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Hayashi H, Izumiya Y, Hayashi O, Ichii M, Tsujimoto Y, Yoshiyama M. Dynapenia is an independent predictor of cardio-cerebrovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Heart Vessels 2022; 37:1066-1074. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-02006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lajoso-Silva N, Bezerra P, Silva B, Carral JMC. Functional Training in Portuguese Firefighters: Impact of Functional Training With or Without Personal Protective Equipment. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e169-e176. [PMID: 33769402 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of specific functional training (FT) with and without personal protective equipment (PPE) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), on firefighters (FFs) physical fitness condition. METHODS Sixty FFs run a 24 weeks intervention, divided into three groups (EG1 training with PPE+SCBA; EG2 training with regular equipment, and Control Group). FFs anthropometric and physical fitness (PF) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the training groups and control group. Both training groups interventions were effective in improving PF and lean mass. However, EG1 presented a higher percentage of improvement. CONCLUSION This 24-week FT intervention improved participants' muscle strength, endurance, and power, and it led to increases in lean body mass. Regularly FT with PPE+SCBA helps FFs maintain a healthy general physical condition and develop optimum fitness levels related to firefighting specific tasks, specially torso muscular endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Lajoso-Silva
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Higher School of Sports and Leisure, Melgaço (Ms Lajoso-Silva, Dr Bezerra, Dr Silva); Faculty of Educational Sciences & Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain (Ms Lajoso-Silva, Dr Cancela Carral); Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real (Dr Bezerra, Dr Silva), Portugal
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Elam C, Aagaard P, Slinde F, Svantesson U, Hulthén L, Magnusson PS, Bunketorp-Käll L. The effects of ageing on functional capacity and stretch-shortening cycle muscle power. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:250-260. [PMID: 33814713 PMCID: PMC8012187 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To examine the effects of age and gender in an ageing population with respect
to functional decline and the relationship between muscle power and functional capacity.
[Participants and Methods] The cohort (N=154) was subdivided into youngest-old
(65–70 years.; n=62), middle-old (71–75 years.; n=46), and oldest-old (76–81 years.;
n=46). Measures of mechanical muscle function included countermovement jump height, muscle
power, leg strength and grip strength. Functional performance-based measures included
heel-rise, postural balance, Timed Up and Go, and gait speed. [Results] The oldest-old
performed significantly worse than the middle-old, whereas the youngest-old did not
outperform the middle-old to the same extent. Increased contribution of muscle power was
observed with increasing age. Males had consistently higher scores in measures of
mechanical muscle function, whereas no gender differences were observed for functional
capacity. [Conclusion] The age-related decline in functional capacity appears to
accelerate when approaching 80 years of age and lower limb muscle power seems to
contribute to a greater extent to the preservation of functional balance and gait capacity
at that stage. Males outperform females in measures of mechanical muscle function
independent of age, while the findings give no support for the existence of gender
differences in functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Elam
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg: Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Frode Slinde
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulla Svantesson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg: Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Hulthén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter S Magnusson
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lina Bunketorp-Käll
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg: Gothenburg, Sweden
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da Luz MCL, Bezerra GKA, Asano AGC, Chaves de Lemos MDC, Cabral PC. Determinant factors of sarcopenia in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:979-985. [PMID: 32683568 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the occurrence of sarcopenia and determinant factors in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a city in northeastern Brazil. METHODS Case series with 77 men and women (adults and older adults) with PD. The risk of sarcopenia was determined using the SARC-F and SARC-CalF screening tools. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on the new consensus published by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). Sarcopenic obesity was diagnosed based on the criteria proposed by Stenholm. Disease stage and severity were determined using the Hoehn and Yahr scale and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of sarcopenia was 19.5% and was associated with age, poor performance on activities of daily living and poor nutritional status. No significant association was found between the SARC-F score and the diagnosis of sarcopenia. The main factors that determined the variation in the parameters for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in the present sample were age, disease severity, body weight, and SARCF score. CONCLUSION Despite the low prevalence in the present study, sarcopenia progresses with the worsening of the nutritional status and functional capacity of individuals with PD. Further studies are needed on the factors involved in the genesis of sarcopenia. The SARC-F questionnaire is related to parameters for the diagnosis and severity of sarcopenia as well as the severity of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Campos Lima da Luz
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. .,Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. .,, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Poliana Coelho Cabral
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Associations Between Handgrip Strength and Disease-Specific Mortality Including Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Diseases in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:320-331. [PMID: 31810062 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several controversial studies linking handgrip strength and health have suggested that low handgrip strength in older adults may be related to health problems and have investigated whether there is a minimum handgrip strength level associated with reduced mortality. Thus, by meta-analysis, the authors identified an association between handgrip strength in older adults and disease-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. Thirty studies with a total of 194,767 older adult participants were included in this meta-analysis. Higher handgrip strength was associated with an 18% decrease in all-cause mortality. Lower handgrip strength was associated with increased all-cause mortality. The minimum handgrip strength in older women that did not increase all-cause mortality was 18.21 kg. Increased handgrip strength showed a decreased all-cause mortality, whereas decreased handgrip strength was associated with increased all-cause mortality. Strengthening the handgrip may help improve disease-specific mortality in older adults.
