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Sebeia N, Jabli M, Sonsudin F. Garlic Cellulosic Powders with Immobilized AgO and CuO Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization of the Nanocomposites, and Application to the Catalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1661. [PMID: 38932011 PMCID: PMC11207929 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have attracted specific consideration due to their specific characteristics and uses in several promising fields. In the present study, Chondrilla juncea was employed as a biological extract to facilitate the reduction of copper and silver ions within garlic peel powders. The resulting garlic-CuO and garlic-AgO nanocomposites were characterized using several analytical methods including FTIR, TGA/DTG, SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses. The garlic peel exhibited a rough surface. The nanoparticles were evenly dispersed across its surface. The incorporation of CuO and AgO nanoparticles affected the crystal structure of garlic peel. The establishment of CuO and AgO nanoparticles was evidenced by the highest residual mass values observed for the prepared nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the prepared nanocomposites had lower thermal stability compared with garlic peel powders. The prepared nanocomposites were used for catalytic degradation of naphthol blue black B and calmagite. The decolorization process depended on the quantity of H2O2, initial concentration of azo dyes, duration of contact, and temperature of the bath. The calculated activation energy (Ea) values for the garlic-CuO nanocomposites were found to be 18.44 kJ mol-1 and 23.28 kJ mol-1 for calmagite and naphthol solutions, respectively. However, those calculated for garlic-AgO nanocomposites were found to be 50.01 kJ mol-1 and 12.44 kJ mol-1 for calmagite and naphthol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Sebeia
- Textile Materials and Processes Research Unit, Tunisia National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Jabli
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faridah Sonsudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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2
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Chaudhari V, Vairagade V, Thakkar A, Shende H, Vora A. Nanotechnology-based fungal detection and treatment: current status and future perspective. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:77-97. [PMID: 37597093 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections impose a significant impact on global health and encompass major expenditures in medical treatments. Human mycoses, a fungal co-infection associated with SARS-CoV-2, is caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens and is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. Recently, there is increasing threat about spread of antimicrobial resistance in fungus, mostly in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. The diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections are associated with several issues, including tedious and non-selective detection methods, the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, severe side effects, and ineffective drug delivery. Thus, a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method and a high-efficacy and low-toxicity therapeutic approach are needed. Nanomedicine has emerged as a viable option for overcoming these limitations. Due to the unique physicochemical and optical properties of nanomaterials and newer biosensing techniques, nanodiagnostics play an important role in the accurate and prompt differentiation and detection of fungal diseases. Additionally, nano-based drug delivery techniques can increase drug permeability, reduce adverse effects, and extend systemic circulation time and drug half-life. This review paper is aimed at highlighting recent, promising, and unique trends in nanotechnology to design and develop diagnostics and treatment methods for fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Chaudhari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Vaishnavi Vairagade
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Ami Thakkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Himani Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Amisha Vora
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Berrabah I, Dehouche N, Kaci M, Bruzaud S, Delaite C, Deguines CH, Bououdina M. A bionanocomposite of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)/ZnO-nanoparticles intended for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124162. [PMID: 36965560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Films-based bionanocomposites have gained a great importance in food plastic packaging because they are eco-friendly materials and have the potential to improve food protection, while limiting the accumulation of synthetic plastics on the planet. In this paper, biofilms were prepared using poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) reinforced with Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to develop new bionanocomposite materials intended for food packaging. The samples were fabricated using first solvent casting method followed by melt compounding at various loading rates, i.e., 1.5, 3 and 6 wt%. The obtained results showed that the incorporation of ZnO-NPs to PHBHHx at 3 wt% leads to higher crystallinity, improved mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity, compared with neat polymer and other bionanocomposites. This was attributed to the finer and homogeneous nanofiller dispersion in the polymer matrix evidenced by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Whereas at 6 wt%, the bionanocomposite sample exhibited low mechanical properties due to the formation of ZnO-NPs aggregates. In view of the obtained results, the study highlights the potential of using the PHBHHx/ZnO-NPs bionanocomposite at 3 wt% in food packaging without any prior filler treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Berrabah
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés (LMPA), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Algeria.
