1
|
Singh P, Mahar R. Cyclodextrin in drug delivery: Exploring scaffolds, properties, and cutting-edge applications. Int J Pharm 2024; 662:124485. [PMID: 39029633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are unique cyclic compounds that can form inclusion complexes via host-guest complexation with a wide range of molecules, thereby altering their physicochemical properties. These molecules offer the formation of inclusion complexes without the formation of covalent bonds, making them suitable for a variety of applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Due to their supramolecular host-guest properties, CDs are being utilized in the fabrication of biomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, and nano-drug carriers. Additionally, CDs in combination with biomolecules are biocompatible and can deliver nano to macromolecules at the site of drug actions. However, the availability of free hydroxyl groups and a simple crosslinking process for supramolecular fabrication show immense opportunities for researchers in the field of tissue engineering and biomedical applications. In this review article, we have covered the historical development, various types of chemical frameworks, unique chemical and physical properties, and important applications of CDs in drug delivery and biomedical sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parbeen Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Connecticut, United States.
| | - Rohit Mahar
- Department of Chemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding B, Zhu Z, Guo C, Li J, Gan Y, Yu M. Oral peptide therapeutics for diabetes treatment: State-of-the-art and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2006-2025. [PMID: 38799624 PMCID: PMC11120284 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Peptides, such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, have shown promise as treatments for diabetes due to their ability to mimic or enhance insulin's actions in the body. Compared to subcutaneous injection, oral administration of anti-diabetic peptides is a preferred approach. However, biological barriers significantly reduce the efficacy of oral peptide therapeutics. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems and formulation techniques have greatly improved the oral delivery of peptide therapeutics and their efficacy in treating diabetes. This review will highlight (1) the benefits of oral anti-diabetic peptide therapeutics; (2) the biological barriers for oral peptide delivery, including pH and enzyme degradation, intestinal mucosa barrier, and biodistribution barrier; (3) the delivery platforms to overcome these biological barriers. Additionally, the review will discuss the prospects in this field. The information provided in this review will serve as a valuable guide for future developments in oral anti-diabetic peptide therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Cong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Miaorong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen C, Beloqui A, Xu Y. Oral nanomedicine biointeractions in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115117. [PMID: 37898337 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is the preferred route of administration based on the convenience for and compliance of the patient. Oral nanomedicines have been developed to overcome the limitations of free drugs and overcome gastrointestinal (GI) barriers, which are heterogeneous across healthy and diseased populations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and comparison of the oral nanomedicine biointeractions in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in health and disease (GI and extra-GI diseases) and highlight emerging strategies that exploit these differences for oral nanomedicine-based treatment. We introduce the key GI barriers related to oral delivery and summarize their pathological changes in various diseases. We discuss nanomedicine biointeractions in the GIT in health by describing the general biointeractions based on the type of oral nanomedicine and advanced biointeractions facilitated by advanced strategies applied in this field. We then discuss nanomedicine biointeractions in different diseases and explore how pathological characteristics have been harnessed to advance the development of oral nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Beloqui
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; WEL Research Institute, avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
| | - Yining Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cyclodextrin regulated natural polysaccharide hydrogels for biomedical applications-a review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120760. [PMID: 37182939 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin and its derivative (CDs) are natural building blocks for linking with other components to afford functional biomaterials. Hydrogels are polymer network systems that can form hydrophilic three-dimensional network structures through different cross-linking methods and are developing as potential materials in biomedical applications. Natural polysaccharide hydrogels (NPHs) are widely adopted in biomedical field with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cytotoxicity, and versatility in emulating natural tissue properties. Compared with conventional NPHs, CD regulated natural polysaccharide hydrogels (CD-NPHs) maintain good