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Abed M, Mansureh HH, Masoud GAL, Elaheh H, Mohammad-Hossein NHK, Yamin BD, Abdol-Hossein V. Construction of Meta-Thinking Educational Program Based on Mental-Brain Simulation ( MTMBS) and Evaluating its Effectiveness on Executive Functions, Emotion Regulation, and Impulsivity in Children With ADHD: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1223-1251. [PMID: 36843348 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231155436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of present research was to make a Meta-Thinking educational program based on mental-brain simulation and to evaluate its effectiveness on executive functions, emotion regulation and impulsivity in children with ADHD. METHODS The research method was Embedded Design: Embedded Experimental Model. The research sample included 32 children with ADHD who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The intervention was implemented for eight sessions of 1.5 hr for the experimental group, and fMRI images were taken from them, while the control group didn't receive any treatment. Finally, using semi-structured interviews, coherent information was collected from the parents of the experimental group about the changes made. Data were analyzed with SPSS-24, MAXQDA, fMRIprep, and FSL software. RESULTS The Meta-Thinking Educational Program had effect on performance of ADHD children and suppressed brain regions related to DMN. CONCLUSION The Implementation of this educational program plays a vital role in improving psychological problems of children with ADHD.
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Martin E, Dourish CT, Higgs S. Interoceptive accuracy mediates the longitudinal relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattentive symptoms and disordered eating in a community sample. Physiol Behav 2023; 268:114220. [PMID: 37142150 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with disordered eating and interoceptive deficits (as assessed by reliance on hunger/satiety cues) have been suggested as a potential mediating influence. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine whether the association between ADHD symptoms and disordered eating is explained by deficits in specific facets of interoception. We also aimed to provide further evidence on the previously reported association between ADHD symptoms, negative mood and disordered eating. A community-based sample of 345 adult men and women (M age = 33.9, 72.5% women) completed questionnaires assessing disordered eating (restrictive and binge-type), ADHD symptoms, reliance on hunger/ satiety cues, specific facets of interoception (interoceptive accuracy and interoceptive sensibility) and negative mood at two timepoints over a 6-month period. We tested the mediating influence of reliance on hunger/satiety cues, facets of interoception and negative mood on the relationship between ADHD symptoms and disordered eating. Reliance on hunger/satiety cues mediated the relationship between inattentive symptoms of ADHD and both restrictive and binge-type eating. Interoceptive accuracy, but not sensibility mediated the relationship between inattentive ADHD symptoms and binge-type eating. Negative mood mediated the relationship between both ADHD symptom types and restrictive and binge-type eating. The results from this longitudinal study confirm that deficits in interoception and negative mood contribute to the relationship between ADHD symptoms and disordered eating and extend knowledge by highlighting interoceptive accuracy specifically as the most important facet of interoception in the relationship between inattentive symptoms and binge-type eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Martin
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Colin T Dourish
- P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BA, United Kingdom; P1vital Products, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BA, United Kingdom.
