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Alqahtani SM, Gokhale ST, Elagib MFA, Shrivastava D, Nagate RR, Alshmrani BAM, Alburade AMA, Alqahtani FMA, Nagarajappa AK, Natoli V, Srivastava KC. Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040765. [PMID: 37109723 PMCID: PMC10141299 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diagnostic evaluation with the aid of biomarkers has reached newer heights to assess disease activity. Salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH are one of the biochemical parameters which can be helpful in assessing the progression of periodontal disease. Smokers are at topnotch threat for having oral diseases, predominantly periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH levels in smokers compared with non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted on 210 individuals affected with generalized chronic periodontitis, with the age group between 25 and 55 years. Based on their smoking habit, an equal number of patients were categorized into two groups; namely, group I consisted of non-smokers and group II consisted of smokers. The clinical parameters that were measured included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL). The biochemical variables that were evaluated in the current study included salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH using an AVL9180 electrolyte analyzer (Roche, Germany). The gathered data were analyzed with an unpaired t test was using SPSS 20.0. Results: A statistically significant higher PPD (p < 0.01), CAL (p < 0.05), and salivary calcium levels (p < 0.001) were observed in the smokers' compared with their non-smoking counterparts. Among the biochemical parameters, calcium showed a significantly (p < 0.001) higher level in smokers (5.79 ± 1.76) in contrast to non-smokers (3.87 ± 1.03). Additionally, a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between calcium and PPD was observed in non-smokers, whereas a non-significant inverse relation (p > 0.05) was seen in smokers. Conclusions: The present study indicates that the salivary calcium level can be a potential biochemical parameter to assess the progression of periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers. Within the limitations of the current study, the salivary biomarkers appear to have an essential role in the identification and indication of the status of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Mohammad Alqahtani
- Department of Periodontics and Community Sciences (PCS), College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankar T Gokhale
- Department of Periodontics and Community Sciences (PCS), College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Fadul A Elagib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Sciences (PCS), College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepti Shrivastava
- Department of Preventive dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghavendra Reddy Nagate
- Department of Periodontics and Community Sciences (PCS), College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badar Awadh Mohammad Alshmrani
- Department of Periodontics and Community Sciences (PCS), College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fares Mufreh Abdullah Alqahtani
- Department of Periodontics and Community Sciences (PCS), College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anil Kumar Nagarajappa
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentino Natoli
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Private Dental Practice, 72015 Fasano, Italy
| | - Kumar Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine and radiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India
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Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063314. [PMID: 35329001 PMCID: PMC8953991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Electronic cigarettes are gaining more popularity not only among cigarettes smokers. Firstly, e-cigarettes were perceived as less harmful than traditional cigarettes, however, nowadays, they are arousing more controversy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of e-cigarette usage on selected physicochemical properties of saliva. (2) Methods: The study population included 128 patients: 40 patients using e-cigarettes, 39 patients smoking traditional cigarettes, and 49 non-smoking patients (non-smokers). Laboratory tests involved verification of saliva values of pH and concentration of total protein, calcium, and phosphates. (3) Results: Among e-cigarette users, the value of pH was lower and the concentration of total protein, calcium, and phosphates was higher than in the group of non-smokers. Statistically significant differences were observed in relation to calcium. Among traditional cigarette smokers, the value of pH was lower, concentrations of total protein and phosphates were higher than in the group of non-smokers. Statistically significant differences were observed in relation to total protein. (4) Conclusions: Saliva of e-cigarette users presents changes in physicochemical composition in comparison to traditional cigarette smokers and non-smokers, however, statistically significant differences were observed only in calcium concentration. Further longitudinal studies on a larger study group should be conducted to assess the effect of observed changes in oral health.
