1
|
Grimard C, Mangold-Döring A, Schmitz M, Alharbi H, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. In vitro-in vivo and cross-life stage extrapolation of uptake and biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105616. [PMID: 33039795 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding internal dose metrics is integral to adequately assess effects environmental contaminants might have on aquatic wildlife, including fish. In silico toxicokinetic (TK) models are a leading approach for quantifying internal exposure metrics for fishes; however, they often do not adequately consider chemicals that are actively biotransformed and have not been validated against early-life stages (ELS) that are often considered the most sensitive to the exposure to contaminants. To address these uncertainties, TK models were parameterized for the rapidly biotransformed chemical benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in embryo-larval and adult life stages of fathead minnows. Biotransformation of B[a]P was determined through measurements of in vitro clearance. Using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, in vitro clearance was integrated into a multi-compartment TK model for adult fish and a one-compartment model for ELS. Model predictions were validated using measurements of B[a]P metabolites from in vivo flow-through exposures to graded concentrations of water-borne B[a]P. Significantly greater amounts of B[a]P metabolites were observed with exposure to greater concentrations of parent compound in both life stages. However, when assessing biotransformation capacity, no differences in phase I or phase II biotransformation were observed with greater exposures to B[a]P. Results of modelling suggested that biotransformation of B[a]P can be successfully implemented into in silico models to accurately predict life stage-specific abundances of B[a]P metabolites in either whole-body larvae or the bile of adult fish. Models developed increase the scope of applications in which TK models can be used to support environmental risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Grimard
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Annika Mangold-Döring
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitz
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hattan Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Katagi T. In vitro metabolism of pesticides and industrial chemicals in fish. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:1-15. [PMID: 32110158 PMCID: PMC7024743 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d19-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is one of the most important factors in controlling the toxicity and bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish. In vitro systems using subcellular fractions, cell lines, hepatocytes and tissues of a specific organ, each of which is characterized by usability, enzyme activity and chemical transport via membrane, have been applied to investigate the metabolic profiles of pesticides. Not only species and organs but also the fishkeeping conditions are known to greatly affect the in vitro metabolism of pesticides. A comparison of the metabolic profiles of pesticides and industrial chemicals taken under similar conditions has shown that in vitro systems using a subcellular S9 fraction and hepatocytes qualitatively reproduce many in vivo metabolic reactions. More investigation of these in vitro systems for pesticides is necessary to verify their applicability to the estimation of pesticide metabolism in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Katagi
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3–1–98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pannetier P, Morin B, Clérandeau C, Lacroix C, Cabon J, Cachot J, Danion M. Comparative biomarker responses in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and challenged with betanodavirus at three different life stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:964-976. [PMID: 30380501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now well documented that several contaminants can modulate the fish immune system, leading to disrupted host resistance against pathogens and increased incidence of disease. Since fish are usually co-exposed to chemicals and pathogens in the natural environment, analysis of the immunotoxic effects of pollutants is particularly relevant. The authorities in the European Union have recommended the development of toxicity assays on cell cultures and embryos, as an alternative to testing in vertebrates. This is why in our study, a fish immune challenge assay was developed for the early life stages of Japanese medaka to evaluate and compare the relevance of new biomarkers. Fish were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a model pollutant, for 8days at the embryonic stage, or for 48h at the larvae and juvenile stages, and fish were infected with betanodavirus by bath-challenge of 106TCID50/mL. Biometric changes and induction of malformations were observed after embryonic exposure. DNA damage and induction of EROD activity were recorded at the end of all chemical exposures. Viral infection increased the mortality rate significantly and disturbed the behavior of fish after light stimulation. While BaP exposure increased swimming speed, betanodavirus infection slowed swimming activity. In larvae co-exposed to BaP and the virus, the viral titer in the whole body was higher than in fish infected only with the virus. This study highlighted the sensitivity and usefulness of the immune challenge assay on the early life stages of Japanese medaka to evaluate the toxic effects of pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Camille Lacroix
- Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (CEDRE), 715 Rue Alain Colas, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Morgane Danion
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fitzsimmons PN, Hoffman AD, Fay KA, Nichols JW. Allometric scaling of hepatic biotransformation in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 214:52-60. [PMID: 30172734 PMCID: PMC6349251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation may substantially impact the toxicity and accumulation of xenobiotic chemicals in fish. However, this activity can vary substantially within and among species. In this study, liver S9 fractions from rainbow trout (4-400 g) were used to evaluate relationships between fish body mass and the activities of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. An analysis of log-transformed data, expressed per gram of liver (g liver-1), showed that total cytochrome P450 (CYP) concentration, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity exhibited small but significant inverse relationships with fish body weight. In contrast, in vitro intrinsic clearance rates (CLIN VITRO,INT) for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased with increasing body weight. Weight normalized liver mass also decreased inversely with body weight, suggesting a need to express hepatic metabolism data per gram of body weight (g BW-1) in order to reflect the metabolic capabilities of the whole animal. When the data were recalculated in this manner, negative allometric relationships for CYP concentration, UGT activity, and GST activity became more pronounced, while CLIN VITRO,INT rates for the three PAHs showed no significant differences across fish sizes. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity normalized to tissue weight (g liver-1) or body weight (g BW-1) exhibited a non-monotonic pattern with respect to body weight. The results of this study may have important implications for chemical modeling efforts with fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Fitzsimmons
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America.