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Halt AH, Hirvonen TT, Koskela J, Kerkelä M, Hurtig T. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is not associated with overweight in adolescence but is related to unhealthy eating behavior and limited physical activity. Nord J Psychiatry 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37104707 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2023.2198504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine the possible relation between adolescent ADHD and high BMI, studying also eating behavior and physical activity. METHODS The data were collected from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. The follow-up at the age of 16 consisted of a self-assessment form and clinical examination where height and weight were measured and questionnaires on physical activity and eating habits was completed. ADHD diagnosis was based on a diagnostic interview with adolescents and parents according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The participants were divided into the following study groups: individuals with adolescent ADHD (n = 90), those with only childhood ADHD (n = 40), and community controls (n = 269). RESULTS Results showed no significant differences in BMI, but adolescents with ADHD seemed to have unhealthier eating habits than controls; they ate less often vegetables and breakfast, devoured more often, and consumed more fast food, soft drinks, sweets, and potato crisps daily. Individuals with adolescent ADHD reported light exercise more often but strenuous exercise more seldom than controls. Those with only childhood ADHD did not significantly differ from community controls regarding health behaviors. CONCLUSIONS There was no relation between ADHD and high BMI but adolescents with ADHD had unhealthier eating habits than those without ADHD. It is conceivable that unhealthy eating behaviors in adolescence might be a risk factor for the development of later overweight; however, the longitudinal associations between ADHD, unhealthy eating behaviors and overweight have not been considered in the present study and remain to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu-Helmi Halt
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Centre Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Centre Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taru-Tuulia Hirvonen
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Koskela
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Martta Kerkelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Medical Research Centre Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Schmidt R, Wandrer H, Boutelle KN, Kiess W, Hilbert A. Associations between eating in the absence of hunger and executive functions in adolescents with binge-eating disorder: An experimental study. Appetite 2023; 186:106573. [PMID: 37062306 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) is one of the key behavioral features of binge-eating disorder (BED) in youth. Although preliminary evidence revealed that adolescent BED co-occurs with deficits in executive functions (EFs), it is unclear whether EFs are related to EAH. Thus, this study experimentally examined whether deficits in EFs predict EAH in adolescents with and without BED. Adolescents (12-20 years) with BED (n = 28) and age-, sex-, and weight-matched controls (n = 28) underwent an EAH paradigm in the laboratory, where they were offered snacks ad libitum after having established satiety during a lunch meal. Cognitive interference, cognitive flexibility, decision making, and EFs in daily life were assessed by neuropsychological tests and self-report. The BED group showed a significantly higher food intake in gram during the EAH trial than controls with medium effect, but no significant group differences in EFs emerged. Dysfunctional decision making in terms of risky decision making, but no other EFs, predicted increased EAH (g, kcal) in the total sample. Although increases in risky decision making over adolescence are well known, this study uniquely revealed that general decision-making abilities driven by short-term reward may account for disinhibited eating behavior. Interventions targeting decision making with focus on reward sensitivity should be evaluated for their efficacy in preventing and reducing disinhibited eating behavior in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Schmidt
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Stephanstrasse 9a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Henrike Wandrer
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Stephanstrasse 9a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Wieland Kiess
- University of Leipzig, LIFE Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig Medical Center, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Centre for Pediatric Research, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Stephanstrasse 9a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Gürbüzer N, Ceyhun HA, Öztürk N, Kasali K. The Relationship Between Eating-Attitudes and Clinical Characteristics, Agouti-Related Peptide, and Other Biochemical Markers in Adult-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:394-409. [PMID: 36642920 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221149198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our study, we aimed to evaluate eating-attitudes in adult-ADHD, and to examine its relationship with sociodemographic, clinical, AgRP, and biochemical parameters. METHOD The study included 70 adult-patients and 47 healthy-controls. The DIVA2.0, SCID-1 was administered to the participants. Eating-Attitudes Test (EAT), Night-Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) were filled by the participants. RESULTS We found that psychological state affect eating-attitudes in adult-ADHD (p = .013), emotional eating is more common, nocturnal chronotype is dominant (p < .001), NES is more frequent (p < .001), waist circumference measurement is higher (p = .030), and lipid profile is deteriorated (p < .001). AgRP levels were significantly lower in patients treated with methylphenidate (p = .021). Those who received methylphenidate treatment had less NES than those who did not. Deterioration in eating-attitudes and symptom severity of night eating in ADHD, it was positively correlated with clinical severity of ADHD and impulsivity. In addition, age and increase in night eating symptoms were predictors of deterioration in eating attitudes in adult-ADHD. We found that impaired eating-attitudes and impulsivity severity were also predictors of NES (p = .006, p = .034). CONCLUSION The necessity of adult-ADHD treatment has been demonstrated by the deterioration in eating-attitudes and cardiometabolic risk dimensions and the underlying mechanisms.