| | - Nadjet Dehouche
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés (LMPA), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Algeria.
| | - Mustapha Kaci
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés (LMPA), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Algeria.
| | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), UMR CNRS 6027, Université de Bretagne-Sud, Rue Saint Maudé, Lorient 56100 Cedex, France.
| | - Christelle Delaite
- Université de Haute-Alsace, LPIM EA 4567, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, France.
| | - Charles Henry Deguines
- Université de Haute-Alsace, LPIM EA 4567, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, France.
| | - Mohamed Bououdina
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Synthesis and Spectral Characterisation of Fabricated Cerium-Doped Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential and Its Membranolytic Activity through Large Unilamellar Vesicles. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020112. [PMID: 36826911 PMCID: PMC9966552 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable attention has been given to Magnesium oxide nanoparticles lately due to their antimicrobial potential, low toxicity to humans, high thermal stability, biocompatibility, and low cost of production. However, their successful transformation into sustainable drugs is limited due to their low membrane permeability, which reduces their bioavailability in target cells. Herein we propose Cerium-doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgOCeNPs) as a powerful solution to above mentioned limitations and are compared with MgO NPs for their membrane permeability and antimicrobial activity. Both pure and Ce-doped were characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, in which an X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination reveals the lattice patterns for doped nanoparticles. Furthermore, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed the three-dimensional (3D) structure and height of the nanoparticle. The crystal structure (FCC) of MgO did not change with Ce doping. However, microstructural properties like lattice parameter, crystallite size and biological activity of MgO significantly changed with Ce doping. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of MgOCeNPs in comparison to MgO NPs and to understand the underlying mechanisms, the antibacterial activity was investigated against human pathogenic bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and antifungal activity against THY-1, a fungal strain. MgOCeNPs were studied by several methods, which resulted in a strong antibacterial and antifungal activity in the form of an elevated zone of inhibition, reduced growth curve, lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC80) and enhanced cytotoxicity in both bacterial and fungal strain as compared to MgO nanoparticles. The study of the growth curve showed early and prolonged stationary phase and early decline log phase. Both bacterial and fungal strains showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity with enhancement in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and formation of pores in the membrane when interacting with egg-phosphatidylcholine model Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs). The proposed mechanism of MgOCeNPs toxicity evidently is membranolytic activity and induction of ROS production, which may cause oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity. These results confirmed that MgOCeNPs are a novel and very potent antimicrobial agent with a great promise of controlling and treating other microbes.
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Azadpour B, Kashanian F, Habibi-Rezaei M, Seyyed Ebrahimi SA, Yazdanpanah R, Lalegani Z, Hamawandi B. Covalently-Bonded Coating of L-Arginine Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles with Dextran Using Co-Precipitation Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8762. [PMID: 36556567 PMCID: PMC9784741 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, L-arginine (Arg) modified magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (RMNPs) were firstly synthesized through a one-step co-precipitation method, and then these aminated nanoparticles (NPs) were, again, coated by pre-oxidized dextran (Dext), in which aldehyde groups (DextCHO) have been introduced on the polymer chain successfully via a strong chemical linkage. Arg, an amino acid, acts as a mediator to link the Dext to a magnetic core. The as-synthesized Arg-modified and Dext-coated arginine modified Fe3O4 NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Both synthesized samples, XRD pattern and FT-IR spectra proved that the core is magnetite. FT-IR confirmed that the chemical bonds of Arg and Dext both exist in the samples. SEM images showed that the NPs are spherical and have an acceptable distribution size, and the VSM analysis indicated the superparamagnetic behavior of samples. The saturation magnetization was decreased after Dext coating, which confirms successive coating RMNPs with Text. In addition, the TGA analysis demonstrated that the prepared magnetic nanocomposites underwent various weight loss levels, which admitted the modification of magnetic cores with Arg and further coating with Dext.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Azadpour
