1
|
Guner G, Mehaj M, Seetharaman N, Elashri S, Yao HF, Clancy DJ, Bilgili E. Do Mixtures of Beads with Different Sizes Improve Wet Stirred Media Milling of Drug Suspensions? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2213. [PMID: 37765182 PMCID: PMC10535179 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of bead sizes and bead mixtures on breakage kinetics, the number of milling cycles applied to prevent overheating, and power consumption during the nanomilling of drug (griseofulvin) suspensions were investigated from both an experimental and theoretical perspective. Narrowly sized zirconia beads with nominal sizes of 100, 200, and 400 µm and their half-and-half binary mixtures were used at 3000 and 4000 rpm with two bead loadings of 0.35 and 0.50. Particle size evolution was measured during the 3 h milling experiments using laser diffraction. An nth-order breakage model was fitted to the experimental median particle size evolution, and various microhydrodynamic parameters were calculated. In general, the beads and their mixtures with smaller median sizes achieved faster breakage. While the microhydrodynamic model explained the impacts of process parameters, it was limited in describing bead mixtures. For additional test runs performed, the kinetics model augmented with a decision tree model using process parameters outperformed that augmented with an elastic-net regression model using the microhydrodynamic parameters. The evaluation of the process merit scores suggests that the use of bead mixtures did not lead to notable process improvement; 100 µm beads generally outperformed bead mixtures and coarser beads in terms of fast breakage, low power consumption and heat generation, and low intermittent milling cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulenay Guner
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Mirsad Mehaj
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Natasha Seetharaman
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sherif Elashri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Helen F Yao
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Donald J Clancy
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hossein Sehhat M, Perez-Palomino D, Wiedemeier C, Cullom T, Newkirk JW. Characterization of Virgin, Re-used, and Oxygen-reduced Copper Powders processed by the Plasma Spheroidization Process. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
3
|
Predicting the Temperature Evolution during Nanomilling of Drug Suspensions via a Semi-Theoretical Lumped-Parameter Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122840. [PMID: 36559333 PMCID: PMC9788500 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although temperature can significantly affect the stability and degradation of drug nanosuspensions, temperature evolution during the production of drug nanoparticles via wet stirred media milling, also known as nanomilling, has not been studied extensively. This study aims to establish both descriptive and predictive capabilities of a semi-theoretical lumped parameter model (LPM) for temperature evolution. In the experiments, the mill was operated at various stirrer speeds, bead loadings, and bead sizes, while the temperature evolution at the mill outlet was recorded. The LPM was formulated and fitted to the experimental temperature profiles in the training runs, and its parameters, i.e., the apparent heat generation rate Qgen and the apparent overall heat transfer coefficient times surface area UA, were estimated. For the test runs, these parameters were predicted as a function of the process parameters via a power law (PL) model and machine learning (ML) model. The LPM augmented with the PL and ML models was used to predict the temperature evolution in the test runs. The LPM predictions were also compared with those of an enthalpy balance model (EBM) developed recently. The LPM had a fitting capability with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) lower than 0.9 °C, and a prediction capability, when augmented with the PL and ML models, with an RMSE lower than 4.1 and 2.1 °C, respectively. Overall, the LPM augmented with the PL model had both good descriptive and predictive capability, whereas the one with the ML model had a comparable predictive capability. Despite being simple, with two parameters and obviating the need for sophisticated numerical techniques for its solution, the semi-theoretical LPM generally predicts the temperature evolution similarly or slightly better than the EBM. Hence, this study has provided a validated, simple model for pharmaceutical engineers to simulate the temperature evolution during the nanomilling process, which will help to set proper process controls for thermally labile drugs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Milling of pharmaceutical powder carrier excipients: Application of central composite design. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Guner G, Elashri S, Mehaj M, Seetharaman N, Yao HF, Clancy DJ, Bilgili E. An Enthalpy-Balance Model for Timewise Evolution of Temperature during Wet Stirred Media Milling of Drug Suspensions. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2065-2082. [PMID: 35915319 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanosuspensions have been used for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. This study explores the temperature evolution during their preparation in a wet stirred media mill using a coupled experimental-enthalpy balance approach. METHODS Milling was performed at three levels of stirrer speed, bead loading, and bead sizes. Temperatures were recorded over time, then simulated using an enthalpy balance model by fitting the fraction of power converted to heat ξ. Moreover, initial and final power, ξ, and temperature profiles at 5 different test runs were predicted by power-law (PL) and machine learning (ML) approaches. RESULTS Heat generation was higher at the higher stirrer speed and bead loading/size, which was explained by the higher power consumption. Despite its simplicity with a single fitting parameter ξ, the enthalpy balance model fitted the temperature evolution well with root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.40-2.34°C. PL and ML approaches provided decent predictions of the temperature profiles in the test runs, with RMSE of 0.93-4.17 and 1.00-2.17°C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We established the impact of milling parameters on heat generation-power and demonstrated the simulation-prediction capability of an enthalpy balance model when coupled to the PL-ML approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulenay Guner
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sherif Elashri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mirsad Mehaj
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Natasha Seetharaman
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Helen F Yao
- GlaxoSmithKline, Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Donald J Clancy
- GlaxoSmithKline, Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effects of bead packing limit concentration on microhydrodynamics-based prediction of breakage kinetics in wet stirred media milling. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Tischer F, Düsenberg B, Gräser T, Kaschta J, Schmidt J, Peukert W. Abrasion-Induced Acceleration of Melt Crystallisation of Wet Comminuted Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040810. [PMID: 35215723 PMCID: PMC8963030 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within this contribution, the effect of grinding media wear on the melt crystallisation of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is addressed. PBT was wet ground in a stirred media mill in ethanol using different grinding media beads (silica, chrome steel, cerium-stabilised and yttrium-stabilised zirconia) at comparable stress energies with the intention to use the obtained particles as feed materials for the production of feedstocks for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (PBF-AM). In PBF‑AM, the feedstock’s optical, rheological and especially thermal properties—including melt crystallisation kinetics—strongly influence the processability and properties of the manufactured parts. The influence of process parameters and used grinding media during wet comminution on the optical properties, crystal structure, molar mass distribution, inorganic content (wear) and thermal properties of the obtained powders is discussed. A grinding media-dependent acceleration of the melt crystallisation could be attributed to wear particles serving as nuclei for heterogeneous crystallisation. Yttrium-stabilised zirconia grinding beads proved to be the most suitable for the production of polymer powders for the PBF process in terms of (fast) comminution kinetics, unchanged optical properties and the least accelerated crystallisation kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Tischer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.T.); (B.D.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Björn Düsenberg
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.T.); (B.D.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Timo Gräser
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.T.); (B.D.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Joachim Kaschta
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.T.); (B.D.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.T.); (B.D.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|