of resilience in daily life (stressor occurrence, stress reactivity, positive reappraisal, mindful attention, and acceptance), measured using experience sampling (T = 70 occasions). Unexpectedly, trait resilience was not associated with change in distress. In contrast, resilience correlates in daily life, most notably lower stress reactivity, were associated with more favourable change. Higher trait resilience related to higher average mindfulness, higher reappraisal, and lower negative affect. Overall, while trait resilience translated into everyday correlates of resilience, it was not predictive of changes in affective distress. Instead, precursors of changes in well-being may be found in correlates of resilience in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S Blanke
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Developmental Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Schmiedek
- DIPF
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban and Vivantes Hospital Im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Richter
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Brose
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany
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Eisma MC, Janshen A, Huber LFT, Schroevers MJ. Cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression and mindfulness in adaptation to bereavement: a longitudinal study. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36637402 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2165647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies increase prolonged grief and depressive symptoms following bereavement. However, less is known about the role of adaptive emotion regulation strategies in adaptation to loss. Therefore, we examined the concurrent and longitudinal associations of three putative adaptive emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, and mindfulness) with prolonged grief and depression symptoms. DESIGN A two-wave longitudinal survey. METHODS A sample of 397 bereaved Dutch adults (89% female, mean age 54 years) completed validated questionnaires to assess trait cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, mindfulness and prolonged grief and depression symptoms at baseline (T1) and 344 participants completed symptom measures again six months later (T2). RESULTS Zero-order correlations demonstrated that mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and emotional expression relate negatively to T1 and T2 prolonged grief and depression symptoms. In multiple regression analyses, controlling for relevant background variables, all emotion regulation strategies related negatively to T1 prolonged grief and depression symptoms. In multiple regression analyses, controlling for T1 symptoms and background variables, mindfulness predicted lower T2 depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive emotion regulation strategies relate negatively to post-loss psychopathology symptoms, yet only mindfulness longitudinally predicts lower depression symptoms. Dispositional mindfulness may be a protective factor in psychological adaptation to bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C Eisma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antje Janshen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas F T Huber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maya J Schroevers
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen/University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang X, Yang L, Wang W, Yang L. Psychological distress, emotion regulation, neuroticism, and sexual relationship on patients with temporary ejaculation failure in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer treatment. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1090244. [PMID: 36687954 PMCID: PMC9853009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Temporary ejaculation failure on the oocyte retrieval day might leading interruption of the oocyte retrieval procedure. The present study aims to understand the psychosocial factor that affects men with temporary ejaculation failure (TEF) in Vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) patients, and thus provide new ideas for optimal clinical treatment. Study design In a prospective study, the male patients during IVF treatment in a reproductive center of a tertiary hospital in Shandong were divided into two groups, 70 men with TEF and 79 normal controls. General population sociology and clinical disease were investigated, and the Kessler 10 scale, emotion regulation questionnaire, big five inventory questionnaire, and sex subscale of marriage quality were used to assess the psychological distress, emotion regulation, neuroticism, and satisfaction with sexual life. Results The scores of perceived distress and neuroticism of the TEF group were higher than the non-TEF group (p < 0.001), and cognitive reappraisal and sexual relationship were significantly lower than those in the non-TEF group (p < 0.001). Psychological distress (OR 1.130, p = 0.031) and neuroticism (OR 1.096, p = 0.050) were risk factors for TEF, while cognitive reappraisal (OR 0.883, p = 0.004) and sexual relationship (OR 0.712, p < 0.001) was protective factors. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that psychosocial factors influence TEF in IVF-ET patients, which provides the basis for the prevention of the occurrence of TEF in a male undergoing IVF-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lexia Yang
- Nursing Department, The Third Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Wei Wang, ✉
| | - Lejin Yang
- Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China,Lejin Yang, ✉
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Peng A, Patterson MM, Wang H. Attachment, empathy, emotion regulation, and subjective well-being in young women. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mishra N, Singh P. Community-Based Intervention Targeting Depressive Symptomatology in Indian Women: An Exploration of Its Efficacy in a Non-Specialized Healthcare Setting. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:999-1012. [PMID: 36587370 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-022-01083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Depressive symptomatology casts a more adverse impact on the well-being of women in countries with unfavourable societal norms. The prevalence of depressive symptomatology in Indian women and the treatment gap in case of mental health issues are alarming and thus may require interventions at a community level. The present study tested the efficacy of a psychosocial community-based intervention in managing depressive symptomatology and associated factors like rumination, reappraisal, psychological resilience, and self-efficacy using a pre-test post-test control group design. A total of 114 (Mage=23.03, SD = 5.29) and 37 (Mage=24.89, SD = 6.44) adult females were there in the experimental and the control group, respectively. A series of ANOVAs showed that participants' scores on depressive symptomatology and associated vulnerabilities and defences improved as compared to the baseline and the control group. The findings support the use of psychosocial community-based intervention in a non-specialized healthcare setting to manage depressive symptomatology, associated vulnerability and defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Mishra
- Department of Humanities and Social Science, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India.