- Advanced Magnetic Materials Research Center, School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
| | - Faezeh Kashanian
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
| | - Mehran Habibi-Rezaei
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Seyyed Ebrahimi
- Advanced Magnetic Materials Research Center, School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Yazdanpanah
- Advanced Magnetic Materials Research Center, School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
| | - Zahra Lalegani
- Advanced Magnetic Materials Research Center, School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran
| | - Bejan Hamawandi
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang Z, Simon A, Abetz C, Held M, Höhme AL, Schneider ES, Segal-Peretz T, Abetz V. Hybrid Organic-Inorganic-Organic Isoporous Membranes with Tunable Pore Sizes and Functionalities for Molecular Separation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105251. [PMID: 34580938 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Accomplishing on-demand molecular separation with a high selectivity and good permeability is very desirable for pollutant removal and chemical and pharmaceutical processing. The major challenge for sub-10 nm filtration of particles and molecules is the fabrication of high-performance membranes with tunable pore size and designed functionality. Here, a versatile top-down approach is demonstrated to produce such a membrane using isoporous block copolymer membranes with well-defined pore sizes combined with growth of metal oxide using sequential infiltration synthesis and atomic layer deposition (SIS and ALD). The pore size of the membranes is tuned by controlled metal oxide growth within and onto the polymer channels, enabling up to twofold pore diameter reduction. Following the growth, the distinct functionalities are readily incorporated along the membrane nanochannels with either hydrophobic, cationic, or anionic groups via straightforward and scalable gas/liquid-solid interface reactions. The hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the membrane nanochannel is significantly changed by the introduction of hydrophilic metal oxide and hydrophobic fluorinated groups. The functionalized membranes exhibit a superior selectivity and permeability in separating 1-2 nm organic molecules and fractionating similar-sized proteins based on size, charge, and hydrophobicity. This demonstrates the great potential of organic-inorganic-organic isoporous membranes for high-performance molecular separation in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Assaf Simon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Clarissa Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Martin Held
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anke-Lisa Höhme
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Erik S Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Tamar Segal-Peretz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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A Physical-Chemical Study of the Interference of Ceftriaxone Antibiotic with Copper Chloride Salt. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:4018843. [PMID: 34712313 PMCID: PMC8548123 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4018843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nano-CuCl2.2H2O salt was prepared by the ball milling method. The association parameters for bulk and nano-CuCl2 salts in H2O are estimated at different temperatures using the conductivity method by applying the Fuoss-Shedlovsky equation and it was higher for nano-CuCl2 than bulk CuCl2 salt. The interaction between the cation (Cu2+) and ligand (ceftriaxone) in H2O was determined also by the conductometric method. Two stoichiometric complexes 1/2 and 1/1 (M/L) are estimated and follow the order K f (1/1) > K f (1 : 2) and ∆G f (1/1) > ∆G f (1/2) for (M : L) (in negative values) indicate the favorable of formation of (1/1) complex compared to the (1 : 2) complex. The Gibbs free energies change was increased in negative signs with increasing the temperature. The antimicrobial activities of CFT, bulk Cu-CFT complex, and nano-Cu-CFT complex were studied on LB agar by the disc diffusion technique against clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Fungi (Candida albicans). It was observed that (CFT) has a higher zone of inhibition and antibacterial activity than that of bulk and nano-Cu-CFT complexes in Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria). The nano-Cu-CFT complex showed a higher clear zone of inhibition and antifungal activity against candida than bulk Cu-CFT complex while the absence of the inhibition zone in CFT, so nano-Cu-CFT complex, can be used as an antifungal drug.
