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Fox K, Vadiveloo M, McCurdy K, Risica PM, Gans KM, Tovar A. Associations Between Child Eating Behaviors with Eating Patterns and Diet Quality in Preschool-Aged Children. Appetite 2024:107621. [PMID: 39122215 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Childhood eating behaviors are associated with weight status and laboratory assessments of dietary intake. However, little is known about how eating behaviors relate to the eating patterns and diet quality of children from marginalized populations when assessed in their natural environments. Therefore, we examined the association of food avoidant (e.g., food fussiness and satiety responsiveness) and food approach (e.g., food responsiveness and enjoyment of food) eating behaviors with children's meal size, eating frequency, and diet quality. We analyzed data from 61 predominately low-income Hispanic/Latinx preschool-aged children. Caregivers completed the Childhood Eating Behavior Questionnaire and two 24-hour dietary recalls. From the recalls, we calculated meal size, eating frequency, and modified Diet Quality Index Scores (DQIS), and evaluated associations with eating behaviors using multivariable linear models. We also explored the relationship between eating behaviors and DQIS components. Food-avoidant subscales were associated with smaller meals and satiety responsiveness were associated with decreased snack frequency. Food approach subscales were not associated with meal size or eating frequency. Both food-avoidant and food-approach behaviors were associated with components of diet quality and caloric beverages outside of meal and snacks. These findings can inform future research on the relationship between child eating behaviors and dietary intake so that we can develop more tailored and effective interventions to promote healthy eating habits for low-income, Hispanic/Latinx preschool-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Fox
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center , The Miriam Hospital , 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , The Alpert Medical School of Brown University , 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903.
| | - Maya Vadiveloo
- Department of Nutrition , University of Rhode Island , 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881.
| | - Karen McCurdy
- Department of Human Development and Family Science , University of Rhode Island , 2 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881.
| | - Patricia Markham Risica
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Health , 121 S Main Street, Providence, RI 02903.
| | - Kim M Gans
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences , The University of Connecticut , 348 Mainsfield Road, Stoors, CT, 06269.
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Health , 121 S Main Street, Providence, RI 02903.
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Alkadi A, Alkhars N, Manning S, Xu H, Sohn M, Xiao J, Meng Y. The Associations between Snack Intake and Cariogenic Oral Microorganism Colonization in Young Children of a Low Socioeconomic Status. Nutrients 2024; 16:1113. [PMID: 38674804 PMCID: PMC11054055 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cariogenic microorganisms are crucial pathogens contributing to the development of early childhood caries. Snacks provide fermentable carbohydrates, altering oral pH levels and potentially affecting microorganism colonization. However, the relationship between snack intake and cariogenic microorganisms like Candida and Streptococcus mutans in young children is still unclear. This study aimed to assess this association in a prospective underserved birth cohort. Data from children aged 12 to 24 months, including oral microbial assays and snack intake information, were analyzed. Sweet and non-sweet indices based on the cariogenic potential of 15 snacks/drinks were created. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between sweet and non-sweet indices and S. mutans and Candida carriage. Random forest identified predictive factors of microorganism carriage. Higher non-sweet index scores were linked to increased S. mutans carriage in plaques (OR = 1.67, p = 0.01), potentially strengthening with age. Higher sweet index scores at 12 months were associated with increased Candida carriage, reversing at 24 months. Both indices were top predictors of S. mutans and Candida carriage. These findings underscore the associations between snack intake and cariogenic microorganism carriage and highlight the importance of dietary factors in oral health management for underserved young children with limited access to dental care and healthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alkadi
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.A.)
