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Tang CH, Lin CY, Li HH, Kuo FW. Microplastics elicit an immune-agitative state in coral. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168406. [PMID: 37939952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in the ocean is a major problem, as its pervasiveness elicits concerns the health impacts microplastics may have on marine life (such as reef-building corals). As a primary endpoint, the organismal lipidome can define the weakening of fitness and reveal the physiological context of adverse health effects in organisms. To gain insight into the effects of microplastics on coral health, lipid profiling was performed via an untargeted lipidomic approach on the coral Turbinaria mesenterina exposed to ~10 μm polystyrene microparticles for 10 days. Considerable microplastic accumulation and obvious effects relating with immune activation were observed in the coral treated with a near environmentally relevant concentration of microplastics (10 μg/L); however, these effects were not evident in the high level (100 μg/L) treatment group. In particular, increased levels of membrane lipids with 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acid chains reallocated from the triacylglycerol pool were observed in coral host cells and symbiotic algae, respectively, which could upregulate immune activity and realign symbiotic communication in coral. High levels of polyunsaturation can sensitize the coral cell membrane to lipid peroxidation and increase cell death, which is of greater concern; additionally, the photoprotective capacity of symbiotic algae was compromised. As a result, coral physiological functions were altered. These results show that, realistic levels of microplastic pollution can affect coral health and should be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Wen Kuo
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
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2
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Cheng M, Luo Y, Yu XL, Huang LT, Lian JS, Huang H. Effects of elevated temperature and copper exposure on the physiological state of the coral Galaxea fascicularis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 193:106218. [PMID: 38039737 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of elevated seawater temperature and local stressors (heavy metal contamination) affects the ecophysiology of phototrophic species, and represents a risk to the environmental quality of coral reefs. Therefore, we investigated the effects of both Cu alone and Cu in combination with elevated temperature (ET) on the physiology of the coral Galaxea fascicularis, and measured the parameters related to the photo-physiology and oxidative state. G.fascicularis is one of the dominant coral species in the South China Sea which exhibits strong adaptability to environmental stress. We exposed the common coral species G.fascicularis to a series of environmentally relevant concentrations of Cu at 29 °C (normal temperature, NT) and 32 °C (elevated temperature, ET) for 96 h. Single polyps were used in the experiments, which reduced individual variability when compared to the coral colonies. The results suggested that: i) Cu or ET had significant negative effects on the actual operating ability of photosystem Ⅱ (PSII), but not on the maximal chlorophyll fluorescence in darkness (Fv/Fm). ii) Symbiodiniaceae density was significantly reduced by high Cu concentrations, for Cu-NT and Cu-ET, a high concentration of Cu (40 μg/L) significantly impacted Symbiodiniaceae density, causing a 75.4% and 81.0% decrease, respectively. iii) the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in coral tissues increased significantly under Cu-ET. iv) a certain range of copper concentration (25-30 μg/L) increased the pigment content of the Symbiodiniacea. Our results indicated that the combined stressors of Cu and ET made the coral tissue sloughed, caused the coral tissue damaged by lipid oxidation, reduced the photosynthetic capacity of the Symbiodiniacea, and led to the excretion of Symbiodiniacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Tao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.