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The effects of selected lifestyle components on the risk of developing dynapenia in women – a pilot study. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aging processes in a body inevitably lead to changes which may decrease the quality of life of the elderly. Dynapenia is a phenomenon which is still not well known and needs to be studied in the population. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of lifestyle on the risk of developing dynapenia in post-menopausal women. The study included 46 females aged 71.4 ±5.6 living in the town of Wysokie Mazowieckie. Basic body dimensions and body composition elements were assessed with the use of anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). A direct interview method with the use of the modified Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) was applied. In order to assess the prevalence of dynapenia, handgrip strength was measured with the use of hydraulic dynamometer. Physical activity was assessed with the use of a pedometer. The respondents’ nutrition was examined in an interview concerning their diet from the 24 hours preceding the examination according to the methodology of Food and Nutrition Institute (FNI). The intake of energy and nutritional elements in a diet was calculated with using DIETA 5.0 computer software. Dynapenia was diagnosed in 21.7% of the examined women. The women with dynapenia had significantly bigger waist and hip circumferences and higher BMI (p<0.05) as well as significantly weaker hand muscles than healthy women (p<0.001). Females with dynapenia spent significantly more time in a sedentary position, i.e. talking on the phone, participating in religious rituals or watching TV (p<0.05) compared to women without dynapenia. No significant differences concerning the diet of women with and without dynapenia were revealed. Physical activity may significantly decrease the risk of dynapenia among women over 60 years of age. Furher research is needed to assess the risk of dynapenia and methods of its prevention.
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Yamamoto N, Miyazaki H, Shimada M, Nakagawa N, Sawada SS, Nishimuta M, Kimura Y, Kawakami R, Nagayama H, Asai H, Lee IM, Blair SN, Yoshitake Y. Daily step count and all-cause mortality in a sample of Japanese elderly people: a cohort study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:540. [PMID: 29685125 PMCID: PMC5913891 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to examine the relationship between pedometer-assessed daily step count and all-cause mortality in a sample of elderly Japanese people. Methods Participants included 419 (228 males and 191 females) physically independent, community-dwelling 71-year-old Japanese people. The number of steps per day was measured by a waist-mounted pedometer for seven consecutive days at baseline. Participants were divided into quartiles based on their average number of steps/day (first quartile, < 4503 steps/day; second quartile, 4503–6110 steps/day; third quartile, 6111–7971 steps/day; fourth quartile, > 7972 steps/day) and were followed up over a mean period of 9.8 years (1999–2010) for mortality. Results Seventy-six participants (18.1%) died during the follow-up period. The hazard ratios (adjusted for sex, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and medication use) for mortality across the quartiles of daily step count (lowest to highest) were 1.00 (reference), 0.81 (95%CI, 0.43–1.54), 1.26 (95%CI, 0.70–2.26), and 0.46 (95%CI, 0.22–0.96) (P for trend = 0.149). Participants in the highest quartile had a significantly lower risk of death compared with participants in the lowest quartile. Conclusion This study suggested that a high daily step count is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in physically independent Japanese elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Yamamoto
- Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Hideo Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori,Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Mieko Shimada
- Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 2-10-1, Wakaba, Mihama-ku, Chiba, 261-0014, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakagawa
- SANNO University, 1573 Kamikasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1197, Japan
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nishimuta
- Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kimura
- Research Center for Fitness & Health Sciences, 2-8-9-808, Takada, Toyoshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kawakami
- Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagayama
- Kyushu Otani Junior College, 495-1 Kurakazu, Chikugo, Fukuoka, 833-0054, Japan
| | - Hidenori Asai
- Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - I-Min Lee
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven N Blair
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, CA, 29208, USA
| | - Yutaka Yoshitake
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
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Obesity, Physical Fitness and Inflammation in the Elderly. Geriatrics (Basel) 2017; 2:geriatrics2040030. [PMID: 31011040 PMCID: PMC6371162 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics2040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the elderly, obesity is paradoxically associated with a lower mortality risk. Thus, this study describes fitness levels by Body Mass Index (BMI) category and the associations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and Vitamin D levels with muscle strength, in community-dwelling older adults. A cross-sectional study, with 1338 subjects having mean age of 78.3 years, were assessed in anthropometrics, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. In a sub-sample, blood samples were collected and objective markers of inflammation were provided: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and Vitamin D (25(OH) D). Obese women (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) showed significantly better results for grip strength than normal weight group (BMI between 18.5–24.9 kg/m2): 22.3 (7.0) vs. 20.0 (6.8); p = 0.002. After adjustment, higher levels of hs-CRP were an independent predictor of lower levels of grip strength (β = −0.213, 95% CI: −0.424; −0.002) and Vitamin D levels were positively associated with higher levels of muscle strength (β = 0.098, 95% CI: 0.008–0.189). The multivariate analysis found a significant and positive association between 25(OH) D and grip strength: (β = 0.098, 95% CI: 0.008–0.189). A positive pattern of higher levels of absolute strength among obese older subjects could have an important impact on morbidity and mortality risk, through the inverse association with acute inflammation and an increase in Vitamin D profile.
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Wu Y, Wang W, Liu T, Zhang D. Association of Grip Strength With Risk of All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancer in Community-Dwelling Populations: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 18:551.e17-551.e35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yardimci B, Aran SN, Ozkaya I, Aksoy SM, Demir T, Tezcan G, Kaptanoglu AY. The role of geriatric assessment tests and anthropometric measurements in identifying the risk of falls in elderly nursing home residents. Saudi Med J 2017; 37:1101-8. [PMID: 27652361 PMCID: PMC5075374 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.10.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the relation among the risk of falls, geriatric assessment, and anthropometric measurements, including the mini mental state examination, geriatric depression scale, handgrip test, and key pinch test. Methods: This prospective study included 89 residents hospitalized between May 2014 and September 2015 in the geriatric care unit of the Istanbul Balikli Rum Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Patients were followed-up for one year, and their falls were recorded. Medical records of the included patients were retrieved and analyzed. Results: A total of 89 patients, comprising 37 men and 52 women with an average age of 75.8 ± 8.2 years were included in the study. The residents’ annual falling averages were 1.0 ± 1.5. The most significant factors were identified to be predicted muscle mass, skeletal muscle index, whole body bioimpedance, dominant arm muscle strength, dominant arm bioimpedance, and free fat mass. Conclusions: The mini mental test, geriatric depression scale and lawton-brody scale combined with the handgrip, 6-meters walking, and bioimpedance tests are favorable for detecting the risk of falls and recurrent falls in vulnerable elderly nursing home residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Yardimci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail.
