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Summers E, Limbers CA. Evaluating Emotional Eating in Children from the Perspective of Parents: Psychometric Properties of the Parent Version of the Emotional Eating Scale Adapted for Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2024; 16:3030. [PMID: 39275345 PMCID: PMC11397218 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional eating is associated with adverse health outcomes in children, including elevated weight status. Currently, there is not a well-validated parent-report measure of emotional eating for young children. This study assessed the reliability and validity of the 10-item parent version of the Emotional Eating Scale Adapted for Children and Adolescents (EES-C) Short-Form. METHODS The participants were 207 parents and 144 children from the southern United States. They completed the parent- and child-report EES-C Short-Form and responded to measures related to child eating behaviors, mood, and gratitude. RESULTS The parent-report EES-C Short-Form demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94). Test-retest reliability was also supported, as evidenced by a medium correlation (ICC = 0.56, p < 0.001) between parent-rated emotional eating across two time points. Additionally, the measure demonstrated a significant correlation with a scale of emotional overeating (r = 0.25, p < 0.001)-a theoretically related construct. Supporting discriminant validity, the measure was not significantly related to a measure of parent-reported gratitude (r = 0.07, p = 0.30). A unidimensional model provided good fit for the data (CFI = 0.997, SRMR = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS The results from the current study provide preliminary evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the parent version of the EES-C Short-Form. For the purpose of screening children in school or primary care settings, the EES-C Short-Form may be practical and helpful in identifying children who may be at risk of developing adverse health outcomes or more-severe eating disorder pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Summers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Christine A Limbers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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2
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Mohorić T, Pokrajac-Bulian A, Anić P, Kukić M, Mohović P. Emotion regulation, perfectionism, and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents: the mediating role of cognitive eating patterns. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-12. [PMID: 36406848 PMCID: PMC9644388 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Poor emotion regulation, along with elevated perfectionism, is recognised as a risk factor for the development of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and perfectionism with ED symptoms, while controlling for emotional eating, uncontrolled eating, and cognitive restraint as mediators. In total, 482 adolescents (246 girls and 236 boys; M = 15.00, SD = 0.31) participated in this study. Based on the participants' body height and weight measured by the medical team during their regular preventive health examinations, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Participants also answered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. According to the results obtained, adolescent girls in our sample reported more difficulties in emotion regulation, more uncontrolled and emotional eating, and more ED symptoms. A significant direct effect was found for difficulties in emotion regulation and ED symptoms but not for perfectionism. In addition, only emotional eating and cognitive restraint (not uncontrolled eating) mediated the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and perfectionism and ED symptoms. The results suggest that difficulties in emotion regulation may be more important than perfectionism in explaining ED symptoms in a sample of healthy adolescents. When adolescents experience problems in emotion regulation in combination with emotional or uncontrolled eating, they might be at a higher risk of experiencing concerns about weight and a variety of other ED symptoms, and this should be considered when planning preventive interventions for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mohorić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Rijeka, Sveučilišna avenija 4, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Rijeka, Sveučilišna avenija 4, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Petra Anić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Rijeka, Sveučilišna avenija 4, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miljana Kukić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Rijeka, Sveučilišna avenija 4, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Patrizia Mohović
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Rijeka, Sveučilišna avenija 4, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
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3