biocompatibility, while improving poor mechanical qualities and unpredictable gelation times. Recently, there has been increasing and considerable usage of CD-NPHs while there is still no review comprehensively introducing their construction, classification, and application of these hydrogels from the material point of view regarding biomedical fields. To draw a complete picture of the current and future development of CD-NPHs, we systematically overview the classification of CD-NPHs, and provide a holistic view on the role of CD-NPHs in different biomedical fields, especially in drug delivery, wound dressing, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. Moreover, the current challenges and prospects of CD-NPHs are discussed rationally, providing an insight into developing vibrant fields of CD-NPHs-based biomedicine, and facilitating their translation from bench to clinical medicine.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Yu Z, Jiang S, Dai X, Wang G, Wang Y, Yang Z, Gao J, Zou H. An amelogenin-based peptide hydrogel promoted the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac039. [PMID: 35936553 PMCID: PMC9348551 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin can induce odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs), which has great potential and advantages in dentine-pulp complex regeneration. However, the unstability of amelogenin limits its further application. This study constructed amelogenin self-assembling peptide hydrogels (L-gel or D-gel) by heating-cooling technique, investigated the effects of these hydrogels on the odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs and explored the underneath mechanism. The critical aggregation concentration, conformation, morphology, mechanical property and biological stability of the hydrogels were characterized, respectively. The effects of the hydrogels on the odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs were evaluated via alkaline phosphatase activity measurement, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot, Alizarin red staining and scanning electron microscope. The mechanism was explored via signaling pathway experiments. Results showed that both the L-gel and D-gel stimulated the odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs on both Day 7 and Day 14, while the D-gel showed the highest enhancement effects. Meanwhile, the D-gel promoted calcium accumulation and mineralized matrix deposition on Day 21. The D-gel activated MAPK-ERK1/2 pathways in HDPCs and induced the odontogenic differentiation via ERK1/2 and transforming growth factor/smad pathways. Overall, our study demonstrated that the amelogenin peptide hydrogel stimulated the odontogenic differentiation and enhanced mineralization, which held big potential in the dentine-pulp complex regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhaoxia Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University , Tianjin 300041, China
- Nankai University School of Medicine, , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shihui Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University , Tianjin 300041, China
- Nankai University School of Medicine, , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaohua Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University , Tianjin 300041, China
- Nankai University School of Medicine, , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guanhua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University , Tianjin 300041, China
- Nankai University School of Medicine, , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University , Tianjin 300041, China
- Nankai University School of Medicine, , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huiru Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University , Tianjin 300041, China
- Nankai University School of Medicine, , Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Application of Nano-β-Cyclodextrin to Induce Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids and Antioxidant Activity of Basil. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-021-01163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
7
|
Rial-Hermida MI, Rey-Rico A, Blanco-Fernandez B, Carballo-Pedrares N, Byrne EM, Mano JF. Recent Progress on Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Biomolecules. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4102-4127. [PMID: 34137581 PMCID: PMC8919265 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A plethora of applications using
polysaccharides have been developed
in recent years due to their availability as well as their frequent
nontoxicity and biodegradability. These polymers are usually obtained
from renewable sources or are byproducts of industrial processes,
thus, their use is collaborative in waste management and shows promise
for an enhanced sustainable circular economy. Regarding the development
of novel delivery systems for biotherapeutics, the potential of polysaccharides
is attractive for the previously mentioned properties and also for
the possibility of chemical modification of their structures, their
ability to form matrixes of diverse architectures and mechanical properties,
as well as for their ability to maintain bioactivity following incorporation
of the biomolecules into the matrix. Biotherapeutics, such as proteins,
growth factors, gene vectors, enzymes, hormones, DNA/RNA, and antibodies
are currently in use as major therapeutics in a wide range of pathologies.