| | - Parwinder Singh
- Department of Humanities and Social Science, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
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Kuzyk E, Mekawi Y, Michopoulos V, Powers A. Identifying latent profiles of emotion dysregulation in a sample of primarily Black women with trauma exposure. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:291-298. [PMID: 36283132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation (ED) is a heterogenous, multi-dimensional transdiagnostic risk factor relevant to the development and maintenance of both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, especially for those who have experienced trauma. The goals of the current study were to use person-centered analyses to identify distinct profiles of individuals characterized by unique patterns of ED dimensions, and to examine differences in internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a community sample. METHODS Participants (n = 783, 97% Black, 93% women) were recruited from an urban safety net hospital with high rates of trauma exposure. Latent profile analysis was used to uncover unique patterns of ED and multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the conditional distribution of our correlates across profiles. RESULTS The best-fitting model uncovered four classes: Low ED (42%), Low Awareness/Clarity (34%), Low Impulse Control (17%), and High ED (6%). All classes differed in terms of internalizing symptoms (anxiety sensitivity, depression, PTSD), with classes characterized by higher ED reporting more severe symptoms. For externalizing symptoms (food addiction behaviors, alcohol and drug abuse, aggressive behavior), the Low ED class reported fewer symptoms than all other profiles, while Low Awareness/Clarity, Low Impulse Control, and High ED did not differ from each other. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of emotion dysregulation ought to be assessed and considered as treatment targets for those experiencing both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kuzyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Levin RL, Rawana JS. Exploring two models of emotion regulation: how strategy use, abilities, and flexibility relate to well-being and mental illness. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2022; 35:623-636. [PMID: 34931928 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.2018419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The process model of emotion regulation (ER) focuses on strategies used to manage emotions, while the abilities model emphasizes the extent one adaptively responds to negative emotions. We sought to clarify the relationships between components of ER based on both of the abilities (i.e., dysregulation) and process (i.e., strategy use) models, as well as ER flexibility (i.e., choosing the optimal strategy for a given situation) with well-being (happiness, flourishing), internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety), and disordered eating. Gender differences were explored. DESIGN AND METHOD Participants included 612 undergraduate students (Mage = 20.24) who completed questionnaires measuring ER, well-being, and mental illness. Structural equation modeling was used on cross-sectional data to explore the associations between ER and psychological outcomes. RESULTS Dysregulation was associated with reduced well-being and greater psychopathology. In terms of strategy use, reappraisal was related to greater well-being and fewer internalizing symptoms, while the opposite relationships were found for suppression. Suppression was also linked to disordered eating. ER flexibility was related to well-being for men only. Further, dysregulation had the largest association with all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that ER abilities may underlie other components of ER and are most central to mental health and illness.
