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Rivero-Wendt CLG, Miranda-Vilela AL, Domingues I, Oliveira R, Monteiro MS, Moura-Mello MAM, Matias R, Soares AMVM, Grisolia CK. Steroid androgen 17 alpha methyltestosterone used in fish farming induces biochemical alterations in zebrafish adults. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1321-1332. [PMID: 32654587 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1790954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 17 alpha methyltestosterone (MT) hormone is fed to Oreochromis niloticus larvae in fish farms with the purpose of inducing sex reversal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and sub-lethality of MT (99.9% purity) and cMT (a commercial MT with 90% purity) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults, where the animals were exposed to concentrations of 0, 4, 23, 139, 833 and 5000 µg/L for 96 hours. Genotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus test (MN), nuclear abnormalities (NA) and comet assay. A low genotoxic potential of MT was showed, inducing micronucleus, nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage in Danio rerio, depending on the use of MT or cMT, gender and tested concentrations. In the sub-lethality trials, there was a basal difference in the activity of the enzymatic biochemical markers for males and females, while the Glutatione S transferase (GST) activity decreased in all analyzed tissues, and for males the enzymatic activity decreased only in the intestine. Results suggest that MT has a toxic potential to fish because it alters enzymatic metabolic pathways and may pose a risk to the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Luisa Miranda-Vilela
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rhaul Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Amadeu Mortágua Velho Maia Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Graduate Program in Vegetal Production, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, Brazil
| | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Szwejser E, Pijanowski L, Maciuszek M, Ptak A, Wartalski K, Duda M, Segner H, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. Stress differentially affects the systemic and leukocyte estrogen network in common carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:190-201. [PMID: 28698119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Both systemic and locally released steroid hormones, such as cortisol and estrogens, show immunomodulatory actions. This research gives evidence that circulating and leukocyte-derived estrogens can be involved in the regulation of the immune response in common carp, during homeostasis and upon restraining stress. It was found that stress reduced level of blood 17β-estradiol (E2) and down-regulated the gene expression of components of the "classical" estrogen system: the nuclear estrogen receptors and the aromatase CYP19, in the hypothalamus, the pituitary and in the ovaries. In contrast, higher gene expression of the nuclear estrogen receptors and cyp19a was found in the head kidney of stressed animals. Moreover, stress induced changes in the E2 level and in the estrogen sensitivity at local/leukocyte level. For the first time in fish, we showed the presence of physiologically relevant amounts of E2 and the substrates for its conversion (estrone - E1 and testosterone - T) in head kidney monocytes/macrophages and found that its production is modulated upon stress. Moreover, stress reduced the sensitivity of leukocytes towards estrogens, by down-regulation the expression of the erb and cyp19 genes in carp phagocytes. In contrast, era expression was up-regulated in the head kidney monocytes/macrophages and in PBLs derived from stressed animals. We hypothesize that, the increased expression of ERα, that was observed during stress, can be important for the regulation of leukocyte differentiation, maturation and migration. In conclusion, these results indicate that, in fish, the estrogen network can be actively involved in the regulation of the systemic and local stress response and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwejser
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Wang X, Ma Y, Liu J, Yin X, Zhang Z, Wang C, Li Y, Wang H. Reproductive toxicity of β-diketone antibiotic mixtures to zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:160-170. [PMID: 28342328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
So far, few data are available on the reproductive toxicological assessment of β-diketone antibiotics (DKAs), a class of ubiquitous pseudo-persistent pollutant, in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Herein, we reported the reproductive effects of DKAs by means of transcriptome analysis (F1-zebrafish), changes in a series of reproductive indices (F0-zebrafish) and histopathological observations. A total of 1170, 983 and 1399 genes were found to be differentially expressed when compared control vs. 6.25mg/L, control vs. 12.5mg/L and 6.25 vs. 12.5mg/L DKA-exposure treatments, respectively. Among three comparison groups, 670, 569 and 821 genes were respectively assigned for GO analyses based on matches with sequences of known functions. In 149 KEGG-noted metabolic pathways, the preferential one was the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway, followed