In the present review, we summarize recent progress in the development
of polysaccharide-based hydrogels of diverse nature, alone or in combination
with other polymers or drug delivery systems, which have been implemented
in the delivery of biotherapeutics in the pharmaceutical and biomedical
fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Rial-Hermida
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Barbara Blanco-Fernandez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Carballo-Pedrares
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eimear M Byrne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute For Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ibeanu N, Egbu R, Onyekuru L, Javaheri H, Tee Khaw P, R. Williams G, Brocchini S, Awwad S. Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E999. [PMID: 33096803 PMCID: PMC7589296 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. The emergence of polypeptides has yielded advancements in the fields of biopharmaceutical production and formulation. Polypeptides often display poor pharmacokinetics, limited permeability across biological barriers, suboptimal biodistribution, and some proclivity for immunogenicity. Frequent administration of polypeptides is generally required to maintain adequate therapeutic levels, which can limit efficacy and compliance while increasing adverse reactions. Many strategies to increase the duration of action of therapeutic polypeptides have been described with many clinical products having been developed. This review describes approaches to optimise polypeptide delivery organised by the commonly used routes of administration. Future innovations in formulation may hold the key to the continued successful development of proteins and peptides with optimal clinical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nkiruka Ibeanu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Raphael Egbu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Lesley Onyekuru
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Hoda Javaheri
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Steve Brocchini
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Sahar Awwad
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tong T, Wang L, You X, Wu J. Nano and microscale delivery platforms for enhanced oral peptide/protein bioavailability. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5804-5823. [PMID: 33016274 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, peptide/protein drugs have attracted considerable attention owing to their superior targeting and therapeutic effect and fewer side effects compared with chemical drugs. Oral administration modality with enhanced patient compliance is increasingly being recognized as an ideal route for peptide/protein delivery. However, the limited permeation efficiency and low oral bioavailability of peptide/protein drugs significantly hinder therapeutic advances. To address these problems, various nano and microscale delivery platforms have been developed, which offer significant advantages in oral peptide/protein delivery. In this review, we briefly introduce the transport mechanisms of oral peptide/protein delivery and the primary barriers to this delivery process. We also highlight the recent advances in various nano and microscale delivery platforms designed for oral peptide/protein delivery. We then summarize the existing strategies used in these delivery platforms to improve the oral bioavailability and permeation efficiency of peptide/protein therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the major challenges faced when nano and microscale systems are used for oral peptide/protein delivery. This review is expected to provide critical insight into the design and development of oral peptide/protein delivery systems with significant therapeutic advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong, Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao Y, Tang Z, Wang J, Liu C, Kong N, Farokhzad OC, Tao W. Oral Insulin Delivery Platforms: Strategies To Address the Biological Barriers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19787-19795. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Xiao
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Junqing Wang
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Chuang Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiao Y, Tang Z, Wang J, Liu C, Kong N, Farokhzad OC, Tao W. Plattformen für die orale Insulinabgabe: Strategien zur Beseitigung der biologischen Barrieren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Xiao
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Junqing Wang
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Chuang Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Notario-Pérez F, Martín-Illana A, Cazorla-Luna R, Ruiz-Caro R, Tamayo A, Rubio J, María-Dolores V. Mucoadhesive Vaginal Discs based on Cyclodextrin and Surfactants for the Controlled Release of Antiretroviral Drugs to Prevent the Sexual Transmission of HIV. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040321. [PMID: 32265431 PMCID: PMC7238131 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategies for developing vaginal microbicides to protect women against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sexual transmission are constantly changing. Although the initial dosage forms required daily administration to offer effective protection, the trend then moved towards sustained-release dosage forms that require less frequency of administration in order to improve women's compliance with the treatment. Nevertheless, another possible strategy is to design on-demand products that can be used in a coitally-dependent manner and only need to be administered immediately before intercourse to offer protection. Vaginal discs based on freeze-dried hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose gels have been developed for this purpose, containing two surfactants, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulphate and polysorbate 60, alone or in combination with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, to achieve a formulation capable of incorporating both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Several studies have been carried out to evaluate how the inclusion of these substances modifies the structure of gels (viscosity and consistency studies) and the porosimetry of the freeze-dried discs (scanning electron microscopy micrographs, mechanical properties, swelling behaviour). The drug release and mucoadhesive properties of the discs have also been evaluated with a view to their clinical application. The systems combining sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were found to be adequate for the vaginal administration of both Tenofovir and Dapivirine and also offer excellent mucoadhesion to vaginal tissue; these discs could therefore be an interesting option for a coitally-dependent administration to protect women against HIV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Araceli Martín-Illana
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Raúl Cazorla-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049-Madrid, Spain; (A.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Juan Rubio
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049-Madrid, Spain; (A.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Veiga María-Dolores
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-942091; Fax: +34-913-941736
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He Y, Zhang W, Guo T, Zhang G, Qin W, Zhang L, Wang C, Zhu W, Yang M, Hu X, Singh V, Wu L, Gref R, Zhang J. Drug nanoclusters formed in confined nano-cages of CD-MOF: dramatic enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of azilsartan. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:97-106. [PMID: 30766781 PMCID: PMC6361728 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been devoted to the enhancement of drug solubility using nanotechnologies, but few of them are capable to produce drug particles with sizes less than a few nanometers. This challenge has been addressed here by using biocompatible versatile γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) metal-organic framework (CD-MOF) large molecular cages in which azilsartan (AZL) was successfully confined producing clusters in the nanometer range. This strategy allowed to improve the bioavailability of AZL in Sprague-Dawley rats by 9.7-fold after loading into CD-MOF. The apparent solubility of AZL/CD-MOF was enhanced by 340-fold when compared to the pure drug. Based on molecular modeling, a dual molecular mechanism of nanoclusterization and complexation of AZL inside the CD-MOF cages was proposed, which was confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and synchrotron radiation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SR-FTIR) techniques. In a typical cage-like unit of CD-MOF, three molecules of AZL were included by the γ-CD pairs, whilst other three AZL molecules formed a nanocluster inside the 1.7 nm sized cavity surrounded by six γ-CDs. This research demonstrates a dual molecular mechanism of complexation and nanoclusterization in CD-MOF leading to significant improvement in the bioavailability of insoluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi He
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Caifen Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d׳Orsay, UMR 8214 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86-0-20231980.