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León-Buitimea A, Garza-Cervantes JA, Gallegos-Alvarado DY, Osorio-Concepción M, Morones-Ramírez JR. Nanomaterial-Based Antifungal Therapies to Combat Fungal Diseases Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Mucormycosis, and Candidiasis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101303. [PMID: 34684252 PMCID: PMC8539376 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi have constituted a serious threat to public health worldwide. Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Mucorales (the most common filamentous fungi), and Candida auris (non-filamentous fungus) can cause infections in humans. They are able to cause critical life-threatening illnesses in immunosuppressed individuals, patients with HIV/AIDS, uncontrolled diabetes, hematological diseases, transplantation, and chemotherapy. In this review, we describe the available nanoformulations (both metallic and polymers-based nanoparticles) developed to increase efficacy and reduce the number of adverse effects after the administration of conventional antifungals. To treat aspergillosis and infections caused by Candida, multiple strategies have been used to develop new therapeutic alternatives, such as incorporating coating materials, complexes synthesized by green chemistry, or coupled with polymers. However, the therapeutic options for coccidioidomycosis and mucormycosis are limited; most of them are in the early stages of development. Therefore, more research needs to be performed to develop new therapeutic alternatives that contribute to the progress of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel León-Buitimea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (A.L.-B.); (J.A.G.-C.); (D.Y.G.-A.); (M.O.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Javier A. Garza-Cervantes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (A.L.-B.); (J.A.G.-C.); (D.Y.G.-A.); (M.O.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Diana Y. Gallegos-Alvarado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (A.L.-B.); (J.A.G.-C.); (D.Y.G.-A.); (M.O.-C.)
| | - Macario Osorio-Concepción
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (A.L.-B.); (J.A.G.-C.); (D.Y.G.-A.); (M.O.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - José Ruben Morones-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (A.L.-B.); (J.A.G.-C.); (D.Y.G.-A.); (M.O.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca C.P. 66628, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Javed A, Wiener J, Tamulevičienė A, Tamulevičius T, Lazauskas A, Saskova J, Račkauskas S. One Step In-Situ Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Cotton Fabrics. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143956. [PMID: 34300877 PMCID: PMC8304503 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have acquired great significance in the textile sector due to their impressive efficiency and multifold utilization, such as antimicrobials, UV protection, photo catalytic activity, and self-cleaning. The aim of this work is in-situ growth of ZnO NPs on 100% cotton fabrics with the one-step hydrothermal method for preparation of multifunctional textile with UV protecting, antibacterial, and photo catalytic properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2·6H2O] were used as reactants for the growth of zinc oxide on the 100% cotton fabrics. The loaded amount of Zn contents on the cotton fabric was determined by using induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The surface morphological characterization of deposited ZnO NPs was examined, employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and, Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization results showed the presence of ZnO NPs on cotton fabrics having hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. The synthesized ZnO NPs on fabrics exhibited promising results for antibacterial, UV protection, and photo catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Javed
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 46001 Liberec, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jakub Wiener
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 46001 Liberec, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Asta Tamulevičienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.T.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (S.R.)
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų St. 50, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Tamulevičius
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.T.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (S.R.)
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų St. 50, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Lazauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.T.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Jana Saskova
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 46001 Liberec, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Simas Račkauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.T.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (S.R.)