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Tang CH, Shi SH, Lin CY, Wang WH. Lipid profiling differentiates the effect of ambient microenriched copper on a coral as an advanced tool for biomonitoring. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113650. [PMID: 35447438 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper can be beneficial or harmful to coral at environmentally relevant levels, making environmental monitoring a challenging. Membrane lipids make the cell a dynamic environment according to the circumstances; thus, the lipid profile should be indicative of an environmental/physiological state. To gain more insight into the copper effect on coral health and be a basis of biomonitoring, glycerophosphocholine profiling of coral exposed to microenriched copper levels was conducted in this study. The copper microenrichments resulted in a diacritical effect of decreasing carbonic anhydrase activity, following a supplementation effect, on coral lipid metabolism. Microdifferences in copper levels are critical to determine the coral metabolic state and were therefore included in this study. In addition, an excellent quantitative model correlating the coral lipid variation with the exposed copper levels or the induced physiological effect was obtained to demonstrate its performance for biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Han Shi
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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4
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Tang CH, Shi SH, Li HH, Lin CY, Wang WH. Lipid profiling of coral symbiosomes in response to copper-induced carbon limitation: A metabolic effect of algal symbionts on the host immune status. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133673. [PMID: 35063552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper micropollutants are known to constrain coral's assimilation of carbonate, affecting the carbon available to algal symbionts and thus inducing a light stress. However, little is known regarding the physiological relevance of lipid metabolism in coral symbiotic algae in a carbon-limited state. Membrane lipids exhibit multiple physicochemical properties that are collectively responsible for the dynamic structure of cells depending on the physiological demands of the circumstances. To gain insight into lipid metabolism's importance in this regard, glycerophosphocholine (GPC) profiling of symbiosomes in coral (Seriatopora caliendrum) exposed to environmentally relevant copper levels (2.2-7.5 μg/L) for 4 days was performed in this study. Notably, reducing the number of 22:6-processing GPCs and increasing that of lyso-GPCs likely addressed the demands of metabolizing excess light energy, such as affecting the membrane dynamics to promote mitochondrial uncoupling. The decrease in 22:6-processing GPCs additionally protected cellular membranes from elevated oxidative stress, reducing their susceptibility to peroxidation and offsetting oxidized lipid-induced effects on membrane dynamics. The change in plasmanylcholines specifically localized within the symbiosome membrane also met the membrane requirements for responding to oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, increasing the 20:4-possessing plasmanylcholines and lysoplasmanylcholines and reducing the 22:6-possessing plasmanylcholines likely resulted in an imbalance of the immune reaction, influencing the coral-algae symbiosis given the role of such plasmanylcholines in cell signaling. In summary, carbon limitations induced by copper enrichment lead to a shift in the membrane lipid profile of coral symbiosomes, accommodating themselves to light stress conditions while compromising the symbiosis's stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Han Shi
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Banc-Prandi G, Baharier N, Benaltabet T, Torfstein A, Antler G, Fine M. Elevated temperatures reduce the resilience of the Red Sea branching coral stylophora pistillata to copper pollution. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 244:106096. [PMID: 35101775 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a common marine pollutant of coastal environments and can cause severe impacts on coral organisms. To date, only a few studies assessed the effects of Cu contamination in combination with elevated seawater temperatures on corals. Furthermore, experiments focusing on coral recovery during a depuration phase, and under thermal stress, are lacking. The present study investigated the physiological response of the common and thermally tolerant scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata from the northern Red Sea to Cu contamination (2.5, 5 or 10 µg L - 1) in combination with thermal stress (5 °C above local ambient temperatures (26 °C)) for 23 days, and assessed the impact of elevated temperatures on its ability to recover from such pollution during a one-week depuration period. Variation in coral photo-physiological biomarkers including antioxidant defense capacity, were dose, time and temperature-dependent, and revealed additive effects of elevated temperatures. Successful recovery was achieved in ambient temperature only and was mediated by antioxidant defenses. Elevation of temperature altered the recovery dynamics during depuration, causing reduced Cu bioaccumulation and photosynthetic yield. The present study provides novel information on the effects of elevated temperature on the resilience (resistance and recovery processes) of a scleractinian coral exposed to a common marine pollutant. Our findings suggest that ocean warming may alter the resilience strategies of corals when exposed to local pollution, an impact that might have long-term consequences on the chances of survival of reefs in increasingly populated and warming coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Banc-Prandi
- The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103 Israel.