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Suzuki T, Wada K, Nakazato M, Ohtani T, Yamazaki M, Ikeda S. Associations Between Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Traits and Sociodemographic Characteristics in Japanese Workers. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:759-773. [PMID: 37041858 PMCID: PMC10083016 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s398478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Most previous studies that described associations between adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sociodemographic characteristics were focused on individuals diagnosed with ADHD, and few studies investigated ADHD traits in the general population. Additionally, some workers, who experienced no problems while at university and successfully graduated from university, developed ADHD traits after finding employment. This study described associations between ADHD traits and sociodemographic characteristics among Japanese workers who were university graduates. Patients and Methods Participants were randomly selected workers (n=1240) from across Japan who completed a self-administered online survey. ADHD traits were measured using an adult ADHD Self-report Scale, with scoring rules applied to reflect the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics including sex, age, socioeconomic status, working time, and health-related behaviors. We performed partial correlation analysis to estimate trend associations and used analysis of covariance to compare adjusted averages. This model was adjusted for all variables. Results Males had higher levels of ADHD traits than females (p = 0.001), and younger age was associated with higher levels of ADHD traits (p < 0.001). Workers with low incomes had higher levels of ADHD traits than workers with high incomes (p = 0.009). More frequent consumption of midnight meals was associated with higher levels of ADHD traits (p < 0.001), although there were no differences for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Those who did not get enough rest from sleep had higher levels of ADHD traits (p = 0.007). Conclusion Results for high levels of ADHD traits among workers were consistent with previous studies for adults diagnosed with ADHD, even though all participants had successfully graduated from university. Assessment of these ADHD traits may support prevention of health deterioration related to these ADHD traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
- Correspondence: Tomoko Suzuki, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan, Tel +81-476-20-7701, Fax +81-476- 28-1188, Email ;
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
- Department of Social Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakazato
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | | | - Michiko Yamazaki
- Department of Social Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Ikeda
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
- Department of Social Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
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Lanoye A, Adams E, Fuemmeler BF. Obesity and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:221-241. [PMID: 35505058 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An association between ADHD and obesity has been established throughout the past 20 years via animal model experiments and both correlational and longitudinal studies in humans. However, much remains to be determined regarding causality, developmental course, and effective treatments targeting both conditions. This chapter provides an overview and update on the current state of the science on the relationship between obesity and ADHD; expands the scope of the connection between obesity and ADHD to include behavioral components important to weight regulation - i.e., physical activity, eating behaviors, and sleep; and presents applications of these findings to treatment approaches and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Lanoye
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bernard F Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Merrill BM, Morrow AS, Sarver D, Sandridge S, Lim CS. Prevalence and Correlates of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Diverse, Treatment-Seeking Pediatric Overweight/Obesity Sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2021; 42:433-441. [PMID: 34397571 PMCID: PMC8369036 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity are highly prevalent, impairing, and costly conditions, affecting about 10% of children each. Research indicates heightened prevalence of childhood obesity among youth with ADHD. However, more research is needed, examining comorbid ADHD among youth with overweight/obesity (OV/OB) from diverse demographic backgrounds and effects on medically relevant behaviors. The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence of ADHD in a racially diverse sample of youth in a weight management clinic. Furthermore, we examined the effects of race, rurality, and ADHD on weight status and health behaviors in this under-researched population. METHOD Participants included 1003 patients (Mage = 12.55; 58% female; 67% Black/African