by oxidative phosphorylation, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and so on. By qPCR verification, 6 genes (c6ast4, igfbp1b, mrpl42, tnnc2, emc4 and ddit4) showed consistent gene expression with those identified by transcriptome sequencing. Due to DKA-exposure, the concentrations of plasma estradiol and testosterone, and the gonado-somatic index were significantly dose-dependently declined. Also, DKA-exposure led to declining in zebrafish reproductive capacity, reflecting in fertilization, hatchability and egg production. Histopathological observations demonstrated that zebrafish ovary and testis suffered serious damage after DKA-exposure. The 4-oxo-TEMP signals increased obviously with increasing DKA-exposed concentrations, implying disruption of balance between generation and clearance of 1O2. In summary, DKAs not only produce reproductive toxicological effects on F0-zebrafish, but also result in adverse consequences for growth and development of F1-zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Wang
- Key Lab of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaohan Yin
- Key Lab of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Lab of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huili Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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4
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Gong Y, Tian H, Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang W, Ru S. An in vivo assay performed using multiple biomarkers related to testosterone synthesis and conversion for assessing the androgenic potency of refuse leachate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:82-89. [PMID: 27716536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Refuse leachate is likely an important source of androgens. However, common in vitro bioassays underestimate the potential androgenic activity of leachate, owing to non-receptor-mediated mechanisms that modify the balance of sex hormones and promote the accumulation of endogenous androgens. This study aimed to develop an in vivo assay by using multiple biomarkers related to testosterone synthesis and conversion for assessing the potential androgenic activity of refuse leachate sampled from a municipal solid waste treatment plant in Qingdao, China. The results indicated that exposure to leachate increased the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone, but decreased those of 17β-estradiol in both male and female goldfish (Carassius auratus), suggesting a potential androgenic activity. Further, Leydig cell hyperplasia and decreased gonadal P450 aromatase mRNA levels were observed; these alterations might promote the biosynthesis of testosterone and hinder the conversion of testosterone to 17β-estradiol, which in turn enhance testosterone accumulation. Exposure to leachate also resulted in reproductive impairments, including decreased gonadosomatic index and plasma vitellogenin levels of female goldfish, as well as decreased testicular enzyme activities in male goldfish. The integrated use of biochemical, molecular, and histological markers not only improved our understanding of the androgenic effects of leachate but also verified the reliability and validity of the results. Therefore, the in vivo bioassay described in this study might allow the investigation of the androgenic effects of other complex contaminant mixtures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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5
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Gong Y, Tian H, Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang W, Ru S. Thyroid disruption in male goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to leachate from a municipal waste treatment plant: Assessment combining chemical analysis and in vivo bioassay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:64-72. [PMID: 26950620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of thyroid-disrupting chemicals (TDCs) have been found in refuse leachate, but the potential impacts of leachate on the thyroid cascade of aquatic organisms are yet not known. In this study, we chemically analyzed frequently reported TDCs, as well as conducted a bioassay, to evaluate the potential thyroid-disrupting effects of leachate. We used radioimmunoassay to determine the effects of leachate exposure on plasma 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), 3,3',5,5'-l-thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in adult male goldfish (Carassius auratus). We also investigated the impacts of leachate treatment on hepatic and gonadal deiodinases [types I (D1), II (D2), and III (D3)] and gonadal thyroid receptor (TRα-1 and TRβ) mRNA expressions by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated the presence of five TDCs (bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, and diethylhexyl phthalate); their mean concentrations in the leachate were 18.11, 2.76, 4.86, 0.21, and 9.16 μg/L, respectively. Leachate exposure induced plasma T3 and TSH levels in male fish, without influencing the plasma T4 levels. The highly elevated D2 mRNA levels in the liver were speculated to be the primary reason for the induction of plasma T3 levels. Disruption of thyroid functions by leachate was also suggested by the up-regulation of D1 and D2 as well as TRα-1 mRNA levels in the gonads. Prominent thyroid disruptions despite the very low TDC concentrations in the exposure media used in the bioassay strongly indicated the existence of unidentified TDCs in the leachate. Our study indicated the necessity of conducting in vivo bioassays to detect thyroid dysfunctions caused by leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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6