| | - Neta Baharier
- The University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tal Benaltabet
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103 Israel; The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Adi Torfstein
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103 Israel; The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Gilad Antler
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103 Israel; Department of Earth and Environmnental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Maoz Fine
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103 Israel; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute or Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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6
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Lin CY, Chen WL, Chen TZ, Lee SH, Liang HJ, Chou CCK, Tang CH, Cheng TJ. Lipid changes in extrapulmonary organs and serum of rats after chronic exposure to ambient fine particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147018. [PMID: 34088028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is able to pass through the respiratory barrier to enter the circulatory system and can consequently spread to the whole body to cause toxicity. Although our previous studies have revealed significantly altered levels of phosphorylcholine-containing lipids in the lungs of rats after chronic inhalation exposure to PM2.5, the effects of PM2.5 on phosphorylcholine-containing lipids in the extrapulmonary organs have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we examined the lipid effects of chronic PM2.5 exposure on various organs and serum by using a rat inhalation model followed by a mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approach. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously exposed at the whole body level to nonfiltered and nonconcentrated ambient air from the outside environment of Taipei city for 8 months, while the control rats inhaled filtered air simultaneously. After exposure, serum samples and various organs, including the testis, pancreas, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and epididymis, were collected for lipid extraction and analysis to examine the changes in phosphorylcholine-containing lipids after exposure. The results from the partial least squares discriminant analysis models demonstrated that the lipid profiles in the PM2.5 exposure group were different from those in the control group in the rat testis, pancreas, heart, liver, kidney and serum. The greatest PM2.5-induced lipid effects were observed in the testes. Decreased lyso-phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as well as increased unsaturated diacyl-PCs and sphingomyelins in the testes may be related to maintaining the membrane integrity of spermatozoa, antioxidation, and cell signaling. Additionally, our results showed that decreased PC(16:0/18:1) was observed in both the serum and testes. In conclusion, exposure to chronic environmental concentrations of PM2.5 caused lipid perturbation, especially in the testes of rats. This study highlighted the susceptibility of the testes and suggested possible molecular events for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ling Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Zhen Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Liang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zheng X, Kuo F, Pan K, Huang H, Lin R. Different calcification responses of two hermatypic corals to CO 2-driven ocean acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30596-30602. [PMID: 29397512 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how calcification is influenced by the enhanced dissolution of CO2 in the oceans is the key to evaluating the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on coral reefs. In this study, two branching hermatypic corals widely distributed in the South China Sea, Pocillopora damicornis and Seriatopora caliendrum, were used to study the calcification responses to CO2-driven OA (7.77 ± 0.07 vs. 8.15 ± 0.12). Our results showed that the calcification rate (0.17 ± 0.04%/day to 0.21 ± 0.12%/day) in P. damicornis remained unchanged in the acidified seawaters, but that in S. caliendrum decreased significantly (0.62 ± 0.21%/day to 0.44 ± 0.11%/day). Our results suggested that reef corals with high calcification rates may be more susceptible to the enhanced dissolution of CO2. Differential calcified response to elevated CO2 may be closely attributed to coralline capacity of the upregulation at their site of calcification in acidified seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqing Zheng
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fuwen Kuo
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haining Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Tang CH, Shi SH, Lin CY, Li HH, Wang WH. Using lipidomic methodology to characterize coral response to herbicide contamination and develop an early biomonitoring model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1275-1283. [PMID: 30340273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of omics technologies to profile an organism's systemic response to environmental changes can improve the effectiveness of biomonitoring. In cell physiology, the dynamic characteristics of membranes can be used to identify lipid profiles that detect environmental threats and assess the health problems associated with them. The efficacy of this approach was demonstrated by profiling glycerophosphocholines (GPCs, a major membrane lipid class) in the coral Seriatopora caliendrum after exposure to Irgarol 1051. A quantitative biomonitoring model for this photosystem II herbicide was developed by correlating variations in coral lipid profile with herbicide exposure levels and degree of photoinhibition. After 4 days of exposure, the predominant changes correlated with photoinhibition were an increase in lyso-GPCs and saturated GPCs and a decrease in phosphatidylcholines with unsaturated C18 chains or a polyunsaturated C22 chain. A time-course experiment showed that most of these lipid changes occurred opposite to the initial response and that the persistent changes can be attributed to photosynthetic shortages and the membrane accommodation of photoinhibition-induced oxidative conditions. These changes can help predict risk factors leading to coral bleaching. In this study, the application of a lipidomic methodology to characterize the adaptation of coral to ambient contamination serves as a basis for advancing environmental monitoring and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Hou-Wan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, 2 Hou-Wan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Han Shi