American; MBMI Z-Score = 2.54; 98.6% with obesity) in a pediatric weight management clinic serving a rural and urban/suburban area in the southern United States. Parent-reported demographics, ADHD diagnosis, and child health behaviors were recorded. RESULT In total, 17.6% (n = 177) of the sample had an ADHD diagnosis. ADHD status interacted with race to predict standardized body mass index (BMIz), and rurality predicted higher BMIz. Children with comorbid ADHD had significantly more meals per day and fewer active days compared with children with OV/OB without ADHD. CONCLUSION ADHD prevalence was higher in this diverse sample of children seeking obesity treatment (17.6%) compared with the prevalence nationally (9%-10%) and in other obesity samples. Comorbid ADHD was related to higher weight status among racial minority youth and increased engagement in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors often targeted in weight management treatment. It is critical to screen for ADHD in pediatric specialty clinics and assess healthy lifestyle behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Merrill
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Buffalo, NY
| | - Anne S Morrow
- Mailman Segal Center for Human Development, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL
| | - Dustin Sarver
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Shanda Sandridge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Crystal S Lim
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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Byrne ME, Shank LM, Altman DR, Swanson TN, Ramirez E, Moore NA, Rubin SG, LeMay-Russell S, Parker MN, Kaufman RE, Yang SB, Torres SL, Brady SM, Kelly NR, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski JA. Inhibitory control and negative affect in relation to food intake among youth. Appetite 2021; 156:104858. [PMID: 32891676 PMCID: PMC7669609 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Negative affect and poor inhibitory control are related to disinhibited eating behaviors in youth and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of obesity. Although few studies have jointly examined these constructs in youth, it has been theorized that poor inhibitory control may be driven by negative affect. If supported, impaired inhibitory control, driven by negative affect, could represent a modifiable neurocognitive treatment target for disinhibited eating. The current study examined whether inhibitory control mediates the relationship between negative affect and eating among youth. Youth (8-17 years) participated in a Food Go/No-Go neurocognitive task to measure inhibitory control as the percentage of commission errors. A composite negative affect score was created from self-report measures of anxiety and depression. A laboratory buffet meal modeled to simulate disinhibited eating was used to measure total and snack food intake. Cross-sectional mediation models with bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals (CI) were conducted using negative affect as the independent variable, inhibitory control as the mediator, and intake patterns as dependent variables. One-hundred-eighty-one youths (13.2 ± 2.7y; 55% female; BMIz 0.6 ± 1.0) were studied. Total Go/No-Go commission errors mediated the relationship between negative affect and total intake (95%CI = [0.3, 31.6]), but not snack intake (95%CI = [-2.5, 7.3]). Commission errors for Food-Go blocks significantly mediated the relationship between negative affect and total intake (95%CI = [7.7, 44.4]), but not snack intake (95%CI = [-3.4, 9.5]). Commission errors on Neutral-Go blocks did not significantly mediate any of these relationships. Negative affect may lead to poorer inhibitory control as well as a stronger approach tendency toward food, increasing the likelihood of engaging in disinhibited eating. Future research should determine if, in combination with approaches to reduce negative affect, improved inhibitory control could help prevent overeating in youths with depressive or anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Byrne
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Lisa M Shank
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA; Department of Medicine, USU, USA; Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR), Metis Foundation, USA
| | - Deborah R Altman
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Taylor N Swanson
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA; Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR), Metis Foundation, USA
| | - Eliana Ramirez
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Nia A Moore
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Sarah G Rubin
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Sarah LeMay-Russell
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Megan N Parker
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Rachel E Kaufman
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | | | | | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
| | - Nichole R Kelly
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA; Department of Medicine, USU, USA; Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR), Metis Foundation, USA.