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Gafner S, Bastiaenen CHG, Terrier P, Punt I, Ferrari S, Gold G, de Bie R, Allet L. Evaluation of hip abductor and adductor strength in the elderly: a reliability study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2017; 14:5. [PMID: 28450961 PMCID: PMC5404282 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In elderly individuals an increased muscle strength contributes to the diminution of the falls risk and associated adverse events. An increasing interest in lateral control exists due to the fatal consequences of postero-lateral falls. Therefore a proper assessment of frontal plane hip muscle strength in elderly is important but remains challenging. Therefore we aimed to investigate the feasibility and repeatability of a hip abductor and adductor maximum voluntary isometric strength (MVIS) and rate of force generation (RFG) test in elderly. This represents an initial step in the development process of a new and clinically relevant test that could lead to more specific treatment protocols for this population. METHODS In this measurement focused study hip abduction (ABD) and adduction (ADD) MVIS and RFG were tested twice within one to three hours with a dynamometer fixed to a custom made frame in a geriatric population including fallers and non-fallers. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCagreement), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable difference (SDD) were determined. RESULTS All recruited persons (N = 76; mean age (SD) 80.46 (7.05) years old) completed the tests. The average time needed to complete the strength tests was 10.58 min. (1.56) per muscle group. The reliability of the hip ABD and ADD was high with ICC'sagreement ranging from 0.83 to 0.97. The SDD varied between 18.1 and 81.8% depending on the muscle group and type of strength that was evaluated. CONCLUSION Hip abductor and adductor strength measures in older person are feasible and reliable. However, the significance of moderate changes in these measurements may be limited by the large SDD and SEM. Therefore, physical therapist should be careful when using this measure for assessing the progress of an individual person in a daily clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gafner
- Department of Physiotherapy, HES-SO//University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology, Research program Functioning and Rehabilitation CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline H. G. Bastiaenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Research program Functioning and Rehabilitation CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Terrier
- Clinique romande de réadaptation SUVACare, Sion, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Rehabilitation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ilona Punt
- Department of Physiotherapy, HES-SO//University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Gold
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatric University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rob de Bie
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Allet
- Department of Physiotherapy, HES-SO//University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Community Medicine, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Foley MP, Hasson SM. Effects of a Community-Based Multimodal Exercise Program on Health-Related Physical Fitness and Physical Function in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 15:446-454. [PMID: 27151593 PMCID: PMC5739165 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416639716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer and oncological treatment can result in significant acute and late localized and systemic negative effects on health-related physical fitness and physical function. The aim of this single-arm study was to examine the effects of a 12-week community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors. METHODS A total of 52 female breast cancer survivors (mean age = 59.7 ± 10.4 years) completed supervised exercise training consisting of (1) aerobic conditioning, (2) resistance training, and (3) balance and flexibility training, for 30 minutes each, totaling 90 minutes twice weekly for 12 weeks. Pretreatment and posttreatment outcome measures-mobility: (1) Timed Up and Go (TUG) and (2) 6-minute walk test (6MWT); muscular strength: (3) leg press strength and (4) chest press strength; upper-extremity flexibility: (5) back scratch test; and balance: (6) functional reach (FR) and (7) single-leg stance time-were assessed and compared. RESULTS Postintervention assessment measures given as percentage improvement and effect size (ES) for mobility, TUG (18%, 0.59), and 6MWT (14%, 0.74) were significantly (P < .001) improved. Outcome measures of muscular strength, leg press strength (32%, 0.58) and chest press strength (40%, 0.61), both significantly (P < .001) improved. Postintervention assessment measure of upper-extremity flexibility (42%, 0.41) showed significant (P < .001) improvements. Outcome measures for balance, FR (18%, 0.75) and single leg stance time (24%, 0.30), showed significant (P < .001) improvements. CONCLUSIONS Outcome measures showed moderate to large ES improvements after participants completed the 12-week multimodal exercise program for breast cancer survivors.
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McLeod M, Breen L, Hamilton DL, Philp A. Live strong and prosper: the importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing. Biogerontology 2016; 17:497-510. [PMID: 26791164 PMCID: PMC4889643 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to improved health care, diet and infrastructure in developed countries, since 1840 life expectancy has increased by approximately 2 years per decade. Accordingly, by 2050, a quarter of Europe’s population will be over 65 years, representing a 10 % rise in half a century. With this rapid rise comes an increased prevalence of diseases of ageing and associated healthcare expenditure. To address the health consequences of global ageing, research in model systems (worms, flies and mice) has indicated that reducing the rate of organ growth, via reductions in protein synthetic rates, has multi-organ health benefits that collectively lead to improvements in lifespan. In contrast, human pre-clinical, clinical and large cohort prospective studies demonstrate that ageing leads to anabolic (i.e. growth) impairments in skeletal muscle, which in turn leads to reductions in muscle mass and strength, factors directly associated with mortality rates in the elderly. As such, increasing muscle protein synthesis via exercise or protein-based nutrition maintains a strong, healthy muscle mass, which in turn leads to improved health, independence and functionality. The aim of this review is to critique current literature relating to the maintenance of muscle mass across lifespan and discuss whether maintaining or reducing protein synthesis is the most logical approach to support musculoskeletal function and by extension healthy human ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McLeod