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Karagiannopoulou E, Desatnik A, Rentzios C, Ntritsos G. The exploration of a ‘model’ for understanding the contribution of emotion regulation to students learning. The role of academic emotions and sense of coherence. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study is exploring a pathway connecting emotion regulation with academic progress. Specifically, the pattern through which emotion regulation is implicated in learning and academic progress through academic emotions and sense of coherence. This cross-sectional study involves of 406 undergraduate social science students recruited from a university in western Greece. Participants anonymously and voluntarily completed a number of self-report measures. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Sense of Coherence Scale, the Student Experience of Emotions Inventory and the Approaches to Learning and Studying Inventory, were used to measure emotion regulation, sense of coherence, academic emotional experiences and approaches to learning, respectively. Α four-stage model was tested with structural equation modelling techniques. In particular, the model examined associations between emotion regulation, sense of coherence, academic emotions, approaches to learning and academic progress. The analysis revealed pathways through which these associations appear to be maintained and driven by emotion regulation. Emotion regulation is associated with students’ academic emotions that in turn are linked with approaches to learning and academic progress. Both positive and negative emotions appear to play a role in enabling an adaptive approach to learning. Moreover, sense of coherence may serve as an important meta-cognitive factor enabling students to approach the learning process more effectively. The findings are discussed in the light of the recent literature.
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Ouyang Q, Cheung RYM. Mother–Child Versus Father–Child Conflict and Emerging Adults’ Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Trust in Parents and Maladaptive Emotion Regulation. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zhang W, Guo S, Liu J, He Y, Song M, Chen L. Linking emotion regulation strategies to employee motivation: The mediating role of guanxi harmony in the Chinese context. Front Psychol 2022; 13:837144. [PMID: 35967625 PMCID: PMC9363703 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.837144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the mediating role of guanxi harmony, a concept of interpersonal relationships specific to the Chinese context, between leaders' emotion regulation strategies and employee motivation. Data were drawn from 489 on-the-job MBA students with enough management experience from thirteen different types of cities in China. The study tested the model using hierarchical regression. The results showed that the reappraisal strategy was positively related to employee motivation and the suppression strategy was negatively related to employee motivation in the Chinese context. Guanxi harmony played a partially mediating role between reappraisal and employee motivation, and played a fully mediating role between suppression and employee motivation. These findings suggest that in the Chinese context, guanxi harmony between leaders and employees has a positive effect on employee motivation, and when leaders apply appropriate emotion regulation strategies, they can achieve guanxi harmony and promote employee motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpei Zhang
- Department of Business Administration, School of Business, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Business Administration, School of Business, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Jiashu Liu
- Department of Business Administration, School of Business, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Business Administration, School of Business, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Song
- School of Management, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Psychology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
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Riepenhausen A, Wackerhagen C, Reppmann ZC, Deter HC, Kalisch R, Veer IM, Walter H. Positive Cognitive Reappraisal in Stress Resilience, Mental Health, and Well-Being: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related psychopathology is on the rise, and there is a pressing need for improved prevention strategies. Positive appraisal style, the tendency to appraise potentially threatening situations in a positive way, has been proposed to act as a key resilience mechanism and therefore offers a potential target for preventive approaches. In this article, we review n = 99 studies investigating associations of positive cognitive reappraisal, an important sub-facet of positive appraisal style, with outcome-based resilience and relevant other outcomes, which are considered resilience-related. According to the studies reviewed, positive cognitive reappraisal moderates the relation between stressors and negative outcomes and is positively related to several resilience-related outcomes. It also mediates between other resilience factors and resilience, suggesting it is a proximal resilience factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Riepenhausen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Faculty of Philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Wackerhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zala C. Reppmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Deter
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Faculty of Philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Clinic, Psychosomatics, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Ilya M. Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Faculty of Philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Resilience to suicidal behavior in young adults: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11419. [PMID: 35794217 PMCID: PMC9259642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research on suicide risk factors in young people, there has been no significant improvement in our understanding of this phenomenon. This study adopts a positive deviance approach to identify individuals with suicide resilience and to describe their associated psychological and sociodemographic profiles. Australian young adults aged 18–25 years with suicidal thoughts (N = 557) completed an online survey covering sociodemographic, mental health status, emotion regulatory and suicide-related domains. Latent class analysis was used to identify the individuals with suicide resilience. The predictors of suicide resilience were assessed using logistic regression models. The results suggested that one in ten (n = 55) met the criteria for suicide resilience. Factors that had a significant association with suicide resilience included greater cognitive flexibility, greater self-efficacy in expressing positive affect, reduced use of digital technology and less self-harm and substance use as a response to emotional distress. This study identified the factors that may protect young adults with suicidal thoughts from progressing to suicide attempts. Suicide prevention programs might be optimised by shifting from a deficit-based to a strength-based approach through promoting cognitive flexibility, self-efficacy and reducing maladaptive coping.