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d׳Orsay, UMR 8214 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +33-0-169158247.
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86-21-20231980.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Durack E, Mallen S, O'Connor PM, Rea MC, Ross RP, Hill C, Hudson S. Protecting bactofencin A to enable its antimicrobial activity using mesoporous matrices. Int J Pharm 2018; 558:9-17. [PMID: 30578979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is huge global concern surrounding the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and this is resulting in an inability to treat infectious diseases. This is due to a lack of new antimicrobials coming to the market and irresponsible use of traditional antibiotics. Bactofencin A, a novel antimicrobial peptide which shows potential as an antibiotic, is susceptible to enzyme degradation. To improve its solution stability and inherent activity, bactofencin A was loaded onto a traditional silica mesoporous matrix, SBA-15, and a periodic mesoporous organosilane, MSE. The loading of bactofencin A was considerably higher onto SBA-15 than MSE due to the hydrophilic nature of SBA-15. While there was no detectable peptide released from SBA-15 into phosphate buffered saline and only 20% of the peptide loaded onto MSE was released, the loaded matrices showed enhanced activity compared to the free peptide during in vitro antimicrobial assays. In addition, the mesoporous matrices were found to protect bactofencin A against enzymatic degradation where results showed that the SBA-15 and MSE with loaded bactofencin A exposed to trypsin inhibited the growth of S. aureus while a large decrease in activity was observed for free bactofencin upon exposure to trypsin. Thus, the activity and stability of bactofencin A can be enhanced using mesoporous matrices and these matrices may enable its potential development as a novel antibiotic. This work also shows that in silico studies looking at surface functional group and size complementarity between the peptide and the protective matrix could enable the systemic selection of a mesoporous matrix for individual bacteriocins with potential antimicrobial therapeutic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edel Durack
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre & Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sarah Mallen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre & Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Paula M O'Connor
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre & Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cutrín-Gómez E, Anguiano-Igea S, Delgado-Charro MB, Gómez-Amoza JL, Otero-Espinar FJ. Effect of Penetration Enhancers on Drug Nail Permeability from Cyclodextrin/Poloxamer-Soluble Polypseudorotaxane-Based Nail Lacquers. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040273. [PMID: 30551601 PMCID: PMC6321522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nail delivery has interest for local treatment of nail diseases. Nevertheless, the low permeability of drugs in the nail plaque precludes the efficacy of local treatments. The use of penetration enhancers can increase drug permeability and improve the efficacy of the treatment of nail pathologies. In this work, different chemical substances have been evaluated as potential penetration enhancers. With this aim, the effect of different substances such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300), carbocysteine, N-acetylcysteine, lactic acid, potassium phosphate, Labrasol® and Labrafil® in the microstructure, nail surface and drug permeability has been evaluated. The models obtained by mercury intrusion porosimetry and PoreXpert™ software show a more porous structure in nails treated with different enhancers. Permeation studies with bovine hooves and nails revealed that all the hydroalcoholic lacquers developed, and particularly those prepared with SLS, provide better nail penetration of the drugs ciclopirox olamine and clobetasol propionate. Results have shown that the increase of the drug penetration in the nail is caused by the formation of a porous random microstructure and by the decrease of the contact angle between lacquers and the surface or the nail plaque. The presence of SLS produces an improvement in the spreading of the solution on the nail surface and promotes the penetration of the solution into the nail pores. The hydroalcoholic lacquer, elaborated with cyclodextrin/poloxamer soluble polypseudorotaxane and sodium lauryl sulfate as an enhancer, allowed the rate of diffusion and penetration of the active ingredient within the nail to be significantly higher than obtained with the reference lacquers when using either ciclopirox olamine or clobetasol propionate as the active ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cutrín-Gómez
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Soledad Anguiano-Igea
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | | | - José Luis Gómez-Amoza