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Zakhour M, Haddad C, Sacre H, Tarabay C, Zeidan RK, Akel M, Hallit R, Kheir N, Obeid S, Salameh P, Hallit S. Differences in the Associations between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Outcomes by Gender? A Lebanese Population Study. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2021; 69:134-144. [PMID: 33965268 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender on eating disorders (restrained eating, binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, and emotional eating) among a sample of Lebanese adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2018, enrolled 811 participants selected randomly from all Lebanese Mohafazat. The mean age of the participants was 27.6±11.8 years. The majority were females (66.5%), had a high level of education (73.2%), and low income (77.9%). This study used the following scales: body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-second version, binge eating scale, Dutch restrained eating scale, orthorexia nervosa scale (ORTHO-15 scale), emotional eating scale, perceived stress scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated to restrained eating (r=0.293, P<0.001), emotional eating (r=0.073, P=0.042) and binge eating (r=0.250, P<0.001). The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with more restrained eating (Beta=0.01, P<0.001) and orthorexia nervosa (Beta=-0.09, P<0.001), but not with emotional (Beta=-0.43, P=0.103) and binge eating (Beta=-0.08, P=0.358). When stratifying the analysis by gender, the results revealed that higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more restrained eating in both genders, but particularly among women. Body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher emotional eating in men only and with higher orthorexia nervosa tendencies and behaviors in females only. CONCLUSION The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with orthorexia nervosa and restrained eating but not with binge or emotional eating. Higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating, more pronounced in women, while it was significantly associated with higher orthorexia tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) in women only. Body dissatisfaction was associated with emotional eating in men only.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zakhour
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - C Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon,INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CH Esquirol Limoges, IRD, U1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France,INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - H Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - C Tarabay
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - R K Zeidan
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon,CERIPH: Center for Research in Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon,Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - M Akel
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - N Kheir
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - S Obeid
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon,INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - P Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon,University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Hallit
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
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Stemann Larsen P, Nybo Andersen AM, Olsen EM, Kragh Andersen P, Micali N, Strandberg-Larsen K. Weight trajectories and disordered eating behaviours in 11- to 12-year-olds: A longitudinal study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2019; 27:436-444. [PMID: 31016786 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine how childhood weight trajectories are associated with disordered eating behaviours (DEBs) in early adolescence. METHODS Self-reports on DEBs (fasting, purging, and binge eating) were obtained from 18,337 children in the 11-year follow-up of the Danish National Birth Cohort. For this population, birth register information on gestational age and birth weight was categorized into the following: small, appropriate, and large for gestational age. Prospective parent-reported height and weight data at child ages 1 and 7 years were dichotomized using standardized cut-offs into non-overweight and overweight. A 12-category weight trajectory variable was created, and the associations between weight trajectory and DEBs were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS In total, 7.0% 11- to 12-year olds reported DEBs. Compared with children born appropriate for gestational age and being non-overweight at age 1 and 7 years, children born small for gestational age and who were overweight at age 1 and 7 years had a very high risk of disordered eating (OR 7.00; CI [2.57, 19.40]). The statistical analyses revealed, however, that overweight at age 7 years was the main contributor and independently of trajectory increased the risk of disordered eating at age 11-12 years significantly (OR 3.16 CI [2.73, 3.65]). CONCLUSION Overweight not in the first year of life, but at age 7 years was more predictive for DEBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Stemann Larsen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Olsen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Kragh Andersen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadia Micali