- Dental Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naemah Alkhars
- Department of General Dental Practice, College of Dentistry, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Samantha Manning
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hongzhe Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael Sohn
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.A.)
| | - Ying Meng
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Hernandez E, Hohman EE, Ferrante MJ, Anzman-Frasca S, Paul IM, Savage JS. Toddler dietary patterns from the INSIGHT randomized clinical trial comparing responsive parenting versus control: A latent class analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:141-149. [PMID: 37854008 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a responsive parenting (RP) intervention on toddler diet and explore associations with mothers' infant feeding practices and child weight status. METHODS INSIGHT tested an RP intervention designed for the prevention of obesity against a safety control among primiparous mothers and their infants. Mothers reported on feeding practices, as well as toddler diet with a Food Frequency Questionnaire (n = 229). Trained research staff obtained child anthropometrics at age 2 years. RESULTS Latent class analysis identified three dietary patterns: high fruits and vegetables (HFV, 31%); meat, potatoes, and added sugars (MPAS, 24%); and high juice, low fruits and vegetables (JLFV, 45%). Toddler dietary pattern was not related to study group (RP, control) or child weight status at age 2 years. Mothers who reported more structure-based feeding had toddlers that were more likely to have the healthier, HFV dietary pattern than MPAS and JLFV. Findings for control-based feeding practices were mixed; maternal restriction was associated with the HFV dietary pattern, whereas the use of food as a reward was associated with MPAS and JLFV. CONCLUSIONS Mothers' structure-based feeding practices in infancy, as well as some control-based feeding practices, were associated with later healthier toddler dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hernandez
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily E Hohman
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ian M Paul
- Departments of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer S Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Roe LS, Keller KL, Rolls BJ. Food Properties and Individual Characteristics Influence Children's Intake Across Multiple Days of Weighed Assessments in Childcare Programs. J Nutr 2023; 153:1646-1655. [PMID: 36965692 PMCID: PMC10367225 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because children often consume substantial proportions of their diets in childcare programs, it is critical to determine what they eat when served menus meeting dietary recommendations and how intake is related to individual characteristics. OBJECTIVES Using weighed assessments, we characterized children's consumption across 15 daily menus and investigated the relationship between properties of the food consumed and child characteristics. METHODS In 3 crossover trials in childcare centers that followed dietary guidelines, we provided and weighed all meals and snacks for 5 consecutive days. For this descriptive secondary analysis, we characterized primary outcomes (daily food weight, energy density, and energy intake) by including the most typical set of menus from each trial, yielding 603 daily intakes for 128 preschool children (15% with overweight or obesity). Physical activity was measured by accelerometry during childcare sessions. Children's appetitive traits were assessed by parental questionnaires. RESULTS Both food properties and child characteristics were related to daily intake. More food was consumed from menus with greater food weight, and the energy density of consumed food was greater from menus with higher energy density (both P < 0.0001); these menu differences resulted in greater energy intake (P = 0.009). Children with overweight and obesity had greater energy intake as a proportion of requirements than did children with healthy weight (113 ± 6% versus 101 ± 2%; P = 0.039). Vegetable intake was 39 ± 2% of the recommended amounts and boys had lower consumption than girls (P = 0.004). Children with appetitive traits of lower satiety responsiveness or higher food responsiveness had greater daily energy intake (both P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Weighed intakes showed that when children were served daily menus with substantial portions of foods that met dietary recommendations, they selectively consumed higher-energy-dense items and ate few vegetables. A particular concern was that children with overweight ate amounts that exceeded their energy needs. The trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02963987, NCT03010501, NCT03242863).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane S Roe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Barbara J Rolls