| | - Alex D Hoffman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America
| | - Kellie A Fay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America
| | - John W Nichols
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trowell JJ, Gobas FAPC, Moore MM, Kennedy CJ. Estimating the Bioconcentration Factors of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds from Biotransformation Rates Using Rainbow Trout Hepatocytes. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:295-305. [PMID: 29550936 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining the biotransformation potential of commercial chemicals is critical for estimating their persistence in the aquatic environment. In vitro systems are becoming increasingly important as screening methods for assessing the potential for chemical metabolism. Depletion rate constants (kd) for several organic chemicals with high octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values (9-methylanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, and PCB-153) in rainbow trout hepatocytes were determined to estimate biotransformation rate constants (kMET) that were used in fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) models. Benzo[a]pyrene was rapidly biotransformed when incubated singly; however, its depletion rate constant (kd) declined 79% in a mixture of all four chemicals. Chrysene also exhibited significant biotransformation and its depletion rate constant declined by 50% in the mixture incubation. These data indicate that biotransformation rates determined using single chemicals may overestimate metabolism in environments containing chemical mixtures. Incubations with varying cell concentrations were used to determine whether cell concentration affected kd estimates. No statistically significant change in depletion rate constants were seen, possibly due to an increase in nonspecific binding of hydrophobic chemicals as cell density increased, decreasing overall biotransformation. A new model was used to estimate BCFs from kMET values calculated from empirically derived kd values. The inclusion of kMET in models resulted in significantly lower BCF values (compared kMET = 0). Modelled BCF values were consistent with empirically derived BCF values from the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Trowell
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Margo M Moore
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blunt BJ, Singh A, Wu L, Gamal El-Din M, Belosevic M, Tierney KB. Reuse water: Exposure duration, seasonality and treatment affect tissue responses in a model fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1117-1125. [PMID: 28724250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Partially remediated gray (reuse) water will likely find increasing use in a variety of applications owing to the increasing scarcity of freshwater. We aimed to determine if a model fish, the goldfish, could sense reuse water using olfaction (smell), and if 30min or 7d (acute) and 60d (sub-chronic) exposures would affect their olfactory responses to natural odorants. We examined olfaction as previous studies have found that numerous chemicals can impair the olfactory sense, which is critical to carrying out numerous life-sustaining behaviors from feeding to mating. We also examined if fish olfactory and liver tissues would mount a response in terms of biotransformation enzyme gene expression, and whether treatment of reuse water with UV/H2O2 ameliorated adverse effects following reuse water exposure. We found that fish olfactory tissue responded to reuse water as it would to a natural odorant and that UV/H2O2 treatment had no influence on this. With acute exposures, olfactory impairment was apparent regardless of water type (e.g. responses of 23-55% of control), but in sub-chronic exposures, only the untreated reuse water caused olfactory impairment. The exposure of fish to reuse water increased the expression of one enzyme (CYP1A; >2.5-6.5 fold change) and reuse water treatment with UV/H2O2 reversed the effect. There was a seasonal effect that was likely due to changes in water quality (60d summer exposure impaired olfaction whereas spring and fall exposures did not). Overall, the data suggest that reuse water may be detected by olfaction, impair olfactory responses in fish receiving unavoidable exposures, and that exposure duration and season are important factors to consider regarding adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Blunt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - A Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - L Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M Gamal El-Din
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - K B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu D, Pan L, Li Z, Cai Y, Miao J. Metabolites analysis, metabolic enzyme activities and bioaccumulation in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:251-259. [PMID: 25011122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed on clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) exposed to 0.03, 0.3 and 3μg/L benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 21 days. B[a]P metabolite contents, activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), epoxide hydrolase (EH), dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), sulfotransferase (SULT) and uridinediphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and B[a]P bioaccumulation were assayed in gills and digestive glands. Results showed that the order of B[a]P phase I metabolite contents was 9-hydroxy-B[a]P>B[a]P-1,6-dione>B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol, and the concentration of B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol sulfate conjugates was higher than that of B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol glucuronide conjugates. B[a]P accumulation and the activities of AHH, EROD, EH, DD, SULT and UGT increased first and then reached equilibrium. GST activity was induced first and then depressed. The