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Department de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Saade S, Hallit S, Haddad C, Hallit R, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Kheir N, Obeid S. Factors associated with restrained eating and validation of the Arabic version of the restrained eating scale among an adult representative sample of the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord 2019; 7:24. [PMID: 31346465 PMCID: PMC6636024 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-019-0254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that restrained eating is problematic in Lebanon and is associated with the occurrence of clinically diagnosed eating disorders. Because of the alarming prevalence and severity of these disorders, the aim of this study is to investigate factors that may contribute to restrained eating in adults among a representative sample of the Lebanese population. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2018; 811 adult participants were enrolled from all Lebanese districts. The Dutch Restrained Eating scale was used to measure body disturbance. The factors that were assessed in the questionnaire were body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, emotion regulation, emotional eating and adult attachment styles. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 27.59 ± 11.76 years, and included 66.5% females. In the absence of a cutoff value for the Dutch Restrained Eating scale, we took the median (2.6) as the cutoff value. The results showed that 391 (48.3%) had restrained eating. The Dutch Restrained Eating scale items converged over a solution of one factor that had an Eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 60.69% of the variance (Cronbach's alpha was high =0.928). The linear regression results, taking the Dutch restrained eating scale as the dependent variable, showed that being a female (Beta = 0.31), increased age (Beta = 0.01), higher body mass index (Beta = 0.01), an intermediate monthly income (Beta = 0.25), higher body dissatisfaction scores (Beta = 0.03), higher adult anxiety attachment style (Beta = 0.008), higher emotion regulation cognitive reappraisal facet (Beta = 0.01), feeling pressure from TV/magazine to lose weight (Beta = 0.45) and practicing sport activities (Beta = 0.41) were associated with higher restrained eating scores. CONCLUSION Our findings show that numerous factors are associated with restrained eating in the Lebanese community. They include body dissatisfaction, cognitive reappraisal, female gender, eating attitudes, social media pressure and adult attachment. Therefore, the development of prevention strategies directed at an improved body image perception and increasing knowledge about factors that might influence this body image and critical thinking regarding media images is warranted, with the ultimate goal of promoting healthier choices in the Lebanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Saade
- 1School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- 1School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karl Honein
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Maria Akiki
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Université de la Sainte Famille, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,6Faculty of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,7Faculty of Pedagogy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Validation of a child version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire in a Canadian sample: a psychometric tool for the evaluation of eating behaviour. Public Health Nutr 2018; 22:431-443. [PMID: 30587254 DOI: 10.1017/s136898001800349x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine score validity and reliability of a child version of the twenty-one-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQ-R21) in a sample of Canadian children and adolescents and its relationship with BMI Z-score and food/taste preferences. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING School-based. PARTICIPANTS Children (n 158), sixty-three boys (mean age 11·5 (sd 1·6) years) and ninety-five girls (11·9 (sd 1·9) years). RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the CTFEQ-R21 was best represented by four factors with item 17 removed (CFFEQ-R20), representing Cognitive Restraint (CR), Cognitive Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1), External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2) and Emotional Eating (EE), accounting for 41·2 % of the total common variance with good scale reliability. ANOVA revealed that younger children reported higher UE 1 and CR scores than older children, and boys who reported high UE 1 scores had significantly higher BMI Z-scores. Children with high UE 1 scores reported a greater preference for high-protein and -fat foods, and high-fat savoury (HFSA) and high-fat sweet (HFSW) foods. Higher preference for high-protein, -fat and -carbohydrate foods, and HFSA, HFSW and low-fat savoury foods was found in children with high UE 2 scores. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the CFFEQ-R20 can be used to measure eating behaviour traits and associations with BMI Z-score and food/taste preferences in Canadian children and adolescents. Future research is needed to examine the validity of the questionnaire in larger samples and other geographical locations, as well as the inclusion of extraneous variables such as parental eating or socio-economic status.