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Andrew Philp
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Okada T, Ikebe K, Kagawa R, Inomata C, Takeshita H, Gondo Y, Ishioka Y, Okubo H, Kamide K, Masui Y, Takahashi R, Arai Y, Thomson WM, Maeda Y. Lower Protein Intake Mediates Association Between Lower Occlusal Force and Slower Walking Speed: From the Septuagenarians, Octogenarians, Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:2382-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Okada
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation; Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebe
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation; Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kagawa
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation; Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Chisato Inomata
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation; Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Hajime Takeshita
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation; Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Gondo
- Department of Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science; Graduate School of Human Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishioka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hitomi Okubo
- Department of Health Promotion; National Institute of Public Health; Saitama Japan
| | - Kei Kamide
- School of Allied Health Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Yukie Masui
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryutaro Takahashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - William Murray Thomson
- Sir John Walsh Institute; Department of Oral Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation; Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
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16
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Guadalupe-Grau A, Carnicero JA, Gómez-Cabello A, Gutiérrez Avila G, Humanes S, Alegre LM, Castro M, Rodríguez-Mañas L, García-García FJ. Association of regional muscle strength with mortality and hospitalisation in older people. Age Ageing 2015; 44:790-5. [PMID: 26163682 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the association between muscular strength, mortality and hospitalisation with ageing can change depending on sex and the body region analysed (e.g. upper and lower limb muscles). OBJECTIVE to determine the effect of measuring lower and upper extremities muscular strength on the relationship between strength, mortality and hospitalisation risk in elder men and women. DESIGN a population-based cohort study using data from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging (TSHA). METHODS a Spanish population sample of 1,755 elders aged ≥65 years participated in this study. Upper (handgrip and shoulder) and lower limbs (knee and hip) maximal voluntary isometric strength was obtained using standardised techniques and equipment. Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine mortality and hospitalisation over 5.5 and 3 years of follow-up, respectively. RESULTS after adjustment for potential confounding factors, including co-morbidities and BMI, hazard ratio of death and hospitalisation was significantly lower in the stronger women and men, but showing regional- and sex-specific differences. That is shoulder, knee and hip muscle regions in women and handgrip and shoulder in men (all P < 0.05). There was a cumulative effect of measuring several muscle strengths over the risk of health events (P < 0.05), so that mortality hazard ratio increased by 45% in women and 25% in men per muscular strength (shoulder, grip, knee and hip) in the weaker strength quartile increase (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS regional muscle strength is a predictor of medium-term mortality and hospitalisation in elder men and women. Multiple strength measures including lower and upper body limb muscles are better predictors than a single strength measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - José A Carnicero
- Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Gutiérrez Avila
- Servicio de Epidemiología de la Consejería de Sanidad y Bienestar Social. Junta de Comunidades de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sonia Humanes
- Servicio de Epidemiología de la Consejería de Sanidad y Bienestar Social. Junta de Comunidades de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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17
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Rijk JM, Roos PRKM, Deckx L, van den Akker M, Buntinx F. Prognostic value of handgrip strength in people aged 60 years and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 16:5-20. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joke M Rijk
- Department of Family Medicine; Maastricht University (CAPHRI - School for Public Health and Primary care); Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Paul RKM Roos
- Department of Family Medicine; Maastricht University (CAPHRI - School for Public Health and Primary care); Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Laura Deckx
- Department of General Practice; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Marjan van den Akker
- Department of Family Medicine; Maastricht University (CAPHRI - School for Public Health and Primary care); Maastricht the Netherlands
- Department of General Practice; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Frank Buntinx
- Department of Family Medicine; Maastricht University (CAPHRI - School for Public Health and Primary care); Maastricht the Netherlands
- Department of General Practice; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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18