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), USA
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Goldschmidt AB, Smith KE, Lavender JM, Engel SG, Haedt-Matt A. Trait-level facets of impulsivity and momentary, naturalistic eating behavior in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 110:24-30. [PMID: 30580080 PMCID: PMC6360116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity, and specific subdomains of inhibitory control and reward sensitivity, are trait-level factors that have been implicated in the onset and maintenance of pediatric obesity and disordered eating, but their associations with real-world eating behavior are unknown. We investigated associations of these trait-level constructs with naturalistic, momentary measures of loss of control (LOC) eating and overeating severity in a heterogeneous sample of youth (n = 40), aged 8-14y, with overweight/obesity. Self-report, parent-report, and behavioral data on trait-level impulsivity, reward sensitivity, and inhibitory control, respectively, were collected in the context of a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol in which participants reported on their eating behavior, mood, hunger, and palatability of foods consumed in real-time. Generalized estimating equations revealed that more perseverative errors on a behavioral measure of visuomotor processing speed and a lower self-reported tendency to act without thinking (at a trend level) were related to greater overall LOC severity. Momentary associations between negative affect and LOC severity were stronger among individuals with greater perseverative errors. Results suggest that trait-level facets of impulsivity may directly influence an individual's tendency to engage in dysregulated eating behaviors, and may also impact susceptibility to state-level factors associated with occurrence of these behaviors. Momentary interventions for LOC eating may require tailoring to address temperamental factors related to impulsivity and inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Goldschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/The Miriam Hospital, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, 196 Richmond St., Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Smith
- Sanford Research, 120 8th St. South, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1919 Elm St. North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3424 South State St., Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Sanford Research, 120 8th St. South, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1919 Elm St. North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Alissa Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3424 South State St., Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
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Hanć T, Cortese S. Attention deficit/hyperactivity-disorder and obesity: A review and model of current hypotheses explaining their comorbidity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:16-28. [PMID: 29772309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Available meta-analyses point to a significant association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. The possible mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. Here, we overview the studies aimed at identifying the factors contributing to the comorbidity between ADHD and obesity, including genetic factors, fetal programming, executive dysfunctions, psychosocial stress, factors directly related to energy balance, and sleep patterns alterations. The bulk of current research has focused on reduced physical activity and abnormal eating patterns as possible causes of weight gain in individuals with ADHD. Further research is needed to explore the specific role of executive dysfunctions. None of the available published studies have evaluated physiological mechanisms such as hormonal and metabolic disorders or inappropriate neurobiological regulation of appetite. Research exploring the genetic basis for the coexistence of ADHD and obesity and epigenetic mechanisms, with particular emphasis on stress, both pre- and postnatal, seems particularly promising. Here, we propose a biopsychosocial model to integrate current findings and move the field forward to gain insight into the ADHD-obesity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Hanć
- Department of Human Biological Development, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, SO19 8BR, UK; New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Matheson BE, Eichen DM. A Review of Childhood Behavioral Problems and Disorders in the Development of Obesity: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Beyond. Curr Obes Rep 2018; 7:19-26. [PMID: 29411333 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Given the high rates of pediatric and adult obesity, it is imperative to identify early risk factors that might contribute to excess weight gain. This review aims to investigate the relationship between childhood behavioral problems with the development and persistence of obesity. Specifically, this review highlights the association of obesity with (1) neurocognitive constructs, such as executive functioning and inhibition/impulsivity, and (2) disorders commonly diagnosed in childhood, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). RECENT FINDINGS Consistent evidence supports a relationship between childhood behavioral problems, executive functioning, inhibition/impulsivity, ADHD, and ASD with obesity across the lifespan. Longitudinal studies suggest behavior problems, neurocognitive functioning deficits, and ADHD symptoms in childhood predict weight gain over time. Identifying risk factors in childhood that promote obesity may help develop targeted intervention and prevention programs. Additional research should elucidate mechanisms that account for these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Matheson
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, 6363 Alvarado Court, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Dr. Suite C-203, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Dawn M Eichen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Dr. Suite C-203, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