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Tabor E, Hűpsch H, Rokicka J, Sierpińska T, Konstantynowicz J, Orywal K, Pluskiewicz W. Salivary Content Might be Associated With Skeletal Status in Postmenopausal Women: SilesiaOsteoActive Study Results. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:14-21. [PMID: 32146075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to investigate whether salivary mineral content may be associated with bone status in women after menopause. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 125 postmenopausal women aged 64.3 ± 6.9 yr, derived from the epidemiological SilesiaOsteoActive Study. All participants underwent hip and spine bone densitometry using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, dental examination, and saliva content analysis. Data for salivary pH, copper, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS Mean femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) was 0.739 ± 0.118 g/cm2, total hip BMD 0.891 ± 0.14 g/cm2, and spine BMD 0.868 ± 0.14 g/cm2. Salivary pH was significantly lower in women with spinal osteoporosis defined as T-score below -2.5, compared to individuals with normal BMD (pH: 6.65 ± 0.67 vs 6.96 ± 0.58, p < 0.05). There was a significant though weak inverse correlation between Ca concentration in saliva and femoral neck BMD (r = -0.23, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High salivary calcium content and low salivary pH may be indicative of low hip and decreased spine BMD, respectively. These associations may reflect demineralization process (calcium redistribution) influencing bone, and a negative effect of acidity on mineral tissues, although causal pathway remains not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Tabor
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hanna Hűpsch
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Rokicka
- Non-public Medical Centre, Joanna Rokicka Dentistry and Orthodontics NZOZ Stomatologia i Ortodoncja, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Teresa Sierpińska
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Konstantynowicz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Orywal
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pluskiewicz
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology; Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Rabiei M, Asli HN, Mohamadi MH. Comparison of Salivary Calcium Level in Dentulous and Edentulous Patients. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:36-41. [PMID: 31170765 PMCID: PMC6636045 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calcium is an inorganic component of the saliva, which is especially important in oral and dental health. This study sought to compare unstimulated salivary calcium level of dentulous and edentulous patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 72 participants, including 36 dentulous and 36 edentulous patients. The unstimulated salivary flow rate of patients and the mean salivary calcium concentration were measured and compared. The data were analyzed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 56.3 years. The mean number of teeth was 18.9 in the dentulous group. No significant difference was noted in salivary calcium level of dentulous and edentulous patients. The mean salivary calcium concentration was 0.61 ± 0.3875 mmol/L in dentulous and 0.8025 ± 0.5975 mmol/L in edentulous patients. Salivary calcium level had a significant inverse correlation with salivary flow rate (r = -0.370, p = 0.027), and by every 1-unit increase in salivary flow rate, salivary level of calcium significantly decreased by 3.85 units. CONCLUSION Edentate had averagely higher salivary calcium level compared to dentulous. The salivary concentration of calcium ion is not correlated to the presence or absence of teeth. Salivary flow rate reduces the calcium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rabiei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamid Neshandar Asli
- Department of Prostodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Haji Mohamadi
- Department of Prostodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Pereira IF, Brasileiro CB, Kleperon NP, Abreu MHNGD, Silva TAD, Mesquita RA, Amaral TMP. Comparative study of oral and salivary parameters in patients with and without loss of bone mass. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e54. [PMID: 29898022 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an insidious and increasingly prevalent disease that can cause fractures and affect patients' quality of life. The current study comparatively evaluates patients with and without loss of bone mass in terms of salivary calcium, viscosity, and pH. A controlled cross-sectional study was conducted in two groups of 32 postmenopausal women subjected to a bone densitometry scan and later referred for dental management at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The patients were assigned to two groups: Group 1 - patients with low bone mineral density (BMD) and Group 2 - patients without bone mineral changes. The following salivary parameters were evaluated: calcium concentration, flow rate, viscosity, pH, and average total protein. An oral examination was performed for assessment of DMFT variables and tongue coating. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting a p-value < 0.05. The patients' mean age was 60 years (± 7.35). Salivary flow, pH, and viscosity were similar among the groups. Average total protein was 14.8 mg/mL and 19.0 mg/mL in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Tongue coating and salivary calcium levels were significantly higher in Group 1 (p < 0.001). Salivary calcium is an important screening tool and may eventually be used for the diagnosis of bone mineral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Figueiredo Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Pathology and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Borges Brasileiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Pathology and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Núbia Priscilla Kleperon
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tarcília Aparecida da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Pathology and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alves Mesquita