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Hsu WH, Chen CL, Kuo LT, Fan CH, Lee MS, Hsu RWW. The relationship between health-related fitness and quality of life in postmenopausal women from Southern Taiwan. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:1573-9. [PMID: 25258526 PMCID: PMC4172032 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s66310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health-related fitness has been reported to be associated with improved quality of life (QoL) in the elderly. Health-related fitness is comprised of several dimensions that could be enhanced by specific training regimens. It has remained unclear how various dimensions of health-related fitness interact with QoL in postmenopausal women. Objective The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of health-related fitness and QoL in elderly women. Methods A cohort of 408 postmenopausal women in a rural area of Taiwan was prospectively collected. Dimensions of health-related fitness, consisting of muscular strength, balance, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscle endurance, and agility, were assessed. QoL was determined using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Differences between age groups (stratified by decades) were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons using a Scheffé test. A Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to examine differences between QoL and each dimension of fitness. Multiple linear regression with forced-entry procedure was performed to evaluate the effects of health-related fitness. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Age-related decreases in health-related fitness were shown for sit-ups, back strength, grip strength, side steps, trunk extension, and agility (P<0.05). An age-related decrease in QoL, specifically in physical functioning, role limitation due to physical problems, and physical component score, was also demonstrated (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that back strength significantly contributed to the physical component of QoL (adjusted beta of 0.268 [P<0.05]). Conclusion Back strength was positively correlated with the physical component of QoL among the examined dimensions of health-related fitness. Health-related fitness, as well as the physical component of QoL, declined with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiu Hsu
- Sports Medicine Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chia Yi, Taiwan ; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chia Yi, Taiwan ; Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-lung Chen
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Liang Tseng Kuo
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Fan
- Sports Medicine Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Mel S Lee
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Robert Wen-Wei Hsu
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chia Yi, Taiwan
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19
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Apor P, Babai L. [Physical activity diminishes aging-related decline of physical and cognitive performance]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:817-21. [PMID: 24836316 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related decline of muscle force, walking speed, locomotor coordination, aerobic capacity and endurance exert prognostic impact on life expectancy. Proper use of training may diminish the aging process and it may improve the quality of life of elderly persons. This paper provides a brief summary on the impact of training on aging-related decline of physical and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Apor
- Semmelweis Egyetem Testnevelés- és Sporttudományi Kar Budapest Sportkórház Budapest Czakó u. 9. 1016
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20
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Abstract
The challenge of devising a set of biomarkers capable of measuring the ageing rate in human subjects was articulated long ago. In recent years, progress in the basic biology of ageing suggests the realistic possibility of preventive or restaurative interventions that may extend healthy lifespan in mammals including human subjects. Specifically, frailty is being increasingly recognised as a clinically relevant syndrome that may be therapeutically addressed. This greatly enhances the need for sensitive and specific biomarkers of healthy ageing that are validated in both experimental animals and, importantly, in human subjects over the whole age range. Here, we will discuss the present challenges and requirements for biomarker validation in human subjects. We propose the central requirements for a validated biomarker of healthy ageing as: (i) better predictive power than chronological age for multiple dimensions of ageing; (ii) identification of the age range in which the marker is informative; (iii) establishment of sensitivity/specificity as indicators of its predictive power at the level of the individual; (iv) minimisation of methodological variation between laboratories.
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21
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Spruit MA, Sillen MJH, Groenen MTJ, Wouters EFM, Franssen FME. New normative values for handgrip strength: results from the UK Biobank. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14:775.e5-11. [PMID: 23958225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop normative values for right and left handgrip strength after stratification for confounders like gender, age, and height. DESIGN Cross-sectional, descriptive. SETTING General population. PARTICIPANTS A total of 502,713 people living in the United Kingdom. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, which is considered to be an accurate instrument to measure handgrip strength. In addition, self-reported chronic conditions and ethnic background were registered, and lung function was assessed using spirometry. RESULTS After exclusion of all individuals with missing data, a nonwhite ethnic background, the presence of 1 or more self-reported conditions, and/or an obstructive lung function (defined as FEV1/FVC <0.7), new normative values for right and left handgrip strength were derived from 224,830 and 224,852 individuals (54.2% women; age: 55.0 [8.0] years; height: 169.0 [9.2] cm; body mass index: 26.9 [4.4] kg/m(2)) with a nonobstructed spirometry (FEV1: 3.0 [0.8] L). Men were stronger than women. Moreover, significant associations were found between handgrip strength and height, and between handgrip strength and age. Finally, percentiles 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 95 were calculated for right and left handgrip strength, after stratification for gender, age, and height. CONCLUSION The UK Biobank dataset provided the opportunity to determine new normative values for handgrip strength in men and women aged 39 to 73 years. These normative values take into consideration age, height, and measurement side. Therefore, these new normative handgrip strength values are of broad clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Spruit
- Program Development Center, CIRO+, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands.