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, 2 Hou-Wan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Hsu-Chou Rd., Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Hou-Wan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, 2 Hou-Wan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Hou-Wan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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Douglas LM, Konopka JB. Plasma membrane architecture protects Candida albicans from killing by copper. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007911. [PMID: 30633741 PMCID: PMC6345494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to resist copper toxicity is important for microbial pathogens to survive attack by innate immune cells. A sur7Δ mutant of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans exhibits decreased virulence that correlates with increased sensitivity to copper, as well as defects in other stress responses and morphogenesis. Previous studies indicated that copper kills sur7Δ cells by a mechanism distinct from the known resistance pathways involving the Crp1 copper exporter or the Cup1 metallothionein. Since Sur7 resides in punctate plasma membrane domains known as MCC/eisosomes, we examined overexpression of SUR7 and found that it rescued the copper sensitivity of a mutant that fails to form MCC/eisosomes (pil1Δ lsp1Δ), indicating that these domains act to facilitate Sur7 function. Genetic screening identified new copper-sensitive mutants, the strongest of which were similar to sur7Δ in having altered plasma membranes due to defects in membrane trafficking, cortical actin, and morphogenesis (rvs161Δ, rvs167Δ, and arp2Δ arp3Δ). Consistent with the mutants having altered plasma membrane organization, they were all more readily permeabilized by copper, which is known to bind phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and cause membrane damage. Although these phospholipids are normally localized to the intracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane, their exposure on the surface of the copper-sensitive mutants was indicated by increased susceptibility to membrane damaging agents that bind to these phospholipids. Increased copper sensitivity was also detected for a drs2Δ mutant, which lacks a phospholipid flippase that is involved in maintaining phospholipid asymmetry. Copper binds phosphatidylserine with very high affinity, and deleting CHO1 to prevent phosphatidylserine synthesis rescued the copper sensitivity of sur7Δ cells, confirming a major role for phosphatidylserine in copper sensitivity. These results highlight how proper plasma membrane architecture protects fungal pathogens from copper and attack by the immune system, thereby opening up new avenues for therapeutic intervention. The transition metal copper is used by the innate immune system to attack microbial pathogens. To better understand how the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans resists this type of stress, we screened for mutants that were more susceptible to killing by copper. Interestingly, we identified a new class of copper-sensitive mutants whose plasma membranes are more readily permeabilized by copper. The common characteristic of these new copper-sensitive mutants is that they have an altered cell surface, which weakened their resistance to copper. These results help to explain the toxic effects of copper and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M. Douglas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tang CH, Lin CY, Sun PP, Lee SH, Wang WH. Modeling the effects of Irgarol 1051 on coral using lipidomic methodology for environmental monitoring and assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:571-578. [PMID: 29426181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coral is commonly selected as a bioindicator of detecting a variety of adverse factors such as photosystem II herbicide Irgarol 1051, through measuring pan-type biomarkers. To improve the effectiveness of biomonitoring, omic technologies have recently been applied to model the systemic changes in an organism. Membrane lipids create a dynamic cell structure based on the physiological state, which offers a distinct lipid profile to specifically detect environmental threats and assess the associated health risk. To demonstrate the potential of a lipidomic methodology for biomonitoring, the glycerophosphocholine (GPC) profiles of the coral Seriatopora caliendrum were observed during 3 days of Irgarol (0.1-2.0 μg/L) exposure. The lipid profile variations were modeled based on the Irgarol dose and the coral photoinhibition levels to develop an excellent quantitative model. The predominant changes correlated with the photoinhibition, decreasing the lyso-GPCs and GPCs with lower unsaturated chains and increasing GPCs with highly polyunsaturated chains, can be related to the consequence of blocking the photosynthetic electron flow based on the associated physiological roles. Other dose-specific lipid changes led to the partial exchange of PC(O-16:0/20:5) for PC(16,0/20:5) as a first-line response to counteract the membrane opening caused by Irgarol. Increased levels of the GPCs with 20:4 or 22:6 chains, which can promote mitochondrial functionality, confirmed an elevated respiration level in the coral exposed to Irgarol levels of >0.5 μg/L. Notably, plasmanylcholines with 20:4 or 22:6 chains and phosphatidylcholines with 22:6 or 22:5 chains, which can alter their membrane material properties to mitigate organelle pre-swelling and swelling in different ways, formed in the coral exposed to the 0.5 and 2.0 μg/L Irgarol levels. Such coral adaptations further predict the health risks associated with altered physiological conditions. In this study, the lipidomic methodology is demonstrated as a potential tool for environmental monitoring and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Department of Biology, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lee
- Central of General Education, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Department of Biology, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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11