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The Influence of Emotion Regulation on the Association Between Depression and Heart Rate Variability in Cardiac Patients. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:702-710. [PMID: 35412515 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poor vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) is a mechanism linking depression to coronary heart disease (CHD). Reduced vmHRV is also considered an index of emotion dysregulation-the frequent use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, one of the most important being expressive suppression-which is a key component of depression. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the moderating role of expressive suppression in the relation between depression and vmHRV in patients with CHD. METHODS The sample included 235 patients with CHD (mean [standard deviation] age = 61.6 [9.8] years; 12% women) admitted to cardiac rehabilitation after a cardiac intervention. The Beck Depression Inventory-II was administered to assess depressive symptoms. Emotion regulation strategies based on either expressive suppression or cognitive reappraisal were assessed through the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Resting electrocardiographic recordings were collected for 5 minutes to compute HRV indices. RESULTS Expressive suppression moderated the relation between depressive symptoms and vmHRV ( b = -0.03, p = .012). Patients with lower expressive suppression scores showed no association between depressive symptoms and vmHRV ( b = -0.00, p = .94), whereas those with higher expressive suppression scores showed a significant negative association between depressive symptoms and vmHRV ( b = -0.05, p = .015). CONCLUSIONS The use of expressive suppression is likely to potentiate the relation between depressive symptoms and poor vmHRV, which could increase the cardiac risk in these patients. Targeting emotion regulation skills in cardiac rehabilitation programs may be useful for reducing the impact of depression in cardiac patients.
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Tao Y, Liu X, Hou W, Niu H, Wang S, Ma Z, Bi D, Zhang L. The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Strategies in the Relationship Between Big Five Personality Traits and Anxiety and Depression Among Chinese Firefighters. Front Public Health 2022; 10:901686. [PMID: 35719646 PMCID: PMC9205204 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.901686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of protective factors to prevent firefighters' anxiety and depression is meaningful. We explored whether emotion-regulation strategies mediate the relationship between personality traits and anxiety and depression among Chinese firefighters. Approximately, 716 Chinese firefighters were recruited and completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Big Five Inventory−2 (BFI-2) Scale. Results (N = 622) indicated that only negative emotionality traits could predict anxiety symptoms. Meanwhile, the multilevel mediation effect analyses showed that conscientiousness through cognitive reappraisal could reduce anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese firefighters. Our findings clarify Chinese firefighters' underlying emotion-regulation process between personality traits and anxiety and depression. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Tao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Hou
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiqun Niu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijuan Ma
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Bi
- Yichun 1st High School, Yichun, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
- Student Mental Health Education Center Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Zhang
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21
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Whole-brain white matter correlates of personality profiles predictive of subjective well-being. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4558. [PMID: 35296777 PMCID: PMC8927329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the white matter correlates of personality profiles predictive of subjective well-being. Using principal component analysis to first determine the possible personality profiles onto which core personality measures would load, we subsequently searched for whole-brain white matter correlations with these profiles. We found three personality profiles that correlated with the integrity of white matter tracts. The correlates of an “optimistic” personality profile suggest (a) an intricate network for self-referential processing that helps regulate negative affect and maintain a positive outlook on life, (b) a sustained capacity for visually tracking rewards in the environment and (c) a motor readiness to act upon the conviction that desired rewards are imminent. The correlates of a “short-term approach behavior” profile was indicative of minimal loss of integrity in white matter tracts supportive of lifting certain behavioral barriers, possibly allowing individuals to act more outgoing and carefree in approaching people and rewards. Lastly, a “long-term approach behavior” profile’s association with white matter tracts suggests lowered sensitivity to transient updates of stimulus-based associations of rewards and setbacks, thus facilitating the successful long-term pursuit of goals. Together, our findings yield convincing evidence that subjective well-being has its manifestations in the brain.