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Hilbert A, Kurz S, Dremmel D, Weihrauch Blüher S, Munsch S, Schmidt R. Cue reactivity, habituation, and eating in the absence of hunger in children with loss of control eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:223-232. [PMID: 29341214 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood loss of control (LOC) eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are highly comorbid conditions and present with disordered eating behaviors, such as overeating. This study sought to delineate shared and specific abnormalities in physiological, cognitive-motivational, and behavioral components of food-specific impulsivity in children with LOC eating and ADHD. Specifically, children's reactivity and habituation to food and eating in the absence of hunger were examined. METHODS Within this community-based study, four groups of 8-13-year-old children with LOC eating (n = 24), ADHD (n = 32), comorbid LOC eating/ADHD (n = 9), and matched controls (n = 34) received a standard laboratory test meal to establish satiety and were then exposed to their favorite snack food in a cue exposure/reactivity trial, while salivation and desire to eat were repeatedly assessed. Subsequently, they were offered a variety of snack foods ad libitum. RESULTS Children with LOC eating, ADHD, and LOC/ADHD did not differ from controls in salivary reactivity and habituation to food cues. Children with LOC eating and ADHD showed greater cue reactivity of the desire to eat than controls, but groups did not differ in its longer-term increments. At free access, only children with LOC/ADHD consumed significantly more energy than controls. Longer-term increments of desire to eat predicted greater energy intake beyond LOC/ADHD group status. DISCUSSION Desire to eat among children with comorbid LOC eating and ADHD was associated with overeating in the absence of hunger, which may contribute to excess weight gain. Delineation of the specific features of childhood LOC eating versus ADHD warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kurz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Dremmel
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Susann Weihrauch Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics I, Martin Luther University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ricarda Schmidt
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Satiety regulation in children with loss of control eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A test meal study. Appetite 2017; 116:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Flueckiger L, Lieb R, Meyer AH, Witthauer C, Mata J. Day-to-day variations in health behaviors and daily functioning: two intensive longitudinal studies. J Behav Med 2016; 40:307-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kelly NR, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Vannucci A, Ranzenhofer LM, Altschul AM, Schvey NA, Shank LM, Brady SM, Galescu O, Kozlosky M, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Emotion dysregulation and loss-of-control eating in children and adolescents. Health Psychol 2016; 35:1110-9. [PMID: 27505194 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations among self-reported loss-of-control (LOC) eating, emotion dysregulation, body mass, and objective energy intake among youth. Emotion dysregulation may be 1 individual factor that promotes excess energy intake and increases in body mass among youth with LOC eating. METHOD Children and adolescents (N = 230; 8 to 17 years) enrolled in a nonintervention study completed a structured interview to determine the presence or absence of self-reported LOC eating. Children's emotion dysregulation was assessed via parent-report with the Child Behavior Checklist. Youth also completed 2 test meals to capture "binge" and "normal" eating. Body composition was examined using air displacement plethysmography. RESULTS After controlling for relevant covariates, youth with self-reported LOC eating had higher parent-reported emotion dysregulation than those without LOC. Parent-reported emotion dysregulation was also associated with greater observed energy intake (after accounting for body mass), as well as higher fat mass. Emotion dysregulation also moderated associations between LOC status/gender and body mass variables; among youth with self-reported LOC eating and girls, those with high parent-described emotion dysregulation (vs. low) had significantly higher fat mass and BMIz. CONCLUSIONS Data from the current study suggest that emotion dysregulation may play a role in energy intake and obesity, particularly among youth with self-reported LOC eating and girls. Additional studies are needed to identify the prospective mechanisms linking poor emotion regulation and LOC eating. These mechanisms, in turn, may inform future interventions targeting excess energy intake and obesity in pediatric samples. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Kelly
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | | | - Anna Vannucci
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | | | - Annie M Altschul
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Natasha A Schvey
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Lisa M Shank
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Sheila M Brady
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Ovidiu Galescu
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Merel Kozlosky
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Susan Z Yanovski
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services
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Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder characterized by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention. Binge-eating behavior is often impulsive and is the hallmark of the two eating disorders, binge-eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN), both of which are associated with significant health impairment. Bingeing behavior is also seen in the binge purge subtype of anorexia nervosa. Individuals with AN of the binge purge subtypes, BN and BED, have been found to exhibit impulsive behaviors that are often not limited to binge eating alone. There is preliminary evidence linking ADHD to BN and to BED in both adults and children. The neurobiological mechanisms behind these associations are only beginning to emerge; however, they suggest that impulse control deficits may play a role in these eating disorders. Additionally, although they may not meet full criteria for one of these eating disorders, some adults and children with ADHD present with dysregulated, impulsive eating disorder behaviors and there is a growing association between ADHD, obesity, and binge-eating behavior in both children and adults. The relationship between ADHD and binge eating is novel, supported by growing evidence and worthy of further research. We will review the underlying neurobiological underpinnings, neuroimaging data, and possible psychopharmacological treatment options, which target both ADHD and binge-eating behaviors as well as future research and treatment directions.