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Wahbi O, El-Greisy Z. Impact of Water Quality at Different Locations of Alexandria Mediterranean Coast on the Pituitary-ovarian Axis of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2016.244.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Dabrowska H, Kopko O, Góra A, Waszak I, Walkusz-Miotk J. DNA damage, EROD activity, condition indices, and their linkages with contaminants in female flounder (Platichthys flesus) from the southern Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:488-498. [PMID: 25108251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea is considered as one of the marine areas most exposed to human impacts. A variety of chemical contaminants pose a threat to the habitants. Female flounder (Platichthys flesus) collected from three locations in the southern Baltic Sea in February 2010 were examined for biomarkers of exposure to genotoxic agents (DNA damage), AhR-active contaminants (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD activity), and somatic condition indexes. Organochlorine contaminants (OCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were also measured in individual flounder to evaluate the biological responses in the context of contaminant burden. The genotoxicity, mildly exceeding a background level, revealed a significant relationship with mono-ortho substituted PCB (m-oPCB). Hepatic EROD activity was highly induced, yet showed no association with any of the contaminants measured other than biliary 1-OH pyrene normalized to pigment absorbance. Significant negative relationships were observed for lipid-based OCs and the gonado-somatic index (GSI) as well as for Ʃm-oPCB concentrations and the condition factor (CF). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed an overall connection between somatic condition indexes, biomarkers, and chemical variables. Of the three locations, flounder inhabiting the Gulf of Gdańsk had the greatest contaminant burden and appeared to be the most affected. Of great concern is the reduced GSI in this location which can be attributed to the effects of contaminants and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryka Dabrowska
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Orest Kopko
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Góra
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland
| | - Ilona Waszak
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland
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8
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Gong Y, Tian H, Wang L, Yu S, Ru S. An integrated approach combining chemical analysis and an in vivo bioassay to assess the estrogenic potency of a municipal solid waste landfill leachate in Qingdao. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95597. [PMID: 24743634 PMCID: PMC3990707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Various adverse effects related to landfill leachate have made leachates an important issue in past decades, and it has been demonstrated that landfill leachate is an important source of environmental estrogens. In this study, we employed chemical analysis of some already evaluated estrogenic substances, in combination with a bioassay using several specific biomarkers (e.g., plasma vitellogenin and sex steroids, enzyme activity of gonad gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and gonadosomatic index) to evaluate the estrogenic activities in outlets from different stages of the leachate treatment process. The results indicated that 5 environmental estrogens (4-t-octylphenol, bisphenol A, di-ethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and diethylhexyl phthalate) were detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the concentrations in leachate samples were 6153 ng/L, 3642 ng/L, 2139 ng/L, 5900 ng/L, and 9422 ng/L, respectively. Leachate (1∶200 diluted) induced the synthesis of plasma vitellogenin and led to decreased enzyme activity of gonad gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and gonadosomatic index in male goldfish (Carassius auratus) after a 28-day exposure, while increased circulating 17β-estradiol level was also observed in males exposed to treated effluent. Although the target EEs were partially removed with removal rates varying from 87.2% to 99.77% by the “membrane bioreactor+reverse osmosis+aeration zeolite biofilter” treatment process, the treated effluent is still estrogenic to fish. The method combined chemical techniques with the responses of test organisms allowing us to identify the group of estrogen-like chemicals so that we were able to evaluate the overall estrogenic effects of a complex mixture, avoiding false negative assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Qingdao Chengtou Xiaojianxi Leachate Treatment Corporation Limited, Qingdao, China