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Schmidt R, Vogel M, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Hilbert A. Pathological and non-pathological variants of restrictive eating behaviors in middle childhood: A latent class analysis. Appetite 2018; 127:257-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schnettler B, Miranda-Zapata E, Grunert KG, Lobos G, Denegri M, Hueche C. Weight Fluctuation and Diet Concern Negatively Affect Food-Related Life Satisfaction in Chilean Male and Female Adolescents. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1013. [PMID: 30002634 PMCID: PMC6032888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Problematic eating behaviors and obesity are frequent problems encountered during adolescence that may potentially result in psychological, social and physical consequences that may interfere with adolescent development and well-being. The present study evaluates the relationship between satisfaction with food-related life and satisfaction with family life, and their relationship with life satisfaction in male and female adolescents. We explored the relationships between both subscales of the Revised Restraint Scale (RRS), Diet Concern (DC) and Weight Fluctuation (WF) and adolescent life satisfaction as well as satisfaction with food-related life and family life. We also explored the moderating role of socioeconomic status (SES). A questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 470 adolescents (mean age 13.2 years, 52.3% female) in Chile, including the RRS, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWL-Food) scale and Satisfaction with Family Life (SWL-Family) scale. Using structural equation modeling, we found that adolescent life satisfaction was related to satisfaction with family life and food-related life in both genders. In male adolescents, a negative relationship was identified between WF and food-related life satisfaction. In contrast, a negative relationship was identified in female adolescents between DC and food-related life satisfaction. DC and WF were not directly related to life satisfaction or to satisfaction with family life in either gender. SES was found to moderate the relationship between food-related life satisfaction and life satisfaction and the relationship between WF and food-related life satisfaction in female adolescents. These findings suggest that reducing DC in female adolescents and reducing WF in male adolescents and female adolescents from higher SES may improve their food-related life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Schnettler
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Escuela de Economía, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Edgardo Miranda-Zapata
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales Aplicadas, Núcleo Científico Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Germán Lobos
- Escuela de Economía, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Programa de Investigación de Excelencia Interdisciplinaria en Envejecimiento Saludable, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Marianela Denegri
- Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Facultad de Educación, Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Clementina Hueche
- Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Attachment Style and Obesity: Disordered Eating Behaviors as a Mediator in a Community Sample of Canadian Youth. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2017; 37:762-770. [PMID: 27801724 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and overweight are associated with many negative health outcomes. Attachment style has been implicated in the development of obesity in youth. The present study examined if disordered eating behaviors mediate the relationship between attachment style and body mass index (BMI) in a large community sample of Canadian youth. METHOD A total of 3,043 participants (1,254 males and 1,789 females, Mage = 14.20 years) completed self-report questionnaires including the Relationship Questionnaire and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and BMI was objectively measured. Disordered eating behaviors (restrained, emotional, and external) were examined as possible mediating mechanisms in the relationship between attachment style and BMI z-score, using a multiple mediation model using bootstrapping while controlling for socio-demographic covariates. RESULTS Insecure attachment was significantly associated with higher BMI, and disordered eating mediated this relationship. Restrained eating was the strongest mediator of this pathway. CONCLUSION Results suggest that it may be important to take attachment history and restrained eating into account when designing treatment and prevention strategies for obesity in youth.
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Christiansen H, Brandt S, Walter V, Wabitsch M, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H, Schimmelmann BG, Hirsch O. Prediction of BMI at age 11 in a longitudinal sample of the Ulm Birth Cohort Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182338. [PMID: 28832593 PMCID: PMC5568210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges in the world with childhood prevalence rates between 20-26% and numerous associated health risks. The aim of the current study was to analyze the 11-year follow-up data of the Ulm Birth Cohort Study (UBCS), to identify whether abnormal eating behavior patterns, especially restrained eating, predict body mass index (BMI) at 11 years of age and to explore other factors known to be longitudinally associated with it. Of the original UBCS, n = 422 children (~ 40% of the original sample) and their parents participated in the 11-year follow-up. BMI at age 8 and 11 as well as information on restrained eating, psychological problems, depressive symptoms, lifestyle, and IQ at age 8 were assessed. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to predict children's BMI scores at age 11. PLS-SEM explained 68% of the variance of BMI at age 11, with BMI at age 8 being the most important predictor. Restrained eating, via BMI at age 8 as well as parental BMI, had further weak associations with BMI at age 11; no other predictor was statistically significant. Since established overweight at age 8 already predicts BMI scores at age 11 longitudinally, obesity interventions should be implemented in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- University Medical Center Ulm, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm, Germany