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Gordon BR, Martin DE, Bambery KR, Motti CA. Chemical imaging of a Symbiodinium sp. cell using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy: a feasibility study. J Microsc 2017; 270:83-91. [PMID: 29064560 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodinium spp. is the key to the success and survival of coral reef ecosystems the world over. Nutrient exchange and chemical communication between the two partners provides the foundation of this key relationship, yet we are far from a complete understanding of these processes. This is due, in part, to the difficulties associated with studying an intracellular symbiosis at the small spatial scales required to elucidate metabolic interactions between the two partners. This feasibility study, which accompanied a more extensive investigation of fixed Symbiodinium cells (data unpublished), examines the potential of using synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IRM) for exploring metabolite localisation within a single Symbiodinium cell. In doing so, three chemically distinct subcellular regions of a single Symbiodinium cell were established and correlated to cellular function based on assignment of diagnostic chemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gordon
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - D E Martin
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - K R Bambery
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C A Motti
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Cleveland, Queensland, Australia
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Fonseca JDS, Marangoni LFDB, Marques JA, Bianchini A. Effects of increasing temperature alone and combined with copper exposure on biochemical and physiological parameters in the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Mussismilia harttii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:121-132. [PMID: 28709126 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of increasing temperature alone and in combination with exposure to dissolved copper (Cu) were evaluated in the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Mussismilia harttii using a marine mesocosm system. Endpoints analyzed included parameters involved in metabolism [maximum photosynthetic capacity of zooxanthellae (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll a and ATP concentrations], calcification [carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity], and oxidative status [antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)]. Coral polyps were collected, acclimated and exposed to three increasing temperature conditions [25.0±0.1°C (control; average temperature of local seawater), 26.6±0.1°C and 27.3±0.1°C] using a marine mesocosm system. They were tested alone and in combination with four environmentally relevant concentrations of dissolved Cu in seawater [2.9±0.7 (control; average concentration in local seawater), 3.8±0.8, 5.4±0.9 and 8.6±0.3μg/L] for 4, 8 and 12days. Fv/Fm reduced over the experimental period with increasing temperature. Combination of increasing temperature with Cu exposure enhanced this effect. CA and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities increased up to 8days of exposure, but recovered back after 12days of experiment. Short-term exposure to increasing temperature or long-term exposure to the combination of stressors reduced LPO, suggesting the occurrence of a remodeling process in the lipid composition of biological membranes. ACAP, ATP and chlorophyll a were not significantly affected by the stressors. These findings indicate that increasing temperature combined with exposure to dissolved Cu increase susceptibility to bleaching and reduce growth in the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral M. harttii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Fernandes de Barros Marangoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Joseane Aparecida Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,.
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13
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Morgan MB, Edge SE, Venn AA, Jones RJ. Developing transcriptional profiles in Orbicella franksi exposed to copper: Characterizing responses associated with a spectrum of laboratory-controlled environmental conditions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:60-76. [PMID: 28599170 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Morgan
- Department of Biology, Berry College, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 2277 Martha Berry Hwy, Mount Berry, GA, 30149, USA.
| | - Sara E Edge
- Hawaii Pacific University, 45-045 Kamehameha Hwy, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department et Laboratoire International Associé 647 "BIOSENSIB", Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC98000, Monaco
| | - Ross J Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Perth, 6009, Australia
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14
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Tang CH, Lin CY, Lee SH, Wang WH. Membrane lipid profiles of coral responded to zinc oxide nanoparticle-induced perturbations on the cellular membrane. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 187:72-81. [PMID: 28388481 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnOs) released from popular sunscreens used during marine recreation apparently endanger corals; however, the known biological effects are very limited. Membrane lipids constitute the basic structural element to create cell a dynamic structure according to the circumstance. Nano-specific effects have been shown to mechanically perturb the physical state of the lipid membrane, and the cells accommodating the actions of nZnOs can be involved in the alteration of the membrane lipid composition. To gain insight into the effects of nanoparticles on coral, glycerophosphocholine (GPC) profiling of the coral Seriatopora caliendrum exposed to nZnOs was performed in this study. Increasing lyso-GPCs, docosapentaenoic acid-possessing GPCs and docosahexaenoic acid-possessing GPCs and decreasing arachidonic acid-possessing GPCs were the predominant changes responded to nZnO exposure in the coral. A backfilling of polyunsaturated plasmanylcholines was observed in the coral exposed to nZnO levels over a threshold. These changes can be logically interpreted as an accommodation to nZnOs-induced mechanical disturbances in the cellular membrane based on the biophysical properties of the lipids. Moreover, the coral demonstrated a difference in the changes in lipid profiles between intra-colonial functionally differentiated polyps, indicating an initial membrane composition-dependent response. Based on the physicochemical properties and physiological functions of these changed lipids, some chronic biological effects can be incubated once the coral receives long-term exposure to nZnOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lee