concentration of B[a]P was far higher than that of its metabolites. Besides, there were no significant differences between enzyme activities in gills and those in digestive glands. These results provided information on B[a]P metabolic mechanism in bivalve and scientific data for pollution monitoring and food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Zhen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yuefeng Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar N, Gupta S, Chandan NK, Aklakur M, Pal AK, Jadhao SB. Lipotropes protect against pathogen-aggravated stress and mortality in low dose pesticide-exposed fish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93499. [PMID: 24690771 PMCID: PMC3972094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of freshwater fish biodiversity corroborates the trends of unsustainable pesticide usage and increase of disease incidence in the last few decades. Little is known about the role of nonlethal exposure to pesticide, which is not uncommon, and concurrent infection of opportunistic pathogens in species decline. Moreover, preventative measures based on current knowledge of stress biology and an emerging role for epigenetic (especially methylation) dysregulation in toxicity in fish are lacking. We herein report the protective role of lipotropes/methyl donors (like choline, betaine and lecithin) in eliciting primary (endocrine), secondary (cellular and hemato-immunological and histoarchitectural changes) and tertiary (whole animal) stress responses including mortality (50%) in pesticide-exposed (nonlethal dose) and pathogen-challenged fish. The relative survival with betaine and lecithin was 10 and 20 percent higher. This proof of cause-and-effect relation and physiological basis under simulated controlled conditions indicate that sustained stress even due to nonlethal exposure to single pollutant enhances pathogenic infectivity in already nutritionally-stressed fish, which may be a driver for freshwater aquatic species decline in nature. Dietary lipotropes can be used as one of the tools in resurrecting the aquatic species decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subodh Gupta
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitish Kumar Chandan
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Md. Aklakur
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asim Kumar Pal
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Balkrishna Jadhao
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reynaud S, Worms IAM, Veyrenc S, Portier J, Maitre A, Miaud C, Raveton M. Toxicokinetic of benzo[a]pyrene and fipronil in female green frogs (Pelophylax kl. esculentus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 161:206-214. [PMID: 22230087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A general consensus that an increased logK(ow) led to an increase in xenobiotic uptake and bioaccumulation is accepted. In this study we compared the toxicokinetics of two chemically different xenobiotics, i.e. benzo[a]pyrene and fipronil in female green frogs. Surprisingly, the uptake rates and the bioconcentration factors (BCF) of the two contaminants were not predicted by their logK(ow). The uptake rates obtained were of the same order of magnitude for the two contaminants and the BCFs measured for fipronil were about 3-fold higher than those obtained for benzo[a]pyrene. Fipronil appeared to be more recalcitrant than benzo[a]pyrene to detoxification processes leading to the accumulation of sulfone-fipronil especially in the ovaries. This phenomenon may explain reproductive influence of this contaminant described in other studies. Detoxification processes, including metabolism and the excretion of pollutants, are of importance when considering their persistence in aquatic organisms and trying to quantify their risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA, UMR 5553 CNRS-Université), Equipe « Pollution Environnement Ecotoxicologie Ecoremediation » Domaine Universitaire de Saint-Martin d'Hères. 2233, rue de la piscine Bât D Biologie, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Danion M, Le Floch S, Lamour F, Guyomarch J, Quentel C. Bioconcentration and immunotoxicity of an experimental oil spill in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:2167-74. [PMID: 21835465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) resulting from a water soluble fraction (WSF) of an Arabian crude oil were tested in vivo on the bioconcentration in muscles and on immune parameters in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. After 15 days of acclimation, fish were acutely exposed (48 h) to the WSF of 25 g of oil, and then returned to clean sea water for a 15 day recovery period. PAH concentration in the WSF at the beginning of the exposure was estimated to 773±187 ng L⁻¹ similar to that observed in the marine environment after an oil spill. The WSF in the experimental system was composed by lightest PAH compounds and did not remain constant during the two days of exposure. Just after exposure to the WSF, a total mean concentration of 148±46 μg kg⁻¹ of PAHs was found in contaminated fish muscle, composed of parent and alkylated naphthalene compounds (86.5%), benzo[a]pyrene (10.1%) and benzo[b+k]fluoranthene (3.4%). In addition, a decrease of leucocytes counts due to a lymphopenia and granulopenia and an increase of the haemolytic activity of the alternative pathway (ACH₅₀) were noted. After a 15 day recovery period, haematocrit was decreased whereas effects on the blood granulocytes of fish seemed to be reversible, contrary to the specific immune system and quality of flesh. In fact, contaminated fish had still less lymphocyte cells compared to controls fish and their flesh were still contaminated by naphthalene and benzo[a]pyrene creating a risk for human consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Danion