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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Long X, Li XY, Jiang H, Shen LD, Zhang LF, Pu Z, Gao X, Li M. Impact of the COVID-19 kindergarten closure on overweight and obesity among 3- to 7-year-old children. World J Pediatr 2023; 19:469-477. [PMID: 36507980 PMCID: PMC9742663 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on the impact of the temporary kindergarten closure policy under COVID-19 in 2020 on childhood overweight and obesity is inadequate. We aimed to examine differences in rates of overweight and obesity from 2018 to 2021 among kindergarten children aged 3-7 years. METHODS Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) > 1 standard deviation (SD) for age and sex, and obesity was defined as BMI > 2 SD for age and sex. Generalized linear mixed modeling was used for analysis. RESULTS A total of 44,884 children and 71,216 growth data points from all 57 public kindergartens in Jiading District, Shanghai, China were analyzed. The rates of obesity from 2018 to 2021 were 6.9%, 6.6%, 9.5%, and 7.3% in boys and 2.8%, 2.8%, 4.5%, and 3.1% in girls, respectively. The rates of overweight from 2018 to 2021 were 14.3%, 14.3%, 18.2%, and 15.3% in boys and 10.6%, 10.9%, 13.9%, and 11.6% in girls. The rates of obesity and overweight among kindergarten children in 2020 were significantly higher than those in 2018, 2019, and 2021. Compared to 2020, the odds ratios of the obesity rate in 2018, 2019, and 2021 were 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.58-0.77, P < 0.001], 0.72 (95% CI = 0.64-0.80, P < 0.001) and 0.81 (95% CI = 0.72-0.92, P = 0.001), respectively. The odds ratios of the overweight rate in 2018, 2019, and 2021 were 0.75 (95% CI = 0.69-0.82, P < 0.001), 0.78 (95% CI = 0.72-0.84, P < 0.001), and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.81-0.97, P = 0.008), respectively, compared to 2020. CONCLUSIONS The rates of overweight and obesity significantly increased among kindergarten children in 2020 after the 5-month kindergarten closure. It was critical to provide guidance to caregivers on fostering a healthy lifestyle for children at home under public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Long
- Department of Woman and Child Health Care, Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 1216 Gaotai Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201821, China
| | - Xing-Ying Li
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China), Fudan University, Mailbox 175, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China), Fudan University, Mailbox 175, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Lian-Di Shen
- Department of Administrative Office, Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 1216 Gaotai Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201821, China.
| | - Li-Feng Zhang
- Department of Woman and Child Health Care, Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 1216 Gaotai Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201821, China
| | - Zheng Pu
- Department of Woman and Child Health Care, Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 1216 Gaotai Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201821, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Woman and Child Health Care, Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 1216 Gaotai Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201821, China
| | - Mu Li
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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The effects of snack foods of different energy density on self-served portions and consumption in preschool children. Appetite 2023; 185:106527. [PMID: 36907517 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
It is recommended that preschoolers serve themselves their own food portions; however, it is unclear what factors influence the amount they select for consumption, and particularly how their selected portions are influenced by food properties such as energy density, volume, and weight. We offered preschool children snacks differing in energy density (ED) and investigated the effects on the amounts they served and then consumed. In a crossover design, 52 children aged 4-6 y (46% girls; 21% overweight) ate an afternoon snack on 2 days in their childcare classrooms. Before each snack time, children served the amount they would like to eat of 4 snacks presented in equal volumes but differing in ED (higher-ED: pretzels, cookies; lower-ED: strawberries, carrots). Across the 2 sessions, children were given their self-served amount of either pretzels (3.9 kcal/g) or strawberries (0.3 kcal/g) and intake was measured. Later, children tasted all 4 snacks and rated liking. Results showed that the portions children served themselves were influenced by their liking ratings (p = 0.0006), but after accounting for liking, the volumes they served were similar for all 4 foods (p = 0.27). At snack time, children ate a greater proportion of self-served strawberries (92 ± 4%) than pretzels (73 ± 4%; p = 0.0003), but because of the ED difference they consumed 55 ± 4 kcal more from pretzels than strawberries (p < 0.0001). The difference in snack intake by volume was not attributable to liking ratings (p = 0.87). That children served a consistent volume of similarly-liked snacks suggests that their portions were affected more by visual cues than by weight or energy content. Despite eating a greater volume of lower-ED strawberries, children consumed more energy from the higher-ED pretzels, highlighting the contribution of energy density to children's energy intake.