| | - Suping Yu
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Hansson T, Hansen W, Tjärnlund U, Balk L, Bengtsson BE. Biomarker investigations in adult female perch (Perca fluviatilis) from industrialised areas in northern Sweden in 2003. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:237-247. [PMID: 24297393 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the new millennium, a notion has developed in certain parts of society that environmental pollutants and their associated effects are under control. The primary objective of this investigation, performed in 2003, was to test whether this was actually the case in an industrialised region in the County of Västernorrland in northern Sweden with well-documented environmental pollution from past and present activities. This was performed by measuring a moderate battery of simple biomarkers in adult female perch at several stations. The point sources included sewage-treatment plants, pulp and paper mills, as well as other industries. The biomarkers included growth, somatic indices, gonad maturation status, gonad pigmentation, fin erosion, skin ulcers, and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in the liver. The results showed that the environmental pollutants and their associated effects were not under control. In fact, the health of the perch was impaired at all of the polluted stations. Many responses were unspecific with respect to underlying cause, whereas some effects on EROD activity and gonad maturation status were attributed to historical creosote pollution and current kraft pulp mill effluents, respectively. The data presented may also be used as reference values for future investigations of health effects in perch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hansson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Baumann L, Holbech H, Keiter S, Kinnberg KL, Knörr S, Nagel T, Braunbeck T. The maturity index as a tool to facilitate the interpretation of changes in vitellogenin production and sex ratio in the Fish Sexual Development Test. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 128-129:34-42. [PMID: 23261669 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In July 2011, the Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT) has officially been adopted as OECD test guideline 234 for the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Sex ratio and vitellogenin (VTG) induction are the mandatory endocrine endpoints within this test, whereas gonad staging is only included as an option. In the present study, five FSDTs with zebrafish (Danio rerio) were conducted with EDCs with different modes of action (17α-ethinylestradiol, dihydrotestosterone, 17β-trenbolone, prochloraz and 4-tert-pentylphenol). Results document that not only sex ratio and VTG production of the exposed fish were massively affected, but also gonad maturation. As a novel approach for the quantification of gonad maturation in zebrafish, the maturity index was developed to allow not only an improved assessment of dose-dependent EDC-related effects on gonad maturation, but also statistical analysis of histological data. VTG induction and maturity index showed an excellent correlation for all five EDCs tested. Most importantly, the maturity index often helped to find appropriate interpretations for results that seemed contradictory at first sight. Results show that histological analyses and their predictive power for population fitness are currently underestimated and should become a standard component in the evaluation of potential EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Karaouzas I, Cotou E, Albanis TA, Kamarianos A, Skoulikidis NT, Giannakou U. Bioassays and biochemical biomarkers for assessing olive mill and citrus processing wastewater toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:669-676. [PMID: 20549635 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and the biochemical effects of olive mill wastewater and citrus processing wastewater were evaluated using acute toxicity bioassays (Gammarus pulex and Hydropsyche peristerica) and biochemical biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] and glutathione S-transferase [GST]). The bioassays indicated toxic properties of olive mill and citrus processing wastewaters. The 24 h LC(50) values of olive mill wastewater ranged from 2.64% to 3.36% for G. pulex and 3.62% to 3.88% for H. peristerica, while the LC(50) of citrus processing wastewater was 25.26% for G. pulex and 17.16% for H. peristerica. Based on a five-class hazard classification system applied for wastewaters discharged into the aquatic environment, olive mill wastewater and citrus processing wastewater were classified as highly toxic and toxic, respectively. Results of the biochemical biomarkers showed that both agroindustrial effluents at increasing sublethal wastewater concentrations could cause inhibition of the AChE and induction of the GST activities. These first results showed that both species as well as their AChE and GST activities have the potential to be used as indicators and biomarkers for assessing olive mill and citrus processing wastewaters quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karaouzas
- Insitute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7km Athens-Sounio Av., Anavissos, Attica 19013, Greece