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Vannucci A, Nelson EE, Bongiorno DM, Pine DS, Yanovski JA, Tanofsky-Kraff M. Behavioral and neurodevelopmental precursors to binge-type eating disorders: support for the role of negative valence systems. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2921-2936. [PMID: 26040923 PMCID: PMC4589435 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171500104x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric loss-of-control (LOC) eating is a robust behavioral precursor to binge-type eating disorders. Elucidating precursors to LOC eating and binge-type eating disorders may refine developmental risk models of eating disorders and inform interventions. METHOD We review evidence within constructs of the Negative Valence Systems (NVS) domain, as specified by the Research Domain Criteria framework. Based on published studies, we propose an integrated NVS model of binge-type eating-disorder risk. RESULTS Data implicate altered corticolimbic functioning, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and self-reported negative affect as possible risk factors. However, neuroimaging and physiological data in children and adolescents are sparse, and most prospective studies are limited to self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS We discuss a broad NVS framework for conceptualizing early risk for binge-type eating disorders. Future neural and behavioral research on the developmental trajectory of LOC and binge-type eating disorders is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vannucci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric E. Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Diana M. Bongiorno
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
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Reinblatt SP, Mahone EM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Lee-Winn AE, Yenokyan G, Leoutsakos JMS, Moran TH, Guarda AS, Riddle MA. Pediatric loss of control eating syndrome: Association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impulsivity. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:580-8. [PMID: 25855370 PMCID: PMC4607309 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite data linking Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and adult binge eating, there are limited data in children with loss of control (LOC) eating. We examined inhibitory control in children with LOC eating syndrome (LOC-ES) and its association with ADHD. METHOD 79 children (8-14 years) over the fifth weight percentile were recruited, irrespective of LOC eating or ADHD status. The Eating Disorder Examination for Children and the Standard Pediatric Eating Episode Interview assessed LOC-ES. ADHD diagnosis was determined by the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for children and Conners-3 (Parent Report) DSM-IV Scales of Inattention and/or Hyperactivity (T score > 65). The Go/No-Go (GNG) Task and the Behavior Regulation Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) assessed impulse control. RESULTS Odds of LOC-ES were increased 12 times for children with ADHD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 12.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.11, 51.64, p < 0.001), after adjusting for BMI z scores and relevant covariates. Children had 1.17 times higher odds of reporting LOC-ES with every 5% increase in GNG Commission Rate (aOR = 1.17, CI = 1.01, 1.36, p < 0.05) and 1.25 times higher odds of reporting LOC-ES with every 5 unit T-score increase in BRIEF Inhibit Scale (aOR = 1.25, CI = 1.04, 1.50, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Children with ADHD had significantly greater odds of LOC-ES compared to children without ADHD. Children with LOC-ES had significantly greater impulse control deficits on performance-based neuropsychological assessments and on parent reports than children without LOC-ES. These findings suggest a need to investigate possible shared mechanisms such as impulse control deficits, among children with LOC-ES and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna P. Reinblatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - E. Mark Mahone
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda
| | | | - Gayane Yenokyan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Timothy H. Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angela S. Guarda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Pediatrics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Emotion regulation model in binge eating disorder and obesity--a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 49:125-34. [PMID: 25530255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in emotion regulation processes are a common and widely used explanation for the development and maintenance of binge eating disorder (BED). It is assumed that BED patients - as they have difficulty regulating their negative emotions - use binge eating to cope with these emotions and to find relief. However, the number of experimental studies investigating this assumption is scarce and the differentiation of obese individuals with and without BED regarding the emotion regulation model is not verified. We reviewed literature for experimental studies investigating the emotion regulation model in obese patients (OB) with and without BED. Our search resulted in 18 experimental studies examining the triggering effect of negative emotions for binge eating or its effects on subsequent relief. We found evidence indicating that negative emotion serves as a trigger for binge eating in the BED group unlike the obese group without BED. Considering the small number of studies, we found evidence for a (short-term) improvement of mood through food intake, irrespective of group.