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou X, Hao Y, Yuan L, Pradhan S, Shrestha K, Pradhan O, Liu H, Li W. Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
17
|
Wang L, Zheng X, Wu F, Shen L, Lin X, Feng Y. Delivery of radix ophiopogonis polysaccharide via sucrose acetateisobutyrate-based in situ forming systems alone or combined with itsmono-PEGylation. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:267-277. [PMID: 29334805 PMCID: PMC6058690 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1425775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to achieve long-lasting delivery of radix ophiopogonis polysaccharide (ROP) by sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB)-based in situ forming systems (ISFSs) alone or combined with mono-PEGylation of ROP. When the ‘90%SAIB/10% solvent’ system was used, the mean residence time (MRT) of ROP was prolonged by 4.3 5 ∼ 7.00 times and the initial release rate was reduced significantly. However, this system was only suitable for days-long sustained release of ROP in short-term therapy. As to the ‘SAIB/additives/solvent’ system containing mono-PEGylated ROP, the results indicated that SAIB/poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was superior to SAIB/polylactic acid (PLA)/NMP and SAIB/PLA/ethanol in controlled release. Moreover, weeks- to months-long (16–60 d) smooth release of ROP could be achieved by varying the concentration (10–30%) and molecular weight (MW) of PLGA (10–50 kDa) or by employing a moderate MW of PEGylated ROP (∼20 or ∼30 kDa). With further increasing the conjugate MW to ∼40 kDa, the contribution of drug elimination to its plasma retention seemed to surpass that of the SAIB-based system, resulting in that the system no longer had an obvious influence on the in vivo behavior of the conjugate. Besides, the results of host response confirmed that with less solvent being used, the SAIB-based systems showed a higher biocompatibility than the PLGA-based systems, suggesting that they could be freely chosen in the prevention and/or cure of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LiNa Wang
- a College of Chinese Materia Medica , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China.,b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- a College of Chinese Materia Medica , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Fei Wu
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Lan Shen
- a College of Chinese Materia Medica , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xiao Lin
- a College of Chinese Materia Medica , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China.,b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Yi Feng
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Synthesis,characterization of 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium lauryl sulfate and its inclusion phenomenon with β-cyclodextrin for enhanced applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
19
|
Liu L, Yao W, Rao Y, Lu X, Gao J. pH-Responsive carriers for oral drug delivery: challenges and opportunities of current platforms. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:569-581. [PMID: 28195032 PMCID: PMC8241197 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1279238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration is a desirable alternative of parenteral administration due to the convenience and increased compliance to patients, especially for chronic diseases that require frequent administration. The oral drug delivery is a dynamic research field despite the numerous challenges limiting their effective delivery, such as enzyme degradation, hydrolysis and low permeability of intestinal epithelium in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. pH-Responsive carriers offer excellent potential as oral therapeutic systems due to enhancing the stability of drug delivery in stomach and achieving controlled release in intestines. This review provides a wide perspective on current status of pH-responsive oral drug delivery systems prepared mainly with organic polymers or inorganic materials, including the strategies used to overcome GI barriers, the challenges in their development and future prospects, with focus on technology trends to improve the bioavailability of orally delivered drugs, the mechanisms of drug release from pH-responsive oral formulations, and their application for drug delivery, such as protein and peptide therapeutics, vaccination, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China, and
| | - WenDong Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - YueFeng Rao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - XiaoYang Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - JianQing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China, and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo X, Wang W. Challenges and recent advances in the subcutaneous delivery of insulin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:727-734. [PMID: 27626885 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1232247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|