| | - Viola Walter
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- University Medical Center Ulm, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benno G. Schimmelmann
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- FOM University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Eating behaviours in preadolescence are associated with body dissatisfaction and mental disorders - Results of the CCC2000 study. Appetite 2016; 101:46-54. [PMID: 26896837 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preadolescence is a key period in the early stages of eating disorder development. The aim of the present study was, firstly, to investigate restrained, emotional and external eating in a general population-based sample of 11-12 year olds. Secondly, we sought to explore how these eating behaviours are associated with possible predictors of eating disorders, such as body dissatisfaction, weight status and mental disorders. A subsample of 1567 children (47.7% boys; 52.3% girls) from the Copenhagen Child Cohort (CCC2000) completed web-based questionnaires on eating behaviours and body dissatisfaction using The Eating Pattern Inventory for Children (EPI-C) and The Children's Figure Rating Scale. Mental disorders were assessed using the online version of the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) based on parental replies with final DSM-IV diagnoses determined by experienced child- and adolescent psychiatrists. Height and weight were measured at a face-to-face assessment. The results showed that restrained eating was significantly associated with overweight, body dissatisfaction and emotional disorders in both genders. Emotional eating showed similar associations with overweight and body dissatisfaction in both genders, but was only associated with mental disorders in girls. External eating was significantly associated with body dissatisfaction and neurodevelopmental disorders in both genders, but was only associated with overweight in girls. Our findings show that problematic eating behaviours can be identified in preadolescence, and co-exist with weight problems and mental disorders. Thus restrained, emotional and external eating was, in different ways, associated with overweight, body dissatisfaction and mental disorders. Our findings point to significant eating behaviours in preadolescence, which could constitute potential predictors of later eating disorder risk.
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Munkholm A, Bjorner JB, Petersen J, Micali N, Olsen EM, Skovgaard AM. Validation of the Eating Pattern Inventory for Children in a General Population Sample of 11- to 12-Year-Old Children. Assessment 2016; 24:810-819. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191115625800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Munkholm
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob B. Bjorner
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Optum Patient Insights, Lincoln, RI, USA
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne Petersen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Else Marie Olsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fortes LDS, Meireles JFF, Neves CM, Almeida SS, Ferreira MEC. Autoestima, insatisfação corporal e internalização do ideal de magreza influenciam os comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares? REV NUTR 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1415-52732015000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência da autoestima, da insatisfação corporal e da internalização do ideal de magreza nos comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares de adolescentes do sexo feminino. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 471 jovens. Utilizou-se a Escala de Autoestima de Rosemberg, o Body Shape Questionnaire e o Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 para avaliar autoestima, insatisfação corporal e internalização do ideal de magreza, respectivamente. As subescalas do Eating Attitudes Test foram utilizadas para avaliar os comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicaram influência dos escores do Body Shape Questionnaire (p<0,05) e da Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (p<0,05) em todas as subescalas do Eating Attitudes Test. Em contrapartida, os achados não demonstraram influência da Escala de Autoestima de Rosemberg nos escores das subescalas do Eating Attitudes Test (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a insatisfação corporal e a internalização do ideal de magreza influenciam os comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares em adolescentes do sexo feminino, fato que não foi evidenciado para a autoestima.
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Wolz I, Fagundo AB, Treasure J, Fernández-Aranda F. The processing of food stimuli in abnormal eating: a systematic review of electrophysiology. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:251-61. [PMID: 25982390 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To update the knowledge about attentional processing of food stimuli, a systematic review of electrophysiological studies was conducted using PubMed, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge (2000-2014). Twenty-one studies were included into a qualitative synthesis. Presentation of food and control pictures was used to analyze event-related potentials related to sensory processing and motivated attention. Results show consistent attentional bias towards food pictures compared with neutral pictures for patient and control groups. Group comparisons between individuals with abnormal-eating and healthy-eating participants were more inconsistent. Results suggest that temporal differences in the millisecond range are essential for the understanding of visual food processing. In obesity, early attention engagement to food is followed by relatice disengagement. Loss of control eating, as well as external and emotional eating, are associated with a sustained maintenance of attention towards high-caloric food. There is a lack of studies in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wolz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Effects of emotional symptoms and life stress on eating behaviors among adolescents. Appetite 2013; 68:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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