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų St. 50, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
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10
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Chuffa LGDA, Seiva FRF, Novais AA, Simão VA, Martín Giménez VM, Manucha W, Zuccari DAPDC, Reiter RJ. Melatonin-Loaded Nanocarriers: New Horizons for Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123562. [PMID: 34200947 PMCID: PMC8230720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of nanosized particles has emerged to facilitate selective applications in medicine. Drug-delivery systems represent novel opportunities to provide stricter, focused, and fine-tuned therapy, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of chemical agents at the molecular level while reducing their toxic effects. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytriptamine) is a small indoleamine secreted essentially by the pineal gland during darkness, but also produced by most cells in a non-circadian manner from which it is not released into the blood. Although the therapeutic promise of melatonin is indisputable, aspects regarding optimal dosage, biotransformation and metabolism, route and time of administration, and targeted therapy remain to be examined for proper treatment results. Recently, prolonged release of melatonin has shown greater efficacy and safety when combined with a nanostructured formulation. This review summarizes the role of melatonin incorporated into different nanocarriers (e.g., lipid-based vesicles, polymeric vesicles, non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles, charge carriers in graphene, electro spun nanofibers, silica-based carriers, metallic and non-metallic nanocomposites) as drug delivery system platforms or multilevel determinations in various in vivo and in vitro experimental conditions. Melatonin incorporated into nanosized materials exhibits superior effectiveness in multiple diseases and pathological processes than does free melatonin; thus, such information has functional significance for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-689, Brazil; (L.G.d.A.C.); (V.A.S.)
| | - Fábio Rodrigues Ferreira Seiva
- Biological Science Center, Department of Biology, Luiz Meneghel Campus, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná-UENP, Bandeirantes 86360-000, PR, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Alonso Novais
- Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, UFMT, Sinop 78607-059, MG, Brazil;
| | - Vinícius Augusto Simão
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-689, Brazil; (L.G.d.A.C.); (V.A.S.)
| | - Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, Sede San Juan 5400, Argentina;
| | - Walter Manucha
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental Básica y Traslacional. Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina;
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IMBECU-CONICET), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | | | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Al-Ghamdi YO, Jabli M, Soury R, Khan SA. Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Pergularia tomentosa leaves and decolorization studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2021; 24:118-130. [PMID: 34043917 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1926914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, Pergularia tomentosa leaves were used as a promising source of bioproducts for the reduction of copper sulfate into copper oxide nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FI-IR showed the presence of hydroxyl, ester, and aromatic groups, which are characteristics of phenolics and other bioproducts. SEM features exhibited spherical and agglomerated particles. In EDX data, the peak at 1 Kev, is an index of metallic nanoparticles of copper. The signals related to C and O peaks indicated the presence of phytochemicals in the studied extract. The synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles had a face-centered cubic structure. The size of the nanoparticles varied from 1.7 to 15.2 nm. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue using copper oxide nanoparticles reached 93.2 mg/g (pH = 6, T = 22 °C, adsorbent dose = 0.0125 g). Additionally, methylene blue solution was completely decolorized after 2 min of reaction (pH = 6, 0.0057 mg NaBH4, C0 = 10 mg/L, catalyst = 0.005 g). NOVELTY STATEMENTIn this study, Pergularia tomentosa leaves were used, for the first time, as a biomaterial rich in bioproducts for the reduction of copper sulfate into copper oxide nanoparticles. The prepared particles act as promising materials for the decolorization of contaminated water via both adsorption and degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef O Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahjoub Jabli
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raoudha Soury
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Hail, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi Anbar, Pakistan
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Ltaief S, Jabli M, Ben Abdessalem S. Immobilization of copper oxide nanoparticles onto chitosan biopolymer: Application to the oxidative degradation of Naphthol blue black. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117908. [PMID: 33766384 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles, prepared using pistacia vera hull extract, were immobilized onto chitosan. FT-IR spectrum of copper oxide-chitosan exhibited chemical shifting of the main peaks of the biopolymer indicating that hydroxyl and amino groups were reacted with copper oxide nanoparticles. SEM features showed spherical surface and physical stability of the composite. The shifting of the burning temperature in DTA from 278.5 °C to 212.6 °C in the composite proved the interaction between chitosan and copper oxide nanoparticles. The composite was applied for the oxidative degradation of naphthol blue black in the presence of H2O2. The change of copper oxide nanoparticles loading, time, dye concentration, temperature, and oxidant dose were studied. The degradation yield reached 86 % (C0 = 30 mg/L, T=20 °C, H2O2 = 8 mL/L). The activation energy (Ea), entropy (ΔS*) and enthalpy (ΔH*) were equal to 45.558 KJ. mol-1, -116.203 J mol-1 K-1 and 42.986 kJ mol-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Ltaief