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Li N, Fan L, Wang Y, Wang J, Huang Y. Risk factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of coping style and emotional regulation. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:326-334. [PMID: 34920036 PMCID: PMC8683097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When COVID-19 emerged in China in late 2019, most citizens were home-quarantined to prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Extended periods of isolation have detrimental effects on an individual's mental health. Therefore, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic should include assessment of psychological distress and its known risk factors, including coping style and emotional regulation. METHODS This cross-sectional study surveyed 6,027 Chinese university students recruited from May 25, 2020 to June 10, 2020. In addition to sociodemographic information, participant data were collected using online versions of the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). RESULTS The incidence of psychological distress was found to be 35.34%. Negative coping style and expressing panic about COVID-19 on social media were the most important predictors of psychological distress. In addition, being male, being a "left-behind child" or having a monthly household income lower than 5000 CNY or higher than 20,000 CNY were associated with higher psychological distress. CONCLUSION The psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic could be serious. Psychological interventions that reduce nervousness and negative coping style need to be made available to home-quarantined university students, especially those who are male, are "left-behind", have a monthly household income lower than 5000 CNY or higher than 20,000 CNY, or express panic on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Mental Health Education Center, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lurong Fan
- Business School, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Business School, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China,Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Mental Health Education Center, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- Mental Health Education Center, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
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Jiang X, Moreno J, Ng Z. Examining the interplay of emotion regulation strategies, social stress, and gender in predicting life satisfaction of emerging adults. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Suh H, Kim SY, McCabe EA. Profiles of mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation and links to work-family-school conflict. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:420-427. [PMID: 32407176 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1752696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective We explored latent profiles based on mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation scores, and investigated each profiles' relations to work-family-school conflict (WFSC). Participants: A total of 194 first year college students (64.4% women) participated in this study. Methods: Latent profile analysis was utilized. Results: Three profiles emerged, characterized as the "healthy" profile (57.5%), the "observant yet judgmental" profile (33.3%) and the "unhealthy without strategies" profile (9.2%). The "healthy" profile showed (a) significantly lower scores on all conflict domains compared to the "observant yet judgmental" profile, and (b) significantly lower scores on all behavior-based conflicts regardless of the domains, compared to the "unhealthy without strategies" profile. The difference between the "observant yet judgmental" profile and "unhealthy without strategies" profile appeared in family-school time. Results indicate that mindfulness and healthy emotion regulation capacity function as protective factors to WFSC. Conclusions: Our findings hold strength in explicating profiles that would otherwise have not been detected when exploring mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Suh
- Psychology and Child & Human Development Academic Group,National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shin Ye Kim
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Eleanor A McCabe
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Eşkisu M, Ağırkan M, Çelik O, Yalçın RÜ, Haspolat NK. Do the Highly Sensitive People Tend to have Psychological Problems Because of Low Emotion Regulation and Dysfunctional Attitudes? JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-021-00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yang M, Deng X, An S. The Immediate and Lasting Effect of Emotion Regulation in Adolescents: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910242. [PMID: 34639542 PMCID: PMC8549699 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immediate effect is an important index of the outcomes of emotion regulation. However, in daily life, whether the effect of emotion regulation lasts and the lasting mechanism have been examined less. The present research focused on the relationships between the immediate and lasting effect of the emotion regulation of adolescents. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from 51 adolescents (31 boys and 20 girls, Mage = 12.82) during online emotion regulation using the Reactivity and Regulation-Image Task (phase 1) and re-presentation of emotional stimuli after a period of time (phase 2). Event-related potentials (ERPs) related to emotion regulation, such as N2, P3, and the late positive potential (LPP), were examined in the two phases. The results showed that: (1) In both of the two phases, in negative emotion conditions, the amplitudes of P3 and LPP 300-600 of no-regulation conditions were significantly higher than those in reappraisal conditions. However, there was no significant difference under neutral conditions; (2) The amplitudes of P3, N2, and LPP 300-600 during emotion regulation in phase 1 positively predicted the amplitudes of P3, N2, and LPP300-600 in phase 2 in different experimental conditions. Results from the regression analysis implied that the immediate effect of online emotion regulation may predict the lasting effect when adolescents face the same emotions again. In addition, our findings provide neurological evidence that the use of cognitive reappraisal could effectively help adolescents to reduce the recruitment of cognitive resources when they regulate negative emotions and when they face those negative emotions again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Xinmei Deng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sieun An
- Faculty of Psychology and Political Science, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA;