- ANSES, Laboratoire Ploufragan-Plouzané, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Danion M, Deschamps MH, Thomas-Guyon H, Bado-Nilles A, Le Floch S, Quentel C, Sire JY. Effect of an experimental oil spill on vertebral bone tissue quality in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1888-1895. [PMID: 21831432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify biomarkers of oil pollution in fish we tested the effects of an experimental Light Cycle Oil (LCO) exposure on vertebral bone of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. A total of 60 adult fish were acclimated for fifteen days, then twenty were collected as controls (Day 0) while 40 were exposed to a soluble fraction of LCO (1136 ng L(-1) of ten Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs) for seven days. Twenty of them were sampled at the end of the exposure period and the twenty last after a recovery period of fourteen days in clean seawater. Vertebral abnormalities were counted and bone mineralization, total bone area and bone density profiles were established for several post-cranial and caudal vertebrae. In sea bass, seven days of LCO exposure did not affect the frequency and severity of the vertebral abnormalities. No significant differences were observed in bone density and bone repartition (parameters of bone area profiles) between unexposed (Day 0), exposed (D7) and decontaminated (D21) fish. In contrast, bone mineralization of the vertebrae decreased in contaminated sea bass, but in a reversible way, which confirms a previous study in trout showing that this parameter is an early stress indicator. Our results suggest that vertebral bone mineralization could be used as a biomarker of PAH pollution in sea bass. It would be interesting to check this new biomarker in other teleost species exposed to various xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Danion
- Evolution et Développement du Squelette, UMR7138, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 7 quai St-Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Danion M, Le Floch S, Kanan R, Lamour F, Quentel C. Effects of in vivo chronic hydrocarbons pollution on sanitary status and immune system in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:300-311. [PMID: 21781655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Following the development of an experimental system to expose adult fish to low and stable concentration of pollutant over a prolonged period, the in vivo effects of hydrocarbons on sanitary status, i.e. the health status of fish with regard to chemical pollution, and immune system in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax were assessed. A total of 90 fish were acclimated for 15 days, then 45 fish were exposed to the water soluble fraction (WSF) of Arabian crude oil, similar to a complex pollution by hydrocarbons chronically observed in situ in estuaries, while the 45 other control fish sustained the same experimental conditions in clean seawater. After 21 days of exposure, 30 contaminated and control fish were sampled, then 30 other fish were collected after a 15 day recovery period in clean sea water. PAH concentrations in crude oil, WSF, muscles and bile were measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. White blood cell counts and differential leucocyte counts were determined by classical haematology methods. Cell mortality and phagocytosis activity of leucocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Haemolytic alternative complement activity and stress parameters were analyzed in blood plasma by spectrophotometry. After a 21 day exposure period to a mixture of 41 parent/alkylated-PAHs (835 ± 52/85 ± 1 5 ng L(-1)). Fish flesh was contaminated by a bioconcentration of naphthalene very closed to the Reference Dose for Oral Exposure estimated by US-EPA's Integrated Risk Information System, causing a potential risk for human consumers. A leucopenia due to a lymphopenia, a rise in leucocyte mortality and a decrease in phagocytosis activity were noted in contaminated fish compared to controls. All these results may be explained by the damage to membrane cells integrity by uptake of PAHs and suggested an impairment of specific and nonspecific immune systems. After a 15 day recovery period, effects were reversible for sanitary status and an offset in immunity was noted by a significant increase in leucocytes in contaminated fish compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Danion
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Crago J, Klaper RD. Influence of gender, feeding regimen, and exposure duration on gene expression associated with xenobiotic metabolism in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:208-12. [PMID: 21664292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how gender and diet affect the metabolism of environmental contaminants in fish. This study was undertaken to compare these differences in hepatic mRNA expression of two genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism: the pregnane x-receptor (PXR) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). PXR is an ideal receptor to study xenobiotic metabolism as it binds to a vast array of anthropogenic compounds and induces transcription of genes involved in metabolizing xenobiotic compounds, such as CYP3A4. In this study FHM were separated by gender and feeding regimen (fed versus unfed), and injected with control (corn oil), clotrimazole, or pregnene-16α-olone, and expression monitored after 2- and 5-days of treatment. Our research indicates that there are gender- and diet-specific differences in the expression of PXR and CYP3A4, the most striking of which was a significant increase in the expression of PXR and CYP3A4 in unfed females as compared to all other groups. Understanding the relationship among xenobiotic metabolism, gender and diet would be of particular interest in the study of contaminated habitats, where fish may have to adapt to reductions in food quantity or quality while being exposed to toxic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Crago
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Biological Sciences, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|