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Alves GDSG, de Oliveira AMP, Roseno ACB, Ribeiro NP, Alves MDS, Sampaio C, do Prado RL, Pessan JP, Monteiro DR. Interkingdom biofilm of Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans: establishment of an in vitro model and dose-response validation of antimicrobials. BIOFOULING 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39193785 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2395390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Although Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans may colonize tonsillar tissues, the interaction between them in mixed biofilms has been poorly explored. This study established an interkingdom biofilm model of S. pyogenes and C. albicans and verified the dose-response validation of antimicrobials. Biofilms were formed on microplates, in the presence or absence of a conditioning layer of human saliva, using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth or artificial saliva (AS) as a culture medium, and with variations in the microorganism inoculation sequence. Biofilms grown in AS showed higher mass than those grown in BHI broth, and an opposite trend was observed for metabolism. The number of S. pyogenes colonies was lower in AS. Amoxicillin and nystatin showed dose-dependent effects. The inoculation of the two species at the same time, without prior exposure to saliva, and using BHI broth would be the model of choice for future studies assessing the effects of antimicrobials on dual S. pyogenes/C. albicans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Carolyna Becher Roseno
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Pereira Ribeiro
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria do Socorro Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Sampaio
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Leal do Prado
- School of Dentistry, Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
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Jothi R, Gowrishankar S. Synergistic anti-virulence efficacy of citral and carvacrol against mixed vaginitis causing Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:436-453. [PMID: 38750249 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mixed vaginitis due to bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the most prevalent form and presents a significant therapeutic challenge globally. Since, the administration of monotherapy leads to subsequent recurrent infections, synergistic therapy that completely eradicates both pathogens is of dire need to manage mixed vaginities scenario and to prevent its recurrence. The current investigation was focused on exploring the synergistic inhibitory efficacy of phytochemicals against the virulence traits of individual and mixed species of C. albicans and G. vaginalis in vitro and in vivo (Galleria mellonella). Out of five phytochemicals (carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and borneol) screened for synergism with citral [(Ct) as the prime molecule owing to its myriad therapeutic potential], carvacrol (Ca) in combination with citral exhibited promising synergistic effect. Time-kill kinetics and one-minute contact-killing assays demonstrated the phenomenal microbicidal effect of Ct-Ca combination against both mono and dual-species within 30 min and one-minute time intervals, respectively. Furthermore, the sub-CMICs (synergistic combinatorial MIC) of Ct-Ca have significantly eradicated the mature biofilms and remarkably reduced the virulence attributes of both C. albicans and G. vaginalis (viz., yeast to hyphae transition, filamentation, protease production, and hydrophobicity index), in single and dual species states. The non-toxic nature of Ct-Ca combination was authenticated using in vitro (human erythrocyte cells) and in vivo (Galleria mellonella) models. In addition, the in vivo efficacy evaluation and subsequent histopathological investigation was done using the invertebrate model system G. mellonella, which further ascertained the effectiveness of Ct-Ca combination in fighting off the infection caused by individual and mixed species of C. albicans and G. vaginalis. Concomitantly, the current work is the first of its kind to delineate the in vitro interaction of C. albicans and G. vaginalis mixed species at their growth and biofilm states, together emphasizes the promising therapeutic potential of acclaimed phytochemicals as combinatorial synergistic therapy against mixed vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Teixeira ABV, Carvalho-Silva JM, Ferreira I, Schiavon MA, Cândido Dos Reis A. Silver vanadate nanomaterial incorporated into heat-cured resin and coating in printed resin - Antimicrobial activity in two multi-species biofilms and wettability. J Dent 2024; 145:104984. [PMID: 38583645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To incorporate the nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO3) into denture base materials: heat-cured (HC) and 3D printed (3DP) resins, at concentrations of 2.5 %, 5 %, and 10 %; and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in two multi-species biofilm: (1) Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans, (2) Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the wettability. METHODS The AgVO3 was added to the HC powder, and printed samples were coated with 3DP with AgVO3 incorporated. After biofilm formation, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), metabolic activity, and epifluorescence microscopy. Wettability was assessed by the contact angles with water and artificial saliva. RESULTS In biofilm (1), HC-5 % and HC-10 % showed activity against S. mutans, HC-10 % against C. glabrata, and HC-10 % and 3DP-10 % had higher CFU/mL of C. albicans. 