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Al-Dakhil M, Ben Romdhane W, Alghamdi S, Ali AAM. Differential Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Duckweed Clones from Saudi Arabia to Salinity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3206. [PMID: 37765370 PMCID: PMC10537559 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Salinity affects the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of several plant species. The current study was conducted to investigate differential salt tolerance potentials among ten duckweed clones under different salt-stress conditions. Morphological and physiological parameters, including fronds length, fronds number, root length, root number, Na+/K+, chlorophyll, proline contents, and fresh harvest weight, were recorded for each of the ten duckweed clones collected from different Saudi Arabia regions. Additionally, the expression patterns of seven salt-related genes were monitored in a salt-tolerant duckweed genotype. The results show that the Madinah-2 (Spirodela polyryiza) and Al-Qassim (Landoltia punctata) clones presented higher performances for all the tested morphological and physiological parameters compared to other genotypes under salt-stress conditions. At concentrations greater than 150 mM NaCl, these aforementioned traits were affected for all the genotypes tested, except Madinah-2 (S. polyryiza) and Al-Qassim (L. punctata) clones, both of which exhibited high tolerance behavior under high salt conditions (200 mM and 250 mM NaCl). The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first five principal components accounted for 94.8% of the total variance among the studied traits. Morphological and physiological traits are the major portions of PC1. Moreover, the expression pattern analysis of NHX, BZIP, ST, and KTrans transcript revealed their upregulation in the Al-Qassim clone under salt-stress conditions, suggesting that these genes play a role in this clone's tolerance to salt-induced stress. Overall, this study indicates that the Al-Qassim clone could be used in a brackish-water duckweed-based treatment program with a simultaneous provision of valuable plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Dakhil
- Advanced Agricultural and Food Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid Ben Romdhane
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (W.B.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Salem Alghamdi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (W.B.R.); (S.A.)
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Moreira MH, They NH, Rodrigues LR, Alvarenga-Lucius L, Pita-Barbosa A. Salty freshwater macrophytes: the effects of salinization in freshwaters upon non-halophyte aquatic plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159608. [PMID: 36280080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is a threat that affects aquatic ecosystems worldwide. As primary producers, freshwater macrophytes are of paramount importance in these ecosystems, however, information regarding the potential impacts of salinization upon these organisms is still scarce. In this review we provide a comprehensive and updated discussion of how freshwater macrophytes deal with salinity increase in freshwaters. We reviewed the salinity tolerance of widespread non-halophyte macrophytes through an overview of salinity tolerance mechanisms, their tolerance classification, and salinity effects at different levels of organization: from individuals to ecosystems. Thus, we demonstrated that widespread macrophytes that inhabit freshwaters display efficient salinity tolerance to salinity levels between 5 and 10 g L-1, and only a few species display tolerance to salinities higher than 10 g L-1. Widespread macrophytes demonstrated salinity tolerance of approximately 5 g L-1. Widespread macrophytes demonstrated salinity tolerance of approximately 5 g L-1. Emergent, floating and submerged species showed no significant difference in salinity tolerance. Salinity stress symptoms in freshwater macrophytes are somewhat similar to those of terrestrial plants and can show up even at slight salinity increases. Salinities higher than 1 g L-1 can negatively affect both physiology and diversity of non-halophyte macrophytes and cause long-term - and not well understood - changes in freshwater ecosystems. Salinization of freshwater ecosystems, among others threats, in combination with climate change, raise concerns about the future ecological status of freshwater ecosystems and the services they can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Hoffmann Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Ng Haig They
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Departamento Interdisciplinar, Centro de Estudos Limnológicos, Costeiros e Marinhos, Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, RS 95625-000, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Luna Alvarenga-Lucius
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock D-18059, Germany
| | - Alice Pita-Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Departamento Interdisciplinar, Centro de Estudos Limnológicos, Costeiros e Marinhos, Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, RS 95625-000, Brazil.