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Jaeger V, Koletzko B, Luque V, Gruszfeld D, Verduci E, Xhonneux A, Grote V. Eating Frequency in European Children from 1 to 96 Months of Age: Results of the Childhood Obesity Project Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040984. [PMID: 36839341 PMCID: PMC9958886 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the eating frequency (EF) in children over age, and examined the influence of country, sex, feeding mode and weight status on EF. We used the dietary data of the Childhood Obesity Project, which comprised European children from five countries. Dietary data of 3-days weighed and estimated records were available monthly from 1 to 9 and at 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 60-, 72- and 96-months old. Generalized additive mixed effects models were used to estimate EF trajectories with EF as outcome and applying age splines. Additionally, the models were further adjusted for country, feeding mode, sex or weight status. Data from 1244 children were analysed. EF was highest at 1 month with on average 7.3 ± 1.9 feeds per day, and fell to 5.1 ± 1.1 eating occasions at the age 96 months. Night feeding was similarly often than day feeding at 1 month but declined thereafter. Significant differences in EF were observed between countries (p < 0.05), with the highest EF in Poland, and between infant feeding modes, with a higher EF in breastfed than non-breastfed infants (p < 0.05). Sex and body weight were not associated with EF. Despite the importance of EF towards total energy intake, no association with weight status was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Jaeger
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronica Luque
- Paediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili-IISPV, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Rovira I Virgili-IISPV, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Dariusz Gruszfeld
- Neonatal Department and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Annick Xhonneux
- Groupe Santé CHC, Bd. Patience et Beaujonc 2—(B), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Veit Grote
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany
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Croce CM, Tripicchio GL, Coffman DL, Fisher JO. Association of Snacking Frequency, Size, and Energy Density with Weight Status among Preschool-Aged Children in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 2023; 123:309-317. [PMID: 35809782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snacking (ie, eating between meals) is common among US preschool-aged children, but associations with weight status are unclear. OBJECTIVE This research evaluated associations of snack frequency, size, and energy density as well as the percent of daily energy from snacking with weight status and sociodemographic characteristics among US children aged 2 to 5 years. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data using two, caregiver proxy, 24-hour dietary recalls. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING US children aged 2 to 5 years (n = 3,313) with at least one snack occasion over 2 days of intake. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Snacking parameters included frequency (number of occasions per day), size (kilocalories per occasion), and energy density (kilocalories per gram per occasion) as well as percent of daily energy from snacking. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Generalized linear regression models evaluated associations of snacking with child weight status (ie, normal weight and overweight/obesity), adjusting for survey weights, energy misreporting, mean meal size, and sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS Children with overweight/obesity consumed more frequent snacks (2.8 [0.06] vs 2.5 [0.03] snacks/day, respectively; P < 0.001), larger snacks (188 [4] vs 162 [23] kcal/occasion, respectively; P < 0.001), and a greater percent of daily energy from snacking (29.80% [1.00%] vs 26.09% [0.40%], respectively; P < 0.001) than children with normal weight. Mean snack frequency and size as well as percentage of daily energy from snacking varied with child age, gender, and head of household education. Associations of snacking with child race and ethnicity were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS These nationally representative findings provide evidence that the consumption of larger, more frequent snacks is associated with overweight/obesity among US children aged 2 to 5 years and snacking varies by sociodemographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Croce
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gina L Tripicchio
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna L Coffman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Orlet Fisher
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Chong LS, Lin B, Gordis E. Racial differences in sympathetic nervous system indicators: Implications and challenges for research. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108496. [PMID: 36641137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates the presence of racial differences in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) functioning, yet the nature of these differences is unclear and appears to vary across different indices of SNS activity. Moreover, racial differences among commonly used indices of SNS activity are under-investigated. This systematic review examines racial differences among widely used resting SNS indices, such as electrodermal activity (EDA), pre-ejection period (PEP), and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). Our review reveals that Black participants have consistently been found to display lower resting EDA compared to White participants. The few studies that have investigated or reported racial differences in PEP and sAA yield mixed findings about whether racial differences exist. We discuss potential reasons for racial differences in SNS activity, such as index-specific factors, lab confounds, psychosocial environmental factors, and their interactions. We outline a framework characterizing possible contributors to racial differences in SNS functioning. Lastly, we highlight the implications of several definitional, analytic, and interpretive issues concerning the treatment of group differences in psychophysiological activity and provide future recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen Chong
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Elana Gordis
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
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10
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Examination of dietary intake of UK preschool children by varying carers: evidence from the 2008-2016 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2063-2074. [PMID: 34842127 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early years caregivers can play a key role in young children's eating and the prevention of childhood obesity. The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) is a large representative survey collecting detailed food and nutrition consumption data. Using these data, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary intake of preschool children in the UK aged 2 to 4 years and accompanying adult/s. Nutrition consumption data from 1218 preschool children from years 1 to 8 of the 2008-2016 NDNS were accessed. Dietary data were captured using 3 or 4 day estimated food diaries. Regression analyses revealed significant differences in consumption when children were not accompanied by their parents. Compared with when children were with parents, children consumed significantly more energy dense meals (0·32 kJ/g, 95% CI 0·1-0·6 kJ/g), energy (62 kJ/g, (95% CI 27-97 kJ)) Na (19 mg, (95 % CI 6, 32)), added sugars (0·6 g, (95 % CI 0·1, 1·1)), vegetables (3 g, (95 % CI 1, 4)), total grams (12 g, (95 % CI 3, 21)) and saturated fat (0·2 g, (95 % CI 0·1, 0·4)) per eating occasion when accompanied by wider family. When children were accompanied by a formal childcare provider, they consumed significantly lower energy dense meals (-0·9 kJ/g, (95% CI -1·4 - -0·3 kJ/g)), less added sugars (-1·6 g, (95 % CI -2·4, -0·8)) and more fruit (12 g, (95 % CI 3, 21)) per eating occasion than when they were with their parents. The results demonstrate that non-parental caregivers might be an important target to promote healthy eating in young children. Further research is needed to establish which caregivers would benefit most.