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12
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Moharram SG, Wahbi OM, El-Greisy ZA. Effect of polluted water from the Egyptian Eastern Mediterranean coast on reproductive, toxicological and hematological characteristics of Siganus rivulatus. Pak J Biol Sci 2011; 14:668-681. [PMID: 22303640 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2011.668.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of diluted levels of polluted seawater from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast on reproductive, toxicological and hematological characteristics of Siganus rivulatus were determined. Mature fish were exposed to diluted levels of 7.5, 10 and 15 ml L(-1) polluted seawater. Hematological changes after 4, 15 and 30 days of exposure were measured. Erythrocytes decreased (p<0.05) as well as Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin (Hb), indicating anemia developed to hypochromic macrocytic anemia at end of experiment. Leukocytes, increased (p<0.05), indicating susceptibility of fish to infection and stress. Granulocytic leukocytes, neutrophil and eosinophil increased. While lymphocytes decreased. Blood parameters of exposed fish revealed compensatory responses. The increase in developing hemocytoplast and myelocytes emphasize the compensatory and defensive reaction of fish to polluted water. Exposure to polluted water levels has a detrimental effect on gonads development, altered endocrine haemostasis, testosterone and progesterone levels decreased in females (p<0.05). While in male, progesterone level increased (p<0.01). Necrosis of spermatogenic cells and atresia of developing oocytes are pronounced at levels of 10 and 15 ml L(-1)polluted seawater. Also, has necrotic effect on fish organs. Vacuolation and necrosis occurs in liver and kidney. Melanomacrophage aggregates can be seen. Gills showed epithetial lifting and vascular widening. Results showed that, polluted water has serious consequences on Siganus rivulatus blood characteristics as well as organs cellular structure. It rendered fish anemiatic, altered reproductive hormones level, leading to necrosis of males spermatogenic cells and atresia of developing oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Moharram
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kaiet Bay, Alexandria, Egypt
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13
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Hanson N, Larsson Å. Biomarker analyses in caged and wild fish suggest exposure to pollutants in an urban area with a landfill. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:315-324. [PMID: 20052770 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An unexpectedly high frequency of skeletal deformations in brown trout has previously been observed in the brook Vallkärrabäcken in southern Sweden. Environmental pollutants from storm water and leachate from an old landfill have been suggested as responsible for the observed deformations. Biomarkers in farmed rainbow trout, placed in tanks with water supplied from the brook, were used to investigate if exposure to pollutants may induce toxic responses in fish. Furthermore, biomarkers were also measured in wild brown trout that were caught in the brook. The most important finding was that the hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was five to seven times higher for rainbow trout and brown trout in exposed areas compared to reference sites (P<0.001). Analyses of bile in rainbow trout showed that the concentration of PAH-metabolites was two to three times higher (P<0.001) in the exposed areas. However, due to their smaller size and the feeding status, only insufficient amounts of bile could be retrieved from the wild brown trout. The study provides evidence for pollution in parts of Vallkärrabäcken. It is therefore possible that the previously observed high frequency of skeletal damage have been caused by pollutants. The methodology with farmed rainbow trout in flow through tanks worked well and provided more information about the occurrence of pollutants in Vallkärrabäcken than the data from brown trout. The main reasons for this were that the size and the feeding status of the fish could be controlled. This allowed a total of 21 biomarkers to be analyzed in farmed rainbow trout compared to only five in wild brown trout. Furthermore, the use of farmed fish eliminates the risk of migration, which may otherwise bias the data when wild fish are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hanson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Hanson N. Population level effects of reduced fecundity in the fish species perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the implications for environmental monitoring. Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Zhanga H, Changb CH, Lü F, Su A, Lee DJ, He PJ, Shao LM. Fluorescent characteristics of estrogenic compounds in landfill leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2009; 30:953-961. [PMID: 19803334 DOI: 10.1080/09593330902988745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens in landfill leachate could probably contaminate receiving water sources if not properly polished before discharge. This work measured, using an estrogen receptor-alpha competitor screening assay, the estrogenic potentials of leachate samples collected at a local sanitary landfill in Shanghai, China and their compounds fractionated by molecular weights. The chemical structures of the constituent compounds were characterized using fluorescence excitation and emission matrix (EEM). The organic matters of molecular weight <600 Da and of 3000-14,000 Da contributed most of the estrogenic potentials of the raw leachates. The former were considered as the typical endocrine disrupting compounds in dissolved state; while the latter the fulvic acids with high aromaticity that were readily adsorbed with estrogens (bound state). Statistical analysis on EEM peaks revealed that the chemical structures of noted estrogens in dissolved state and in bound state were not identical. Aerobic treatment effectively removed dissolved estrogens, but rarely removed those bound estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhanga
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Zhang H, Chang CH, Lü F, Lee DJ, He PJ, Shao LM, Su A. Estrogenic activity of fractionate landfill leachate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:879-886. [PMID: 19007967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in leachate samples collected at Laogang Sanitary Landfill in Shanghai, China were fractionated using size exclusion chromatography and were characterized using estrogen receptor-alpha competitor screening assay as toxicity activity index. The estrogen activity of leachate was determined mainly by the hydrophobic acid DOM with moderate MW (3000-14,000 Da) and low MW (<630 Da) and with high aromaticity and fluorophores of possibly pyrenyl characteristics. Landfilling for up to seven years or oxic storage for one month degraded a few of these estrogens. Aerobic SBR treatments effectively degraded the hydrophobic estrogens, but rarely degraded the hydrophilic estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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17
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Hinck JE, Schmitt CJ, Ellersieck MR, Tillitt DE. Relations between and among contaminant concentrations and biomarkers in black bass (Micropterus spp.) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from large U.S. rivers, 1995-2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1499-518. [PMID: 19037492 DOI: 10.1039/b811011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contaminant and biomarker monitoring data from major U.S. river basins were summarized for black bass (Micropterus spp.) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sampled over a nine year period. Cumulative frequency distributions revealed taxon differences for many organochlorine residue concentrations, elemental contaminant concentrations, and biomarkers, but few gender differences were evident for chemical concentrations. Concentrations of dacthal, pentachloroanisole, p,p'-DDE, endosulfan sulfate, barium, cadmium, copper, manganese, lead, selenium, vanadium, and zinc were greater in carp than bass, but concentrations of mercury and magnesium were greater in bass. Gender differences were evident in bass for mercury and in carp for zinc, but the differences were small compared to taxon differences. Greater vitellogenin concentrations, 17beta-estradiol concentrations, 17beta-estradiol/11-ketotestosterone ratios, and percent oocyte atresia in female carp compared to female bass may be related to the sequential spawning of carp. Regression analyses indicated that as much as 78% of biomarker variation was explained by chemical contaminant concentrations. Sites grouped consistently by river basin in the chemical contaminant principal components analysis (PCA) models and were driven by mercury, magnesium, barium, mirex, and oxychlordane. PCA models for the biomarkers did not group the sites by basin for either bass or carp. Statistical analyses and data interpretation were limited by the study design. The implications of these limitations are discussed. Recommendations to be considered during the planning of future monitoring studies include the exclusion of gender- and species-specific sampling for certain chemical contaminants considering analytical methods with appropriate sensitivities; and allowing for the addition of new chemical and biological variables as methods and information needs evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ellen Hinck
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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18