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Pathology and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tania Mara Pimenta Amaral
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Pathology and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Pallagatti S, Parnami P, Sheikh S, Gupta D. Efficacy of Panoramic Radiography in the Detection of Osteoporosis in Post-Menopausal Women When Compared to Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Open Dent J 2017; 11:350-359. [PMID: 28839483 PMCID: PMC5543603 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is a well-known fact that osteoporosis affects the people with old age and remains unnoticeable until the patient presents with fracture. Various studies in the literature reveal that panoramic radiographs may prove to be beneficial in the detection of Osteoporosis in patients. Henceforth this present study was aimed to validate the use of Klemetti Index (KI) on panoramic radiographs so as to detect osteoporosis in the patients at an early stage. METHODS 60 postmenopausal women were selected. A panoramic radiograph was taken to grade their mandibular cortex on the basis of Klemetti Index. All the panoramic radiographs were evaluated by 5 different Oral Medicine and Radiology specialists. Later all the patients were subjected to dual energy X-ray absorptimetry (DEXA) scan for bone mineral density evaluation. The results were evaluated statistically. RESULTS The average accuracy of the five observers to demonstrate normal bone, osteopenia and osteoporosis when compared to DEXA scan was 58.08%, 63.3% and 64.74% respectively. The observations of the 5 observers on the basis of KI were not statistically different from the BMD evaluation done with the help of DEXA Scan. CONCLUSION Panoramic radiographs can be used as a screening tool for the evaluation as well as early detection of osteoporosis with the usage of Klemetti Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambulingappa Pallagatti
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, M.M. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Parnami
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, M.M. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Soheyl Sheikh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, M.M. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, M.M. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
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Saha MK, Agrawal P, Saha SG, Vishwanathan V, Pathak V, Saiprasad SV, Dhariwal P, Dave M. Evaluation of Correlation between Salivary Calcium, Alkaline Phosphatase and Osteoporosis- A Prospective, Comparative and Observational Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC63-ZC66. [PMID: 28511512 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24960.9583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fixed and/or removable prosthodontics caters to the restorative needs of the largest count of geriatric patients whose rehabilitative procedures depend on the quality and quantity of available bone. The common diagnostic parameters for quantifying bone may involve an invasive blood examination, an expensive bone densitometry procedure or a urine analysis. Sialometry involving the basic biochemistry of saliva analysis may be proposed as an alternative to the conventional investigative protocol and its usefulness may be attributed owing to its non invasive and simpler procedure. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the salivary calcium and alkaline phosphatase among osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal edentulous subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, comparative and observational study was carried out on 80 selected edentulous subjects (40 males and 40 females) aged 55-75 years (30 osteoporotic, 30 osteopenic and 20 control). A sample of saliva was taken for the study. Salivary calcium was measured by Arsenazo reaction; and alkaline phosphatase by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) method. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired t-test. A comparison was made in the levels of salivary calcium and alkaline phosphatase with that of osteoporosis and osteopenia. RESULTS The mean salivary calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels were found to be significantly higher in the osteoporotic and osteopenic edentulous subjects as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Salivary calcium and alkaline phosphatase are increased significantly in case of osteoporosis and osteopenia. Hence, screening of salivary samples of patients may be an effective indicator for the detection of underlying disorders of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Kanti Saha
- Professor and Head, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Prerna Agrawal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suparna Ganguly Saha
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Vishwanathan
- Reader, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vandana Pathak
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sakuru Venkata Saiprasad
- Principal Scientist, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Purvi Dhariwal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Dave
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Bašić K, Peroš K, Šutej I, Rošin-Grget K. The Effect of Salivary Calcium and Fluoride Toothpaste on the Formation of KOH-Soluble Fluoride: In Vitro Study. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 49:221-7. [PMID: 27688406 DOI: 10.15644/asc49/3/4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this in vitro preliminary study was to assess the effect of smokers' saliva (assuming their higher calcium concentration) in combination with fluoridated toothpaste on the enamel uptake of alkali-soluble (KOH-soluble) fluoride. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four enamel slabs were cut from each of 14 impacted third molars and randomly assigned into 4 groups. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from two age and sex matched volunteers. One of the samples was taken from a heavy smoker and the other sample was taken from a non-smoker. Two groups (A and B) were shaken in saliva (A in smoker's saliva, B in nonsmoker's saliva) for 5 min and then shaken for 3 min in a toothpaste/deionized water slurry (1:3 w/w). One of the groups (group C) received no saliva treatment and was only shaken in toothpaste slurry for 3 min. The treatment was repeated after a 6-hour period. One of the groups (D) served as a control group with no treatment. RESULTS Calcium concentration in the smoker's saliva was higher than in the nonsmoker's saliva. The enamel uptake of KOH-soluble fluoride in group A was significantly higher than that in the other two treatment groups, B and C. The enamel uptake of KOH-soluble fluoride in all 3 groups was statistically different from that in the control group. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that saliva collected from a heavy smoker, which had higher salivary calcium concentration, enhances enamel uptake of alkali-soluble fluoride and encourages us to conduct a large-scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Bašić
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Peroš
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Šutej
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kata Rošin-Grget
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kambalyal P, Kambalyal P, Hungund S. Comparison of salivary calcium level in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and healthy controls. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 5:S68-73. [PMID: 26942120 PMCID: PMC4756570 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.171595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare salivary calcium (Ca) level in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: 56 subjects were included in the study and were grouped as follows: 12 subjects who were periodontally healthy (Group I), 12 subjects having chronic periodontitis who were non-smokers (Group II), 12 non-smokers having aggressive periodontitis (Group III), 12 smokers with chronic periodontitis (Group IV), and 8 smokers with aggressive periodontitis (Group V). Clinical measurements and non-stimulated whole saliva samples were obtained and analyzed for Ca levels by ion-selective electrolyte analyzer. Results: When salivary Ca values were compared between the groups, they showed statistically significant values (P < 0.001) with the highest mean Ca level in Group IV and Group V, which include smokers with chronic periodontitis and smokers with aggressive periodontitis, respectively, than in other groups. Between groups II and III also, the mean salivary Ca level was statistically significant (P < 0.001) with higher mean salivary Ca in non-smokers having chronic periodontitis than in non-smokers having aggressive periodontitis. Conclusions: The present study showed that smokers having chronic periodontitis as well as smokers having aggressive periodontitis have higher salivary calcium levels. Also, patients with aggressive periodontitis were found to have lesser salivary calcium level than chronic periodontitis patients by ion-selective electrolyte analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kambalyal
- Department of Periodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prabhuraj Kambalyal
- Department of Orthodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shital Hungund
- Department of Periodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Varghese M, Hegde S, Kashyap R, Maiya AK. Quantitative Assessment of Calcium Profile in Whole Saliva From Smokers and Non-Smokers with Chronic Generalized Periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC54-7. [PMID: 26155563 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12334.5948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of in vivo calcium status are important in understanding the mineralization capacity as it is an essential mineral component of both teeth and bone; and also play a vital role in the lipid profile and hormonal balance. AIM To evaluate the existence of any disturbances in calcium metabolism and absorption induced by smoking, by quantitatively assessing the variations in the salivary calcium level between smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis and relating to their periodontal status. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 male patients were selected and categorized as Group I (smokers with chronic generalized periodontitis) and Group II (non-smoker/ non-tobacco users with chronic generalized periodontitis). Clinical parameters such as Calculus Index and Community Periodontal Index were assessed. Subsequently two ml of unstimulated whole saliva was collected and subjected to biochemical analysis for the estimation of salivary calcium which was carried out in the next 20 min. RESULTS Salivary calcium levels were significantly higher in Group I (2.2700) compared to Group II (1.7260). Higher calculus index and CPI index score were also seen in Group I when compared to Group II. CONCLUSION Elevated salivary calcium level among the Group I emphasize the decreased calcium absorption efficiency among the smokers. High salivary calcium content hardens plaque more rapidly, indirectly influencing the level of oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Varghese
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, P.S.M college of Dental Science and Research , Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Shashikanth Hegde
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Yenepoya Dental College , India
| | - Rajesh Kashyap
- Professor, Department of Periodontology, Yenepoya Dental College , India
| | - Arun Kumar Maiya
- Professor, Department of Periodontology, Yenepoya Dental College , India