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Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) under long-term low calcium stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19552. [PMID: 36380130 PMCID: PMC9666473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is one of the essential mineral nutrients for plant growth and development. However, the effects of long-term Ca2+ deficiency in orphan crops such as Tef [(Eragrostis tef) (Zucc.) Trotter], which accumulate high levels of Ca in the grains, remained unknown. Tef is a staple crop for nearly 70 million people in East Africa, particularly in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is one of the most nutrient-dense grains, and is also more resistant to marginal soils and climatic conditions than main cereals like corn, wheat, and rice. In this study, tef plants were grown in a hydroponic solution containing optimum (1 mM) or low (0.01 mM) Ca2+, and plant growth parameters and whole-genome transcriptome were analyzed. Ca+2-deficient plants exhibited leaf necrosis, leaf curling, and growth stunting symptoms. Ca2+ deficiency significantly decreased root and shoot Ca, potassium (K), and copper content in both root and shoots. At the same time, it greatly increased root iron (Fe) content, suggesting the role of Ca2+ in the uptake and/or translocation of these minerals. Transcriptomic analysis using RNA-seq revealed that members of Ca2+ channels, including the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and glutamate receptor-like channels, Ca2+-transporters, Ca2+-binding proteins and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases were differentially regulated by Ca+2 treatment. Moreover, several Fe/metal transporters, including members of vacuolar Fe transporters, yellow stripe-like, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein, and oligo-peptide transporters, were differentially regulated between shoot and root in response to Ca2+ treatment. Taken together, our findings suggest that Ca2+ deficiency affects plant growth and mineral accumulation by regulating the transcriptomes of several transporters and signaling genes.
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Appenroth KJ, Ziegler P, Sree KS. Accumulation of starch in duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential energy plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2621-2633. [PMID: 34924714 PMCID: PMC8639912 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Starch can accumulate in both actively growing vegetative fronds and over-wintering propagules, or turions of duckweeds, small floating aquatic plants belonging to the family of the Lemnaceae. The starch synthesizing potential of 36 duckweed species varies enormously, and the starch contents actually occurring in the duckweed tissues are determined by growth conditions, various types of stress and the action of growth regulators. The present review examines the effects of phytohormones and growth retardants, heavy metals, nutrient deficiency and salinity on the accumulation of starch in duckweeds with a view to obtaining high yields of starch as a feedstock for biofuel production. Biotechnological approaches to degrading duckweed starch to its component sugars and the fermentation of these sugars to bio-alcohols are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-J. Appenroth
- Matthias Schleiden Institute – Plant Physiology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Ziegler
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - K. Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, 671320 India
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Fu L, Ding Z, Sun X, Zhang J. Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Distorted Ion Homeostasis and Responses in the Freshwater Plant Spirodela polyrhiza L. under Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100743. [PMID: 31554307 PMCID: PMC6826491 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Duckweeds are a family of freshwater angiosperms with morphology reduced to fronds and propagation by vegetative budding. Unlike other angiosperm plants such as Arabidopsis and rice that have physical barriers between their photosynthetic organs and soils, the photosynthetic organs of duckweeds face directly to their nutrient suppliers (waters), therefore, their responses to salinity may be distinct. In this research, we found that the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L. accumulated high content of sodium and reduced potassium and calcium contents in large amounts under salt stress. Fresh weight, Rubisco and AGPase activities, and starch content were significantly decreaseded in the first day but recovered gradually in the following days and accumulated more starch than control from Day 3 to Day 5 when treated with 100 mM and 150 mM NaCl. A total of 2156 differentially expressed genes were identified. Overall, the genes related to ethylene metabolism, major CHO degradation, lipid degradation, N-metabolism, secondary metabolism of flavonoids, and abiotic stress were significantly increased, while those involved in cell cycle and organization, cell wall, mitochondrial electron transport of ATP synthesis, light reaction of photosynthesis, auxin metabolism, and tetrapyrrole synthesis were greatly inhibited. Moreover, salt stress also significantly influenced the expression of transcription factors that are mainly involved in abiotic stress and cell differentiation. However, most of the osmosensing calcium antiporters (OSCA) and the potassium inward channels were downregulated, Na+/H+ antiporters (SOS1 and NHX) and a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger were slightly upregulated, but most of them did not respond significantly to salt stress. These results indicated that the ion homeostasis was strongly disturbed. Finally, the shared and distinct regulatory networks of salt stress responses between duckweeds and other plants were intensively discussed. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of salt stress response in duckweeds, and can be served as a useful foundation for salt tolerance improvement of duckweeds for the application in salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Fu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Zehong Ding