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22
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De Buyser SL, Petrovic M, Taes YE, Toye KRC, Kaufman JM, Goemaere S. Physical function measurements predict mortality in ambulatory older men. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:379-86. [PMID: 23398295 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess and compare the predictive value of physical function measurements (PFMs) for all-cause mortality in older men and to evaluate the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) as a predictor in subjects with underlying comorbidity. DESIGN Observational study of a population-based sample of 352 ambulatory older men aged 71-86 at study baseline. The Rapid disability rating scale-2, 36-Item short form health survey, Grip strength, Five times sit-to-stand test, Standing balance, and TUG were determined at baseline. Associations with all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazard analyses. Age, Body mass index (BMI), smoking status, education, physical activity and cognitive status were included as confounders. Follow-up exceeded 15 years. Comorbidity status was categorized into cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS All examined PFMs were associated with all-cause mortality. TUG was the best predictor (adjusted HR per SD increase = 1·58, 95% CI = 1·40-1·79, P < 0·001) for global mortality and continued to be predictive in subjects with cardiovascular disease (adjusted HR per SD increase = 1·80, 95% CI = 1·40-2·33, P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS The assessment of physical functioning is important in the evaluation of older persons. We encourage the use of the TUG as a reliable, quick and feasible screening tool in clinical settings.
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Idland G, Pettersen R, Avlund K, Bergland A. Physical performance as long-term predictor of onset of activities of daily living (ADL) disability: a 9-year longitudinal study among community-dwelling older women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 56:501-6. [PMID: 23290919 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Disability in ADL of aging women is an important public health concern. It is thus of interest to identify modifiable factors underlying onset of ADL disability. We assessed whether three physical performance-based measurements could predict ADL disability 9 years later. The participants were 113 non-disabled community-dwelling women with a mean age of 79.5 years at baseline. The baseline examinations of physical performance were: functional reach, climbing steps and comfortable walking speed. ADL disability was defined as need of personal assistance in at least one of five basic ADL items. The participants were followed for 9 years. Logistic regression models were fitted for each of the physical performance measurements together with the covariates in relation to ADL disability. At follow-up 25.7% were disabled in ADL. All three performance measurements were significantly associated with the onset of ADL disability at 9 years of follow-up, however, only walking speed remained significantly related to onset of ADL disability, when all three performance measurements were included in the same model. In conclusion all the three performance measurements were related to onset of ADL disability, with walking speed having the strongest predictive value. Systematic screening based on walking speed measurements of non-disabled older women might help health professionals to identify those at risk of ADL disability and introduce preventive measures in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Idland
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Idland G, Engedal K, Bergland A. Physical performance and 13.5-year mortality in elderly women. Scand J Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23178925 DOI: 10.1177/1403494812466460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether four modifiable physical performance-based measurements predicted 13.5-year mortality in 300 elderly women. METHODS This prospective observational cohort study followed 300 randomly-selected community-dwelling women, with a mean age of 80.9 years at baseline, for 13.5 years. Baseline physical performance measurements were: comfortable walking speed, Timed Up and Go (TUG), functional reach, and one-leg stance. Demographic and health measurements were recorded. Date of death was recorded from the national population registry. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted, with time from baseline assessment to death or censored date as the dependent variable. RESULTS At follow-up, 71% of the participants had died. All performance-based measurements except one-leg stance were significantly associated with 13.5-year mortality. Only walking speed remained significantly independently associated with mortality when the three significant performance measurements were included in the same multiple proportional hazard Cox model. CONCLUSIONS Comfortable walking speed, TUG and functional reach predicted 13.5-year mortality, and walking speed was the strongest predictor of mortality. Screening elderly women with performance measurements may aid in identifying those at risk and thus targeted interventions may be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Idland
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Idland G, Rydwik E, Småstuen MC, Bergland A. Predictors of mobility in community-dwelling women aged 85 and older. Disabil Rehabil 2012; 35:881-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2012.712195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Clark BC, Manini TM. What is dynapenia? Nutrition 2012; 28:495-503. [PMID: 22469110 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dynapenia (pronounced dahy-nuh-pē-nē-a, Greek translation for poverty of strength, power, or force) is the age-associated loss of muscle strength that is not caused by neurologic or muscular diseases. Dynapenia predisposes older adults to an increased risk for functional limitations and mortality. For the past several decades, the literature has largely focused on muscle size as the primary cause of dynapenia; however, recent findings have clearly demonstrated that muscle size plays a relatively minor role. Conversely, subclinical deficits in the structure and function of the nervous system and/or impairments in the intrinsic force-generating properties of skeletal muscle are potential antecedents to dynapenia. This review highlights in the contributors to dynapenia and the etiology and risk factors that predispose individuals to dynapenia. In addition, we address the role of nutrition in the muscular and neurologic systems for the preservation of muscle strength throughout the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
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