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Screen Time and Its Association with Vegetables, Fruits, Snacks and Sugary Sweetened Beverages Intake among Chinese Preschool Children in Changsha, Hunan Province: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194086. [PMID: 36235738 PMCID: PMC9572133 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Screen time may influence preschoolers’ food consumption. However, there is limited evidence regarding preschoolers, especially in China. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between screen time and the consumption of vegetables, fruits, snacks, and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). (2) Methods: Participants (1567 caregivers) were recruited from six kindergartens in Hunan, China. Caregivers completed the questionnaire, which included the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and questions regarding their children’s daily screen time. (3) Results: The mean screen time of preschoolers was 1.36 ± 1.26 h, and the proportion of children who spent more than one hour on screens was 54.3% in the overall sample. Children with longer screen time consumed vegetables and fruits less frequently, while having a higher consumption of snacks and SSBs. After adjustment of sociodemographic confounders, children’s eating behaviors and parental feeding practices, the association of screen time with vegetables and SSBs still remained significant. (4) Conclusions: Screen time exposure needs to be monitored in preschool children, which was negatively associated with their consumption of vegetables and fruits, whereas it was positively associated with snacks and SSBs. Future research should focus more on the impact of screen time on children’s unhealthy behaviors and dietary patterns.
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Exploring rational and automatic processes in parents’ snack and beverage provision: The role of self-control, intention, and counter-intentional habit. Appetite 2022; 178:106185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rasmussen RA, Sisson SB, Campbell JE, DeGrace B, Baldwin JD. Home food access and children's heart healthy dietary intake at home and child care. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221090695. [PMID: 35350911 PMCID: PMC10434760 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221090695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: About 12 million children under 5 years of age attend early care and education centers (ECEs). Child intake at home can be impacted by food insecurity, which is higher among low income, rural, and racially diverse families. Aim: Determine whether greater access to fruits, vegetables, and snacks at home was associated with heart-healthy diet score at home and at ECEs in preschool-age children, and to determine whether there is a difference in heart-healthy diet score between home and ECEs. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving children (3-to-5-year-old, n = 88) who attended 16 licensed ECEs across Oklahoma. Caregivers completed the Healthy Home Survey and 3-Dinner Dietary recall to report children's home food access and home dinner dietary intake, respectively. Researchers recorded children's ECE lunch consumption using the Dietary Observation for Child Care. Heart-healthy diet score was derived from composite scores for six variables: consumption of fish, fruits, vegetables, sodium, fiber, and sugary drinks. Results: Home access to total fruits and vegetables (16.2 ± 6.3) outnumbered snacks (5.5 ± 3.0). No difference in composite heart-healthy diet score between ECEs (1.50 ± 0.8) and home (1.27 ± 0.9, P = 0.0851). Children within neither environment met recommendations for most variables (vegetables [18-24%], fruit [6-10%], fish [5-10%], fiber [1%], sodium [22-39%]). No relationship between home food access variables and the heart-healthy diet scores at home or ECEs. Conclusion: Dietary intake of children at home and ECEs does not meet heart-healthy diet score recommendations. Interventions should support preschool aged children from families that are located rurally, low-income, racial minorities, and whose primary caregivers work outside the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Susan B. Sisson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Janis E. Campbell
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Public Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Beth DeGrace
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Allied Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Baldwin
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Allied Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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14