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xuepiao Sun
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
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Xie M, Chen W, Lai X, Dai H, Sun H, Zhou X, Chen T. Metabolic responses and their correlations with phytochelatins in Amaranthus hypochondriacus under cadmium stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1791-1800. [PMID: 31299508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) play a vital role in the tolerance and enrichment of cadmium (Cd) in higher plants by chelating with Cd2+. The aim of this study was to perform a full-scale metabolomics analysis of metabolic responses highly correlated with PCs generation. These metabolites and metabolic pathways were expected to promote PCs generation and further optimize Cd absorption in plants. In the current study, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, a potential species for phytoremediation, was first adopted to investigate physiological responses to Cd stress via LCMS/MS-based metabolomics and the HPLC based determination of thiol compounds. The results showed that the leaves of A. hypochondriacus under high Cd stress accumulated 40 times the amount of Cd compared to the leaves of the plants not under Cd stress and had an increased content of three types of PCs. Metabolomics qualitatively identified 12084 substances in total, among which 41 were significantly different metabolites (SDMs) between the two groups and involved in 7 metabolic pathways. Among the SDMs, 12 metabolites were highly linearly correlated with PCs involved in three pathways (Val, Leu and Ile biosynthesis; Ala, Asp and Glu metabolism; and Arg and Pro metabolism). These results provide an innovative method to promote PCs synthesis for the restoration of Cd-contaminated-soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Xie
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Xicong Lai
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Haibo Dai
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhou
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
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Liu C, Gu W, Dai Z, Li J, Jiang H, Zhang Q. Boron accumulation by Lemna minor L. under salt stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8954. [PMID: 29895991 PMCID: PMC5997688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess boron (B) is toxic to aquatic organisms and humans. Boron is often present in water with high salinity. To evaluate the potential of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) for removing B from water under salt stress, we cultured duckweed in water with 2 mg/L of B and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 mM for 4 days. The results show that with increasing salinity, the capacity of L. minor to accumulate B initially decreased and then increased. L. minor used different mechanisms to accumulate boron at lower and higher levels of salt stress. The growth and chlorophyll synthesis of L. minor were significantly inhibited when the concentration of NaCl reached 100 mM. Our results suggest that L. minor is suitable for the accumulation of B when NaCl salinity is below 100 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Wancong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zheng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongru Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Liu C, Dai Z, Sun H. Potential of duckweed (Lemna minor) for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from water under salt stress. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 187:497-503. [PMID: 27856035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed plays a major role in the removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from water. To determine the effect of salt stress on the removal of N and P by duckweed, we cultured Lemna minor, a common species of duckweed, in N and P-rich water with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 mM for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. The results show that the removal capacity of duckweed for N and P was reduced by salt stress. Higher salt stress with longer cultivation period exerts more injury to duckweed and greater inhibition of N and P removal. Severe salt stress (100 mM NaCl) induced duckweed to release N and P and even resulted in negative removal efficiencies. The results indicate that L. minor should be used to remove N and P from water with salinities below 75 mM NaCl, or equivalent salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zheng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Sree KS, Adelmann K, Garcia C, Lam E, Appenroth KJ. Natural variance in salt tolerance and induction of starch accumulation in duckweeds. PLANTA 2015; 241:1395-404. [PMID: 25693515 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ten of 34 tested duckweed clones showed relatively higher salt tolerance. Salinity stress induced high level of starch accumulation in these clones, making them potential feedstock candidates for biofuel production. Duckweeds are promising as a new generation of crop plants that requires minimal input while providing fast biomass production. Two important traits of interest that can impact on the economic viability of this system are their sensitivity to salt and the starch content of the harvested duckweed. We have surveyed 33 strains of duckweed selected from across all 5 genera and amongst 13 species to quantify the natural variance of these traits. We found that there are large ranges of intraspecific variations in salt tolerance, while all species examined accumulated more starch in response to the initial stages of salt stress. However, the magnitude of the change in starch content varied widely between strains. Our results suggest that specific duckweed clones can be cultivated under relatively saline conditions, while increasing salt in the medium before harvesting could be used to increase starch in duckweed biomass for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sowjanya Sree
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
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