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Liu Y, Pan H, Yang R, Wang X, Rao J, Zhang X, Pan C. The relationship between test anxiety and emotion regulation: the mediating effect of psychological resilience. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2021; 20:40. [PMID: 34488816 PMCID: PMC8419945 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Test anxiety has been widely found in medical students. Emotion regulation and psychological resilience have been identified as key factors contributing to anxiety. However, studies on relationships were limited. This study investigated the links between psychological resilience, emotion regulation, and test anxiety in addition to exploring the differences about socio-demographic factors. METHODS A sample of 1266 medical students was selected through cross-sectional survey from a medical university in China during 2019. Data were obtained by network technique using designed questionnaire, which assesses the level of test anxiety, emotion regulation and psychological resilience, respectively. RESULTS Medical students experienced test anxiety at different levels, 33.7% of these were seriously. It revealed significant effects of the gender and academic performance on test anxiety. Results of logistic regression indicated that test anxiety was significantly associated with emotion regulation and psychological resilience (p < 0.01). Psychological resilience played a mediating role on the relationship between emotion regulation and test anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of psychological resilience and emotion regulation in understanding how psychological resilience relates to test anxiety in medical students. Resilience-training intervention may be developed to support students encountering anxiety during the exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Pan
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Runhuang Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingjie Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawei Rao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingshan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Congcong Pan
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China.
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Mazefsky CA, Conner CM, Breitenfeldt K, Leezenbaum N, Chen Q, Bylsma LM, Pilkonis P. Evidence Base Update for Questionnaires of Emotion Regulation and Reactivity for Children and Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 50:683-707. [PMID: 34436940 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1955372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Emotion regulation (ER) is a multi-faceted and dynamic process relevant to both normative emotional development and transdiagnostic emotional dysfunction for a range of psychological disorders. There has been tremendous growth in ER research over the past decade, including the development of numerous new measures to assess ER. This Evidence Base Update included a systematic review to identify self- and informant-report questionnaire measures of ER for children and adolescents, including measures of ER strategies and effectiveness (or emotion dysregulation).Methods: PubMed, PsycInfo, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases were searched using the terms emotion OR affect AND regulation OR control OR reactivity OR response, as well as terms related to questionnaires and psychometrics, restricted to articles on youth (< 18 years old). Each measure's psychometrics was evaluated based on modified criteria by De Los Reyes and Langer (2018).Results: Nine-hundred ninety-seven papers were identified yielding 87 measures that met inclusion for review. Although the majority (60%) of identified ER measures could not be recommended based on these criteria, 8% were Excellent, 14% were Good, and 17% were Adequate. The recommended measures included: 11 general ER measures (5 focused on strategies, 5 focused on dysregulation/ effectiveness), 13 measures of ER as it relates to specific emotions or contexts such as irritability or peer stress (4 focused on strategies, 9 focused on dysregulation/effectiveness), and 11 measures of other constructs that include an ER subscale (all focused on dysregulation). Conclusions: The characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of the recommended ER measures are described in order to guide measure selection for clinical or research uses. A synthesis of themes identified during this review includes commonly observed areas of weakness and gaps in the literature to provide a foundation for future research and measure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Caitlin M Conner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - Nina Leezenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Lauren M Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Paul Pilkonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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Ye Z, Chung MC, Di X. The co-existing relationship between child abuse, emotional suppression, interpersonal sensitivity and psychiatric co-morbidity among Chinese prisoners. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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The effects of psychodrama on emotion regulation skills in emerging adults. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Chan S, Rawana JS. Examining the associations between interpersonal emotion regulation and psychosocial adjustment in emerging adulthood. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Emotion regulation habits related to depression: A longitudinal investigation of stability and change in repetitive negative thinking and positive reappraisal. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:738-747. [PMID: 32738661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The propensity to use more repetitive negative thinking and less positive reappraisal is theorized to play an important role in depression. To date, little is known about the presumed enduring nature of these emotion regulation habits. Therefore, this study examined individual longitudinal trajectories and within-person sources of change in the habitual use of repetitive negative thinking and positive reappraisal. METHODS Participants (N=320) completed twenty waves of data collection separated by one-week time intervals. At each wave, participants completed measures of habitual repetitive negative thinking, habitual positive reappraisal, perceived stress, and depression symptoms. RESULTS Growth curve modeling revealed that the prototypical longitudinal trajectories of habitual repetitive negative thinking and positive reappraisal were relatively stable over time. Yet, substantial variation occurred around the prototypical change trajectories. Perceived stress and depressive symptom severity emerged as within-person factors modulating concurrent levels of emotion regulation habits. Moreover, within-person cross-lagged analysis revealed that changes in repetitive negative thinking both predicted and were predicted by changes in perceived stress. No such within-person reciprocal relations were found for positive reappraisal. LIMITATIONS This study covered only a period of five months, used self-report measures, and was conducted in a community sample. Furthermore, 25% of the participants did not complete all 20 waves of data collection. CONCLUSIONS These findings help to understand the enduring trait-like processes and within-person factors that may contribute to the longitudinal course of habitual repetitive negative thinking and positive reappraisal.