- Textile Materials and Processes Research Unit, Tunisia National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Jabli
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia; Textile Materials and Processes Research Unit, Tunisia National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Saber Ben Abdessalem
- Textile Materials and Processes Research Unit, Tunisia National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Agboola O, Fayomi OSI, Ayodeji A, Ayeni AO, Alagbe EE, Sanni SE, Okoro EE, Moropeng L, Sadiku R, Kupolati KW, Oni BA. A Review on Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Effective Applications in Membranes and Adsorbents for Water Treatment and Gas Separation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:139. [PMID: 33669424 PMCID: PMC7920412 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, environmental challenges have been recognised as a matter of concern. Among these challenges are the reduced availability and quality of drinking water, and greenhouse gases that give rise to change in climate by entrapping heat, which result in respirational illness from smog and air pollution. Globally, the rate of demand for the use of freshwater has outgrown the rate of population increase; as the rapid growth in town and cities place a huge pressure on neighbouring water resources. Besides, the rapid growth in anthropogenic activities, such as the generation of energy and its conveyance, release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, warming the planet. Polymer nanocomposite has played a significant role in finding solutions to current environmental problems. It has found interest due to its high potential for the reduction of gas emission, and elimination of pollutants, heavy metals, dyes, and oil in wastewater. The revolution of integrating developed novel nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers and activated carbon, in polymers, have instigated revitalizing and favourable inventive nanotechnologies for the treatment of wastewater and gas separation. This review discusses the effective employment of polymer nanocomposites for environmental utilizations. Polymer nanocomposite membranes for wastewater treatment and gas separation were reviewed together with their mechanisms. The use of polymer nanocomposites as an adsorbent for toxic metals ions removal and an adsorbent for dye removal were also discussed, together with the mechanism of the adsorption process. Patents in the utilization of innovative polymeric nanocomposite membranes for environmental utilizations were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluranti Agboola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria; (A.A.); (A.O.A.); (E.E.A.); (S.E.S.)
| | | | - Ayoola Ayodeji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria; (A.A.); (A.O.A.); (E.E.A.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Augustine Omoniyi Ayeni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria; (A.A.); (A.O.A.); (E.E.A.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Edith E. Alagbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria; (A.A.); (A.O.A.); (E.E.A.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Samuel E. Sanni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria; (A.A.); (A.O.A.); (E.E.A.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Emmanuel E. Okoro
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria;
| | - Lucey Moropeng
- Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (L.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rotimi Sadiku
- Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (L.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Kehinde Williams Kupolati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Babalola Aisosa Oni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;
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Shah A, Khalil AT, Ahmad K, Iqbal J, Shah H, Shinwari ZK, Maaza M. Biogenic nanoparticles: synthesis, mechanism, characterization and applications. BIOGENIC NANOPARTICLES FOR CANCER THERANOSTICS 2021:27-42. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821467-1.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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15
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Comparative Study on the Influence of Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd) on the Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO NPs Embedded in Renewable Castor Oil Polymer Matrices. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163468. [PMID: 32781645 PMCID: PMC7475861 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid polymeric materials, due to the unique combination of properties that can be obtained by the convenient variation of organic and inorganic components, represent an attractive alternative for many applications, especially photocatalysis. Herein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite films containing functionalized ZnO nanoparticles, as well as in situ photogenerated noble metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd), for the achieving of materials with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. The flexible free-standing nanocomposite films were synthesized by photopolymerization of a monomer mixture (silane castor oil urethane dimethacrylate and polypropylene oxide urethane dimethacrylate) in the presence of a Irgacure 819 photoinitiator. The efficiency of ZnO NPs functionalization was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis, while the polymer composites were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to evidence the formation, size and distribution of the nanoparticles inside the photocrosslinked matrix. To establish the photocatalytic capacity of nanocomposite films, the decomposition of various pollutants (methyl orange, phenol, metronidazole) was monitored under visible light irradiation, the best results being obtained for Au/ZnO film. Also, the advantage of immobilizing the catalysts in a polymeric support and its recycling ability without a significant decrease in photocatalytic efficiency was analysed.