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Abstract
Mood is widely assessed in nutrition research, usually with rating scales. A core assumption is that positive mood reinforces ingestion, so it is important to measure mood well. Four relevant theoretical issues are reviewed: (i) the distinction between protracted and transient mood; (ii) the distinction between mood and emotion; (iii) the phenomenology of mood as an unstable tint to consciousness rather than a distinct state of consciousness; (iv) moods can be caused by social and cognitive processes as well as physiological ones. Consequently, mood is difficult to measure and mood rating is easily influenced by non-nutritive aspects of feeding, the psychological, social and physical environment where feeding occurs, and the nature of the rating system employed. Some of the difficulties are illustrated by reviewing experiments looking at the impact of food on mood. The mood-rating systems in common use in nutrition research are then reviewed, the requirements of a better mood-rating system are described, and guidelines are provided for a considered choice of mood-rating system including that assessment should: have two main dimensions; be brief; balance simplicity and comprehensiveness; be easy to use repeatedly. Also mood should be assessed only under conditions where cognitive biases have been considered and controlled.
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Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:494-506. [PMID: 23913029 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity rates have risen dramatically over the past few decades. Although obesity has been linked to poorer neurocognitive functioning in adults, much less is known about this relationship in children and adolescents. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between obesity and obesity-related behaviors with neurocognitive functioning in youth. We reviewed articles from 1976 to 2013 using PsycInfo, PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. Search terms included cognitive function, neurocognitive function/performance, executive function, impulsivity, self-regulation, effortful control, cognitive control, inhibition, delayed gratification, memory, attention, language, motor, visuo-spatial, academic achievement, obesity, overweight, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, adiposity and body fat. Articles were excluded if participants had health problems known to affect cognitive functioning, the study used imaging as the only outcome measure, they were non-peer-reviewed dissertations, theses, review papers, commentaries, or they were non-English articles. Sixty-seven studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Overall, we found data that support a negative relationship between obesity and various aspects of neurocognitive functioning, such as executive functioning, attention, visuo-spatial performance, and motor skill. The existing literature is mixed on the effects among obesity, general cognitive functioning, language, learning, memory, and academic achievement. Executive dysfunction is associated with obesity-related behaviors, such as increased intake, disinhibited eating, and less physical activity. Physical activity is positively linked with motor skill. More longitudinal research is needed to determine the directionality of such relationships, to point towards crucial intervention time periods in the development of children, and to inform effective treatment programs.
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Laessle RG, Schulz S. No evidence for effects of negative emotions on eating behaviour in overweight children. Eat Weight Disord 2013; 18:91-3. [PMID: 23757257 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-013-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative emotions have been hypothesised to trigger a short-term eating pattern in the obese that leads to a high calorie intake. The present study induced emotions of different quality (negative, neutral, positive) and compared laboratory eating behaviour in overweight and normal weight children. No significant emotion related differences in cumulative food intake curves during a laboratory meal were found. Results point to an adequate regulation of hunger and satiety in children, which possibly cannot be maintained during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold G Laessle
- Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54286, Trier, Germany,
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