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Linderoth M, Ledesma M, Noaksson E, Widell B, Zebühr Y, Balk L. Seasonal testosterone UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity and biliary steroids in Eurasian perch: response to leachate exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2007; 68:49-56. [PMID: 16997375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies there was evidence of endocrine disruption in fish in waterways contaminated with leachate from a Swedish landfill. Symptoms included fewer sexually mature (SM) female perch (Perca fluviatilis), distinct sores, reduced gonadosomatic index, and decreased plasma androgen levels. Based on previous findings it was hypothesized that the decrease in plasma androgen concentrations could have been caused by increased steroid excretion. Therefore, testosterone UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) activity and biliary steroids were measured in SM and sexually immature (SIM) female perch during one reproductive cycle. UDPGT activity in exposed fish did not differ from reference fish and was similar in both SM and SIM female perch. Since androgen levels in SIM fish usually are much lower than in SM fish, this indicates expression of testosterone UDPGT irrespective of substrate availability. There was no general increase in biliary steroids in exposed female perch. Biliary steroid levels correlated with corresponding plasma steroid levels. In conclusion, the reduced androgen levels in exposed female perch are most likely not caused by increased steroid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linderoth
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Imai S, Shiraishi A, Gamo K, Watanabe I, Okuhata H, Miyasaka H, Ikeda K, Bamba T, Hirata K. Removal of phenolic endocrine disruptors by Portulaca oleracea. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:420-6. [PMID: 17609156 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Portulaca oleracea, a garden plant prevalent from spring to autumn in Japan, showed the ability to efficiently remove from water bisphenol A (BPA), which is well known as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC) having estrogenic properties. In water culture, 50 muM BPA was almost completely removed within 24 h when the ratio of whole plant weight to the water volume was set up at 1 g to 25 ml. The estrogenic activity of the water decreased in parallel with the elimination of BPA. This plant also rapidly removed other EDCs having a phenol group including octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 17beta-estradiol and, thereby, removed the endocrine disrupting activities. In addition, the ability of P. oleracea to remove BPA was not affected by BPA concentration (up to 250 microM), by cultivation in the dark, by temperatures ranging from 15 degrees C to 30 degrees C, or by pH ranging from 4 to 7. Moreover, the ability of P. oleracea to individually remove BPA, NP, and OP was the same as when they were all present. These results suggest that P. oleracea is a promising material for practical phytoremediation of landfill leachates and industrial wastewater contaminated with the tested EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofue Imai
- Department of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Hinfray N, Porcher JM, Brion F. Inhibition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) P450 aromatase activities in brain and ovarian microsomes by various environmental substances. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 144:252-62. [PMID: 17081805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase, a key steroidogenic enzyme that catalyses the conversion of androgens to estrogens, represent a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, little is known about the effect of pollutants on aromatase enzymes in fish. In this study, we first optimized a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) microsomal aromatase assay to measure the effects of 43 substances belonging to diverse chemical classes (steroidal and non steroidal aromatase inhibitors, pesticides, heavy metals, organotin compounds, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on brain and ovarian aromatase activities in vitro. Our results showed that 12 compounds were able to inhibit brain and ovarian aromatase activities in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values ranging from the low nM to the high microM range depending on the substance: steroidal and non steroidal inhibitors of aromatase (4-hydroxyandrostenedione, androstatrienedione, aminogluthethimide), imidazole fungicides (clotrimazole, imazalil, prochloraz), triazole fungicides (difenoconazole, fenbuconazole, propiconazole, triadimenol), the pyrimidine fungicide fenarimol and methylmercury. Overall, this study demonstrates that rainbow trout brain and ovarian microsomal aromatase assay is suitable for evaluating potential aromatase inhibitors in vitro notably with respect to environmental screening. The results highlight that methylmercury and some pesticides that are currently used throughout the world, have the potential to interfere with the biosynthesis of endogenous estrogens in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hinfray
- Unité d'évaluation des risques écotoxicologiques, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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21