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Damen FW, Luning PA, Fogliano V, Steenbekkers BL. Mothers choose a snack for their 2–3-year-old children based on different health perceptions. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Garcia AL, Curtin L, Ronquillo JD, Parrett A, Wright CM. Changes in the UK baby food market surveyed in 2013 and 2019: the rise of baby snacks and sweet/savoury foods. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:1162-1166. [PMID: 32675379 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-318845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess how the baby food market in the UK has changed between 2013 and 2019. SETTING United Kingdom. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey of all infant food products available to buy in the UK online and in-store collected in 2019. Nutritional content and product descriptions were recorded and compared with an existing 2013 database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in the proportion of products marketed to infants aged 4 months, proportion classified as sweet versus savoury, spoonable versus dry (snacks) average sugar content. RESULTS Fewer products were described as suitable for infants aged 4 months in 2019 (201, 23%) compared with 2013 (178, 43%; p<0.001), while the proportion for children in the 6-7-month age range increased (2013: 135, 33%; 2019: 369, 43%; p=0.001). The proportion of sweet and savoury products was unchanged; sweet spoonable products showed a small but significant decrease in sugar content (6%) between 2013 and 2019, but savoury spoonable products showed a 16% increase. Sweet snacks remained very sweet (~20 g/100 g median sugar at both time points). In the 2019 dataset, concentrated juice was added to 29% (n=253) of products and 18% (n=80) 'savoury' products comprised more than 50% sweet vegetables or fruit. The number and proportion of snacks increased markedly in 2019 (185, 21%) compared with 2013 (42, 10%; p=0.001) while the proportion of wet spoonable foods decreased (2013: 326, 79%; 2019: 611, 71%; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Fewer foods are now marketed to infants aged 4 months, but there has been no overall reduction in the sweetness of products and the increase in snack foods and the sweetness of savoury foods is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Lizbeth Garcia
- Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Curtin
- Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - José David Ronquillo
- Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison Parrett
- Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charlotte Margaret Wright
- Department of Child Health, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
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16
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Damen FW, Steenbekkers BL, de Vaal MT, Kampen JK, Fogliano V, Luning PA. General parenting and mothers’ snack giving behavior to their children aged 2–7. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Damen FWM, Steenbekkers BLPA, Fogliano V, Luning PA. Youngest versus oldest child: why does mothers' snack choice differ? Appetite 2020; 144:104455. [PMID: 31521767 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Young children frequently consume energy dense snacks, which is one of the factors contributing to childhood overweight. The consumption of more healthy snacks could help in meeting the dietary intake requirements of children. Previous research suggested that mothers of first children showed more health-conscious food behavior compared to mothers of not-first children. However, what is missing from earlier research is an in-depth exploration of differences in considerations to choose a snack and the reasons connected. Therefore, this study aims to characterize differences in mothers' snack choice for their youngest child at 2-3 years and their oldest child when he/she was of the same age. Moreover, this study aims to identify reasons for these differences. A grounded theory approach was used for data collection and analysis. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 17 Dutch mothers with two or three children. All mothers indicated differences between snacks provided to their youngest child (2-3 years) and their oldest child when it was of the same age. Most frequently mentioned differences were youngest children receive unhealthy snacks at a younger age, the structure regarding snack providing is more fixed, and that youngest children receive less age-specific snacks. Most frequently mentioned reasons for these differences were role-modelling, novelty of the first-born, availability of other types of snacks at home, and school hours of the oldest child. The study provided insights into the possible role of siblings in shaping snack consumption. Results might be relevant for the development of intervention strategies to increase mothers' awareness and to help to meet children's dietary requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke W M Damen
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Bea L P A Steenbekkers
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Pieternel A Luning
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen, Netherlands
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