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Iani L, Quinto RM, Porcelli P, Angeramo AR, Schiralli A, Abeni D. Positive Psychological Factors Are Associated With Better Spiritual Well-Being and Lower Distress in Individuals With Skin Diseases. Front Psychol 2020; 11:552764. [PMID: 33123038 PMCID: PMC7573544 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined whether aspects of positive functioning [reappraisal, sense of coherence (SOC), and positivity] were associated with spiritual well-being and psychological distress after controlling for negative functioning (skin-related symptoms, type of disease, and expressive suppression) in individuals with skin diseases. We also examined whether negative functioning aspects were linked to spiritual well-being and distress when controlling for aspects of positive functioning. The study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 192 individuals with psoriasis and systemic sclerosis (SSc) (M age = 51.6 years, SD = 16.5). Two hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to determine whether spiritual well-being and psychological distress were accounted for by skin-related symptoms, type of disease, emotion regulation strategies, SOC, and positivity. Positivity was the most important contributor to better spiritual well-being, followed by both the comprehensibility/manageability and meaningfulness SOC subscales, after controlling for the other variables. High skin-related symptoms and expressive suppression were associated with lower psychological distress, whereas high SOC and reappraisal correlated with higher psychological distress. The findings of this study pave the way for further research on how SOC and positivity may reduce the effects of both skin-related symptoms and emotion dysregulation and facilitate spiritual well-being of individuals with skin diseases. Interventions aimed to enhance inner resources of these individuals and help them to find a meaning in their experience of skin disease might reduce psychological distress and improve spiritual well-being. Our findings suggest that healthcare professionals should consider positive functioning aspects in future interventions for individuals with skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Iani
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Piero Porcelli
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Schiralli
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Chiu HT, Yee LTS, Kwan JLY, Cheung RYM, Hou WK. Interactive association between negative emotion regulation and savoring is linked to anxiety symptoms among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:494-501. [PMID: 30908167 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1580712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study tested the interactive relationships between college students' perceived capability of regulating negative emotions and savoring positive emotions on mental health outcomes, including anxiety and depressive symptoms. Participants: Participants were healthy undergraduates (n = 167) recruited from two universities in Hong Kong. Methods: Students completed four scales assessing their perceived capability of using strategies to regulate negative and positive emotions and their anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results: Findings revealed that both anxiety and depressive symptoms were negatively linked to perceived capabilities of regulating negative emotions and savoring positive emotions. Furthermore, regulating negative emotions interacted with savoring positive emotions to predict anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: The need to simultaneously perform negative and positive emotion regulation is highlighted. The results suggest the priority of regulating negative emotions over savoring positive emotions in alleviating anxiety symptoms. Nevertheless, enhancing positive emotion shows greater benefits for those who are less adept at regulating negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey Tou Chiu
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lydia Ting Sum Yee
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Centre for Educational and Developmental Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Joyce Lok Yin Kwan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Rebecca Yuen Man Cheung
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Kai Hou
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Psychology and Ecology of Stress, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Hasselberg A, Rönnlund M. Cultivating self-kindness and attention to the present moment in the young: A pilot-study of a two-week internet-delivered mindfulness and self-compassion program. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2020.1769807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Emotion regulation strategy use and symptom change during intensive treatment of transitional age youth patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbct.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Szkody E, Steele EH, McKinney C. Links between parental socialization of coping on affect: Mediation by emotion regulation and social exclusion. J Adolesc 2020; 80:60-72. [PMID: 32070796 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parental socialization of coping strategies is associated with various emotion regulation difficulties and continues to impact individuals during emerging adulthood. As emerging adults' transition into adulthood, they experience social stressors that put their emotion regulation skills to the test. METHODS The current study examined the associations of the parental socialization of coping strategies and emotion regulation difficulties with emerging adult positive and negative affect in response to social exclusion. Emerging adults (N = 402, 206 males and 196 females) from a large Southern university in the United States were recruited for the study. Participants completed survey measures of parental socialization of coping, positive and negative affect, and emotion regulation difficulties before engaging in a social exclusion task called Cyberball. After the task, participants completed a measure of positive and negative affect again. RESULTS Primary parental socialization of coping was associated with emotion regulation difficulties, both of which were associated with affect after the exclusion task, thus supporting the indirect effect of parental coping socialization on affect through a preexisting variable (i.e., emotion regulation) and a causal manipulation (i.e., exclusion task). CONCLUSIONS The impact of parental suggestions of coping strategies and emotion regulation difficulties during emerging adulthood indicate that parents continue to be an important point of intervention as individuals' transition to adulthood.
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Gardner AA, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Campbell SM. Attachment and emotion regulation: A person-centred examination and relations with coping with rejection, friendship closeness, and emotional adjustment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 38:125-143. [PMID: 31746010 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Guided by attachment theory of emotion regulation (ER), the current study utilized a person-centred approach to identify clusters of individuals that differed in their attachment representations and ER, and further examined individual differences in socio-emotional functioning based on these profiles. Participants included 658 emerging adults (M = 19.9, SD = 2.7, 65.5% female) who completed surveys measuring responses to rejection, friendship closeness, and emotional maladjustment. Five clusters were identified: secure regulated (19%), disorganized unregulated (21%), anxious unregulated (16%), emotive (21%), and avoidant suppressor (22%). Each group displayed unique patterns, with the secure regulated group reporting significantly less withdrawal, retribution, rumination, and emotional maladjustment, and the disorganized unregulated group reporting the poorest functioning across all indicators. Significant cluster × sex effects were also found for friendship closeness. These findings suggest the importance of considering attachment and ER, and implications for attachment theory and development are discussed. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Insecure attachment representations are a significant risk factor for poorer outcomes across development. Hyperactivating and deactivating strategies are maladaptive responses to coping with emotional threat. These strategies are an extension of the internal working model and positive correlates of poorer functioning. What does this study add? Previous studies have over-relied on variable-centred approaches to replicate findings of attachment theory. A person-centred approach allowing for the joint consideration of patterns of both attachment and ER strategies. The identification of five novel profiles revealing unique differences in three important domains of functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Gardner
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Shawna M Campbell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Cheung RYM, Leung MC, Chan KKS, Lam CB. Effects of mother-offspring and father-offspring dynamics on emerging adults' adjustment: The mediating role of emotion regulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212331. [PMID: 30759152 PMCID: PMC6373966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested a theoretical model of emotion regulation between parent-offspring dynamics and emerging adults' adjustment. The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies, including cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, were investigated for the effects of mother-offspring and father-offspring dynamics on emerging adults' adjustment. A sample of 352 Chinese emerging adults in Hong Kong (230 female, 121 male) participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete a set of self-reported questionnaires. Findings based on structural equation modeling indicated that greater mother-offspring intimacy and father-offspring intimacy predicted emerging adults' better cognitive reappraisal and psychological, social, and general health. Greater mother-offspring conflict also predicted more expressive suppression and poorer psychological and social functioning. Distinctive mediation pathways as a function of parents' gender were identified. These findings enrich the literature for parent-offspring dynamics and emotion regulation as explanatory processes of emerging adults' adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Y. M. Cheung
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Chong Leung
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin K. S. Chan
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Bun Lam
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Dryman MT, Heimberg RG. Emotion regulation in social anxiety and depression: a systematic review of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:17-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Interactions of emotion regulation and perceived stress in predicting emerging adults’ subsequent internalizing symptoms. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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