- Center of General Education, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Fragoso ados Santos H, Duarte GAS, Rachid CTDC, Chaloub RM, Calderon EN, Marangoni LFDB, Bianchini A, Nudi AH, do Carmo FL, van Elsas JD, Rosado AS, Castro CBE, Peixoto RS. Impact of oil spills on coral reefs can be reduced by bioremediation using probiotic microbiota. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18268. [PMID: 26658023 PMCID: PMC4677405 DOI: 10.1038/srep18268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several anthropogenic factors, including contamination by oil spills, constitute a threat to coral reef health. Current methodologies to remediate polluted marine environments are based on the use of chemical dispersants; however, these can be toxic to the coral holobiont. In this study, a probiotic bacterial consortium was produced from the coral Mussismilia harttii and was trained to degrade water-soluble oil fractions (WSFs). Additionally, we assessed the effect of WSFs on the health of M. harttii in tanks and evaluated the bacterial consortium as a bioremediation agent. The consortium was responsible for the highly efficient degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, and it minimised the effects of WSFs on coral health, as indicated by raised photosynthetic efficiencies. Moreover, the impact of WSFs on the coral microbiome was diminished by the introduced bacterial consortium. Following introduction, the bacterial consortium thus had a dual function, i.e promoting oil WSF degradation and improving coral health with its probiotic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Fragoso ados Santos
- BIOINOVAR/LEMM – Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Caio TavoraCoelho da Costa Rachid
- BIOINOVAR/LEMM – Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moreira Chaloub
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emiliano Nicolas Calderon
- Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Adalto Bianchini
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Haddad Nudi
- Laboratório de Estudos Marinhos e Ambientais, PUC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia Lima do Carmo
- BIOINOVAR/LEMM – Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Soares Rosado
- BIOINOVAR/LEMM – Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clovis Barreira e Castro
- Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Peixoto
- BIOINOVAR/LEMM – Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Tang CH, Ku PC, Lin CY, Chen TH, Lee KH, Lee SH, Wang WH. Intra-Colonial Functional Differentiation-Related Modulation of the Cellular Membrane in a Pocilloporid Coral Seriatopora caliendrum. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:633-643. [PMID: 26242752 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scleractinian corals have displayed phenotypic gradients of polyps within a single genotypic colony, and this has profound implications for their biology. The intrinsic polymorphism of membrane lipids and the molecular interactions involved allow cells to dynamically organize their membranes to have physicochemical properties appropriate for their physiological requirements. To gain insight into the accommodation of the cellular membrane during ontogenetic shifts, intra-colony differences in the glycerophosphocholine profiling of a pocilloporid coral, Seriatopora caliendrum, were characterized using a previously validated method. Specifically, several major polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines showed higher levels in the distal tissue of coral branches. In contrast, the corresponding molecules with 1-2-degree less unsaturation and plasmanylcholines were expressed more highly in the proximal tissue. The lipid profiles of these two colonial positions also contrasted sharply with regard to the saturated, monounsaturated, and lyso-glycerophosphocholine ratios. Based on the biochemical and biophysical properties of these lipids, the associated modulation of cellular membrane properties could be related to the physiological requirements, including coral growth and aging, of the functionally differentiated polyps. In this study, the metabolic regulation of membrane lipids involved in the functional differentiation of polyps within a S. caliendrum colony was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan,
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17
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Chen WL, Lin CY, Yan YH, Cheng KT, Cheng TJ. Alterations in rat pulmonary phosphatidylcholines after chronic exposure to ambient fine particulate matter. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:3163-9. [PMID: 25236678 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study elucidated the underlying pathophysiological changes that occur after chronic ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure via a lipidomic approach. Five male Sprague-Dawley rats were continually whole-body exposed to ambient air containing PM2.5 at 16.7 ± 10.1 μg m(-3) from the outside of the building for 8 months, whereas a control group (n = 5) inhaled filtered air. Phosphorylcholine-containing lipids were extracted from lung tissue and profiled using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The phosphatidylcholine (PC) signal features of the two groups were compared using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The PC profile of the exposure group differed from that of the control group; the R(2)Y and Q(2) were 0.953 and 0.677, respectively, in the PLS-DA model. In the exposure group, a significant 0.66- to 0.80-fold reduction in lyso-PC levels, which may have resulted from repeated inflammation, was observed. Decreased surfactant PCs by 16% at most may indicate injuries to alveolar type II cells. Cell function and cell signalling are likely to be altered because the decrease in unsaturated PCs may reduce membrane fluidity. Accompanied by the decline in plasmenylcholines, decreased unsaturated PCs may indicate the attack of reactive oxygen species generated by PM2.5 exposure. The physiological findings conformed to the histopathological changes in the exposed animals. PC profiling using UPLC-MS/MS-based lipidomics is sensitive for reflecting pathophysiological perturbations in the lung after long-term and low concentration PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan.
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