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Rabiei M, Masooleh IS, Leyli EK, Nikoukar LR. Salivary calcium concentration as a screening tool for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Int J Rheum Dis 2012; 16:198-202. [PMID: 23773645 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Measurements of salivary calcium level may be a useful screening tool for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether this measure is valid compared with dual-energy X-ray (Bone Mineral Density) screening tools in osteoporosis. METHODS A case-control study was carried out in 40 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (T-score ≤ -2.5) and 40 women without osteoporosis (T-score > -1 bone mineral density). Salivary samples were collected and calcium concentrations were measured and expressed as mg/dL. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses was used to determine the optimal cut-off thresholds for salivary calcium in healthy postmenopausal women. RESULTS The cut-off point for salivary calcium was 6.1 mg/dL. The sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for identifying women with osteoporosis, were 67.5 (95%CI 52.33-82.67) and 60% (95%CI 44.62-75.38). The area under curve (AUC) was 0.678 (95%CI 0.56-0.79), the positive predictive value (PPV) was 62.79 (95%CI 47.74-77.84) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 64.86% (95%CI 49.27-80.46). The positive likelihood ratio was 1.688 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.542. CONCLUSIONS Salivary calcium concentration discriminates between women with and without osteoporosis and constitutes a useful tool for screening for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rabiei
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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12
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Agha-Hosseini F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Moosavi MS. Relationship of serum and saliva calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase with dry mouth feeling in menopause. Gerodontology 2012; 29:e1092-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2012.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Impact of Calcium on Salivary α-Amylase Activity, Starch Paste Apparent Viscosity, and Thickness Perception. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hirotomi T, Yoshihara A, Ogawa H, Ito K, Igarashi A, Miyazaki H. Salivary spinability and periodontal disease progression in an elderly population. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:1071-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sevón L, Laine MA, Karjalainen S, Doroguinskaia A, Helenius H, Kiss E, Lehtonen-Veromaa M. Effect of age on flow-rate, protein and electrolyte composition of stimulated whole saliva in healthy, non-smoking women. Open Dent J 2008; 2:89-92. [PMID: 19088888 PMCID: PMC2581526 DOI: 10.2174/1874210600802010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As relatively little is known about the effect of age on salivary electrolytes we studied the composition of saliva as function of age to provide reference values for healthy non-smoking women. All non-medicated and non-smoking 30-59-year-old subjects (n=255) selected from among 1030 women participating in a screening program formed the material of the present study. Salivary calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, protein and flow-rate of stimulated whole saliva were measured. We found age-related changes in salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations (p=0.001 and p=0.004, respectively, one-way ANOVA). Peak values occurred at around 50-54 years of age. Age had no effect on flow-rate, magnesium, sodium, potassium or proteins. The concentration of sodium correlated positively, while phosphate, potassium, magnesium and protein correlated negatively with the salivary flow-rate. Calcium was the only electrolyte which had no association with flow-rate. Our study provides reference values for salivary electrolytes of 30-59-year-old women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisi Sevón
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Merja A Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Sára Karjalainen
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | - Hans Helenius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Endre Kiss
- Department of Periodontology, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Cox CL, McLaughlin RA, Steen BD, Hudson MM. Predicting and modifying substance use in childhood cancer survivors: application of a conceptual model. Oncol Nurs Forum 2006; 33:51-60. [PMID: 16470234 DOI: 10.1188/06.onf.51-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify factors that predict or modify substance use in childhood cancer survivors and to describe how a risk-counseling intervention reduced young survivors' substance use. DESIGN Secondary analysis of clinical trial data and primary analysis of medical record data. SETTING Outpatient clinic. SAMPLE 149 females and 118 males 12-18 years of age whose cancer had been in remission for at least two years were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 132) and standard care (n = 135) groups. METHODS Self-report questionnaires, abstracted medical record data, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Smoking, alcohol consumption, knowledge, risk perceptions, motivation, and worry about cancer and treatment effects. FINDINGS Three factors directly predicted substance use at baseline: being in a higher grade in school (independent of age), feelings of being more susceptible to late effects of cancer therapy, and worrying more about cancer and its treatment. At follow-up a year later, grade in school and worry predicted increased substance use. In addition, a desire to change health behavior, influenced by the intervention and gender, predicted decreased substance use. The mechanism of influence of the intervention was evident: The intervention led to a need to change, which precipitated a desire to change and ultimately resulted in decreased substance use. CONCLUSIONS Young survivors' worries and concerns about their cancer and treatment-related late effects are a new intervention target. Motivation is sensitive to behavioral change interventions and positively affects risk reduction. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Two new intervention strategies to address the impact of survivors' concerns about their cancer and its treatment are implied: (a) Replace substance use with new coping methods to reduce fear and anxiety, and (b) tailor motivation-based interventions to age and gender to communicate graphically and realistically to survivors the personal importance of behavioral change in modifying the risks of late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Cox
- Division of Nursing Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, TN, USA.
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