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Linderoth M, Ledesma M, Zebühr Y, Balk L. Sex steroids in the female zebrafish (Danio rerio). Effects of cyproterone acetate and leachate-contaminated sediment extract. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 79:192-200. [PMID: 16844241 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In Molnbyggen, a leachate-contaminated lake in Sweden, effects on the reproductive system of perch included a decreased frequency of sexually mature female perch, reduced gonadosomatic index and decreased plasma levels of androstenedione and testosterone, but the contaminants responsible for these effects have not yet been identified. A biomarker-directed fractionation approach could be used to narrow the search for the compound(s) responsible for the adverse effects in Molnbyggen female perch. Thus, it is important to develop and test a suitable biomarker, which can be used in this type of approach. We evaluated if decreased concentrations of sex steroids could work as an in vivo end-point in female zebrafish fed an organic extract of bottom sediments from Molnbyggen. The responsiveness of zebrafish to endocrine alteration was evaluated using a positive control substance, cyproterone acetate (CA), which is known to inhibit steroid biosynthesis. After the 21-day exposure period the concentrations of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were successfully determined by HRGC/HRMS in whole-body homogenates of individual fish. Median T concentrations were 1.7pmol/g fish in controls and were decreased after exposure both to CA (0.55pmol/g fish) and Molnbyggen sediment extract (1.2-1.3pmol/g fish). Median E2 concentrations were 5.3pmol/g fish in controls and were decreased after CA exposure (2.3pmol/g fish) and after exposure to Molnbyggen sediment extract (4.0-4.5pmol/g fish). This suggests that sex steroid concentrations in zebrafish are responsive to endocrine alteration and indicates that compounds with endocrine altering potency are present in Molnbyggen sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linderoth
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Linderoth M, Norman A, Noaksson E, Zebühr Y, Norrgren L, Balk L. Steroid biosynthetic enzyme activities in leachate-exposed female perch (Perca fluviatilis) as biomarkers for endocrine disruption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 366:638-48. [PMID: 16540152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that adult female perch in a freshwater lake, Molnbyggen, Sweden, have a reproductive disorder caused by unidentified endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) leaching from a local refuse dump. The adverse effects include shallow open sores, low ratio of sexually mature individuals, low gonadosomatic index and low circulating levels of androgens. We hypothesised that the low androgen levels could be a result of impaired production and/or stimulated excretion of androgens by EDCs. From October 2000 to November 2001, at time-points important in the perch reproductive cycle, adult female perch were collected in Molnbyggen and in the reference lake, Djursjön. The activities of three key enzymes in androgen biosynthesis: 17alpha-hydroxylase (17OHlase), 17,20-lyase (lyase) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17betaHSD) were determined in head kidney or ovary. The relationship between enzyme activities and plasma steroid concentrations was examined. Ovarian histopathology and the determination of brain aromatase activity were also included in the study. Similar 17OHlase, 17betaHSD and aromatase activities were found in Molnbyggen females and reference fish throughout the year. Head kidney 17OHlase showed a positive correlation to cortisol levels (r=0.754; p<0.001) but not to androgen levels. Molnbyggen females exhibited lower ovarian lyase activity during vitellogenesis than reference fish. Atretic oocytes were on most occasions more frequent in sexually immature than in sexually mature females. The results suggest that neither 17OHlase, 17betaHSD nor aromatase is the target for EDCs disrupting the androgen homeostasis of exposed female perch. Further investigation is needed to establish the role of decreased ovarian lyase activity in endocrine homeostasis, but the possibility of increased excretion of androgens should also be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linderoth
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Linderoth M, Hansson T, Liewenborg B, Sundberg H, Noaksson E, Hanson M, Zebühr Y, Balk L. Basic physiological biomarkers in adult female perch (Perca fluviatilis) in a chronically polluted gradient in the Stockholm recipient (Sweden). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2006; 53:437-50. [PMID: 16904705 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
By measuring a battery of basic physiological biomarkers and the concentration of SigmaDDT in adult female perch (Perca fluviatilis), an assumed aquatic pollution gradient was confirmed, with the city of Stockholm (Sweden) as a point source of anthropogenic substances. The investigation included an upstream gradient, westwards through Lake Mälaren (46 km), and a downstream gradient, eastwards through the Stockholm archipelago (84 km). The results indicated a severe pollution situation in central Stockholm, with poor health status of the perch: retarded growth, increased frequency of sexually immature females, low gonadosomatic index, and disturbed visceral fat metabolism. SigmaDDT, measured as a pollution indicator, was 10-28 times higher than the background in perch from the Baltic Proper. Besides the main gradient other sources of pollution also influenced the response pattern of the measured biomarkers. In particular, there were strong indications of pollution coming from the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linderoth
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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