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Variable Wall Permeability Effects on Flow and Heat Transfer in a Leaky Channel Containing Water-Based Nanoparticles. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the effects of variable wall permeability on two-dimensional flow and heat transfer in a leaky narrow channel containing water-based nanoparticles. The nanofluid is absorbed through the walls with an exponential rate. This situation arises in reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and transpiration cooling in industry. The mathematical model is developed by using the continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Using stream function, the transport equations are reduced and solved by using regular perturbation method. The expressions for stream function and temperature distribution are established, which helps in finding the components of velocity, wall shear stress, and heat transfer rate inside the channel. The results show that velocity components, temperature, wall shear stress, and rate of heat transfer are minimum at the entrance region due to the reabsorption of fluid containing nanoparticles. Additionally, with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles, the rate of heat transfer enhances at all positions inside the channel. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles show higher wall shear stress compared to copper and alumina. The streamlines confirms that all the fluid is reabsorbed before reaching the exit region of the channel for high reabsorption.
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Afolalu SA, Soetan SB, Ongbali SO, Abioye AA, Oni AS. Morphological characterization and physio-chemical properties of nanoparticle - review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/640/1/012065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Barrak H, Ahmedi R, Chevallier P, M'nif A, Laroche G, Hamzaoui AH. Highly efficient extraction of rare earth elements and others ions from green phosphoric acid medium using TMSEDTA@GO@Fe3O4 core-shell. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Use of Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanoformulations as Nanofungicides for Sustainable Disease Management in Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17061-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Nejabatdoust A, Salehzadeh A, Zamani H, Moradi-Shoeili Z. Synthesis, Characterization and Functionalization of ZnO Nanoparticles by Glutamic Acid (Glu) and Conjugation of ZnO@Glu by Thiosemicarbazide and Its Synergistic Activity with Ciprofloxacin Against Multi-drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-018-01487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Quadri T, Olasunkanmi LO, Fayemi OE, Solomon MM, Ebenso EE. Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites of Selected Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Corrosion Inhibition Studies on Mild Steel in HCl Solution. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8421-8437. [PMID: 31457380 PMCID: PMC6645236 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposites of ZnO and some selected polymers, namely, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and polyacrylonitrile, were synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The FTIR and UV-vis spectra confirmed the successful formation of the polymer nanocomposites. TGA results revealed that the synthesized polymer nanocomposites are more thermally stable than the polymers alone. ZnO nanoparticles were about 50-75 nm in size, assumed a rodlike shape, and got embedded in the polymer matrices, as revealed by TEM images. Corrosion inhibition potentials of the synthesized ZnO/polymer nanocomposites were investigated for mild steel in 5% HCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results showed that each ZnO/polymer nanocomposite inhibits mild steel corrosion in 5% HCl solution better than the respective polymer alone. The nanocomposites, according to PDP studies, behaved as a mixed-type inhibitor. The predominant mode of adsorption of the nanocomposites to a mild steel surface was found to be mixed type, and the adsorption process obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Scanning electron microscopy images also revealed the protective attributes of the ZnO/polymer nanocomposites for mild steel in 5% HCl solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo
W. Quadri
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science
and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag
X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Lukman O. Olasunkanmi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science
and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag
X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi
Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria
| | - Omolola E. Fayemi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science
and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag
X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Moses M. Solomon
- Department
of Science Technology, Akwa-Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, P.M.B 2100, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria
| | - Eno E. Ebenso
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science
and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag
X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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