3DP-5 % had lower metabolic activity than the 3DP control. In biofilm (2), HC-10 % reduced S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and HC-5 %, 3DP-2.5 %, and 3DP-5 % reduced S. aureus. 3DP incorporated with AgVO3, HC-5 %, and HC-10 % reduced biofilm (2) metabolic activity. 3DP-5 % and 3DP-10 % increased wettability with water and saliva. CONCLUSION HC-10 % was effective against C. glabrata, S. mutans, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, and HC-5 % reduced S. mutans and S. aureus. For 3DP, 2.5 % and 5 % reduced S. aureus. The incorporation of AgVO3 into both resins reduced the metabolic activity of biofilms but had no effect on C. albicans. The wettability of the 3DP with water and saliva increased with the addition of AgVO3. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The incorporation of silver vanadate into the denture base materials provides antimicrobial efficacy and can prevent the aggravation of oral and systemic diseases. The incorporation of nanomaterials into printed resins is challenging and the coating is an alternative to obtain the inner denture base with antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Vilela Teixeira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Carvalho-Silva
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Izabela Ferreira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Schiavon
- Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cândido Dos Reis
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Sulyanto RM, Beall CJ, Ha K, Montesano J, Juang J, Dickson JR, Hashmi SB, Bradbury S, Leys EJ, Edgerton M, Ho SP, Griffen AL. Fungi and bacteria occupy distinct spatial niches within carious dentin. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011865. [PMID: 38805482 PMCID: PMC11161102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of bacteria in the etiology of dental caries is long established, while the role of fungi has only recently gained more attention. The microbial invasion of dentin in advanced caries especially merits additional research. We evaluated the fungal and bacterial community composition and spatial distribution within carious dentin. Amplicon 16S rRNA gene sequencing together with quantitative PCR was used to profile bacterial and fungal species in caries-free children (n = 43) and 4 stages of caries progression from children with severe early childhood caries (n = 32). Additionally, healthy (n = 10) and carious (n = 10) primary teeth were decalcified, sectioned, and stained with Grocott's methenamine silver, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and calcofluor white (CW) for fungi. Immunolocalization was also performed using antibodies against fungal β-D-glucan, gram-positive bacterial lipoteichoic acid, gram-negative endotoxin, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. We also performed field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to visualize fungi and bacteria within carious dentinal tubules. Bacterial communities observed included a high abundance of S. mutans and the Veillonella parvula group, as expected. There was a higher ratio of fungi to bacteria in dentin-involved lesions compared to less severe lesions with frequent preponderance of C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and in one case C. tropicalis. Grocott's silver, PAS, CW and immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated the presence of fungi within carious dentinal tubules. Multiplex IHC revealed that fungi, gram-negative, and gram-positive bacteria primarily occupied separate dentinal tubules, with rare instances of colocalization. Similar findings were observed with multiplex immunofluorescence using anti-S. mutans and anti-C. albicans antibodies. Electron microscopy showed monomorphic bacterial and fungal biofilms within distinct dentin tubules. We demonstrate a previously unrecognized phenomenon in which fungi and bacteria occupy distinct spatial niches within carious dentin and seldom co-colonize. The potential significance of this phenomenon in caries progression warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn M. Sulyanto
- Department of Dentistry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clifford J. Beall
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kasey Ha
- Department of Dentistry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Montesano
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Juang
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R. Dickson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shahr B. Hashmi
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seth Bradbury
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eugene J. Leys
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunita P. Ho
- Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ann L. Griffen
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Sun Y, Li S, Si Y, Niu Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Dong L, Zhu P, Dai J, Yang F. Dual-Stable-Isotope-Probed Raman microspectroscopy reveals the metabolic dynamic of Streptococcus mutans. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123318. [PMID: 37703791 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is regarded as a cariogenic pathogen with the ability to metabolize sugars and form organic acids. However, its actual timely level of glucose consumption and cellular vitality in a polymicrobial culture system remains largely unknown. To tackle this challenge, we employed the S. mutans UA159 as a model and developed a dual-stable-isotope-probed Raman microspectroscopy method (Dual SIP-Raman) to simultaneously profile the general metabolic activity and glucose assimilative activity in situ. (i) Mono-SIP substrate feeding revealed that 0.5% 13C-glucose and 30% D2O were proper doses in the medium to obtain prominent and quantitative band shifts along with the 13C or D2O incorporation. In addition, the intensity of the 13C peak of phenylalanine (Phe) is proposed as a Raman-based biomarker for glucose utilization in a cell. (ii) The state of dual SIP substrate incorporation of 13C-glucose and D2O could be visualized by the corresponding spectral "red shifts" of Raman-scattered emissions; moreover, we also demonstrated that 13C/12C analysis was closely correlated with the C-D ratio. (iii) The application of the dual 13C-glucose and D2O feeding approach on a mock microbiota of S. mutans UA159 and C. albicans ATCC14053 revealed a stimulatory effect of fungus on both the glucose intake rate and general metabolic vitality of S. mutans UA159 (p < 0.05). Therefore, the 13C-glucose and D2O dual-feeding Raman Microspectroscopy approach is a valuable new tool for evaluating the glucose intake rate and general metabolic levels in situ, tracing the changing trend of the above metabolic activities, which is helpful to clarify the changes in the cariogenicity of oral microorganisms caused by the external environment at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Sun
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Shandong, 26607, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan Si
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Shandong, 26607, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yufen Niu
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Stomatological Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Shandong, 26607, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Lueyar TK, Karygianni L, Attin T, Thurnheer T. Dynamic interactions between Candida albicans and different streptococcal species in a multispecies oral biofilm. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1381. [PMID: 37877656 PMCID: PMC10548025 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is colonized by a plethora of bacteria, fungi, and archaea, including streptococci of the mitis group (MSG) and the yeast Candida albicans. This study aims to investigate the role of streptococcal species in the development of oral biofilm and the cross-kingdom interactions between some of the members of the commensal MSG and the pathogen yeast C. albicans using a multispecies supragingival biofilm model. A total of nine different in vitro biofilms were grown, quantified with culture analyses, and visually examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A four-species biofilm without any streptococcal species was used as a basic biofilm. In each subsequent inoculum, one species of MSG was added and afterward combined with Streptococcus mutans. The eight-species biofilm contained all eight strains used in this study. Culture analyses showed that the presence of S. mutans in a four-species biofilm with Streptococcus oralis or S. oralis subsp. tigurinus did not differ significantly in C. albicans colony-forming unit (CFU) counts compared to biofilms without S. mutans. However, compared to other mitis species, Streptococcus gordonii combined with S. mutans resulted in the lowest CFUs of C. albicans. Visual observation by CLSM showed that biofilms containing both S. mutans and one species of MSG seemed to induce the formation of filamentous form of C. albicans. However, when several species of MSG were combined with S. mutans, C. albicans was again found in its yeast form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Kunchok Lueyar
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Attin
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Li Y, Huang S, Du J, Wu M, Huang X. Current and prospective therapeutic strategies: tackling Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cross-kingdom biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1106231. [PMID: 37249973 PMCID: PMC10213903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most frequent strain associated with cross-kingdom infections in the oral cavity. Clinical evidence shows the co-existence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and C. albicans in the carious lesions especially in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and demonstrates the close interaction between them. During the interaction, both S. mutans and C. albicans have evolved a complex network of regulatory mechanisms to boost cariogenic virulence and modulate tolerance upon stress changes in the external environment. The intricate relationship and unpredictable consequences pose great therapeutic challenges in clinics, which indicate the demand for de novo emergence of potential antimicrobial therapy with multi-targets or combinatorial therapies. In this article, we present an overview of the clinical significance, and cooperative network of the cross-kingdom interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans. Furthermore, we also summarize the current strategies for targeting cross-kingdom biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minjing Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Teixeira ABV, Valente MLDC, Sessa JPN, Gubitoso B, Schiavon MA, dos Reis AC. Adhesion of biofilm, surface characteristics, and mechanical properties of antimicrobial denture base resin. J Adv Prosthodont 2023; 15:80-92. [PMID: 37153005 PMCID: PMC10154147 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2023.15.2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study incorporated the nanomaterial, nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO3), into heat-cured resin (HT) at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% and compared the adhesion of multispecies biofilms, surface characteristics, and mechanical properties with conventional heat-cured (HT 0%) and printed resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS AgVO3 was incorporated in mass into HT powder. A denture base resin was used to obtain printed samples. Adhesion of a multispecies biofilm of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans was evaluated by colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) and metabolic activity. Wettability, roughness, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the physical characteristics of the surface. The mechanical properties of flexural strength and elastic modulus were tested. RESULTS HT 10%-AgVO3 showed efficacy against S. mutans; however, it favored C. albicans CFU/mL (P < .05). The printed resin showed a higher metabolically active biofilm than HT 0% (P < .05). There was no difference in wettability or roughness between groups (P > .05). Irregularities on the printed resin surface and pores in HT 5%-AgVO3 were observed by SEM. HT 0% showed the highest flexural strength, and the resins incorporated with AgVO3 had the highest elastic modulus (P < .05). CONCLUSION The incorporation of 10% AgVO3 into heat-cured resin provided antimicrobial activity against S. mutans in a multispecies biofilm did not affect the roughness or wettability but reduced flexural strength and increased elastic modulus. Printed resin showed higher irregularity, an active biofilm, and lower flexural strength and elastic modulus than heat-cured resin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruna Gubitoso
- Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Schiavon
- Natural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Brazil
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An J, Song Y, Zhao J, Xu B. Antifungal efficiency and cytocompatibility of polymethyl methacrylate modified with zinc dimethacrylate. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1138588. [PMID: 36998636 PMCID: PMC10045475 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1138588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Considering the high incidence rates of denture stomatitis, research that providing dental biomaterials with antifungal property are essential for clinical dentistry. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) modification on the antifungal and cytotoxic properties, as well as the variance in surface characteristics and other physicochemical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin. Methods PMMA with various mass fraction of ZDMA (1 wt%, 2.5 wt% and 5 wt%) were prepared for experimental groups, and unmodified PMMA for the control. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied for characterization. Thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy and water contact angle were performed to investigate the thermal stability and surface characteristics (n=5). Antifungal capacities and cytocompatibility were evaluated with Candida albicans (C. albicans) and human oral fibroblasts (HGFs), respectively. Colony-forming unit counting, crystal violet assay, live/dead biofilm staining and scanning electron microscopy observation were performed to assess antifungal effects, and the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species production was applied to explore the possible antimicrobial mechanism. Finally, the cytotoxicity of ZDMA modified PMMA resin was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and live/dead double staining. Results The FTIR analyses confirmed some variation in chemical bonding and physical blend of the composites. Incorporation of ZDMA significantly enhanced the thermal stability and hydrophilicity compared with unmodified PMMA (p < 0.05). The surface roughness increased with the addition of ZDMA while remained below the suggested threshold (≤ 0.2 µm). The antifungal activity significantly improved with ZDMA incorporation, and cytocompatibility assays indicated no obvious cytotoxicity on HGFs. Conclusions In the present study, the ZDMA mass fraction up to 5 wt% in PMMA performed better thermal stability, and an increase in surface roughness and hydrophilicity without enhancing microbial adhesion. Moreover, the ZDMA modified PMMA showed effective antifungal activity without inducing any cellular side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Zhao
- Dental Medical Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- Dental Medical Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911623. [PMID: 36406433 PMCID: PMC9668886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a symbiotic fungus that commonly colonizes on oral mucosal surfaces and mainly affects immuno-compromised individuals. Polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and oral microbes influence the cellular and biochemical composition of the biofilm, contributing to change clinically relevant outcomes of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as pathogenesis, virulence, and drug-resistance. Notably, the symbiotic relationships between C. albicans and oral bacteria have been well-documented in dental caries, oral mucositis, endodontic and periodontal diseases, implant-related infections, and oral cancer. C. albicans interacts with co-existing oral bacteria through physical attachment, extracellular signals, and metabolic cross-feeding. This review discusses the bacterial-fungal interactions between C. albicans and different oral bacteria, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanism and its relevance to the development and clinical management of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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In vitro antimicrobial effects of chitosan on microcosm biofilms of oral candidiasis. J Dent 2022; 125:104246. [PMID: 35914573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effects of chitosan (CS) on microcosm biofilms derived from saliva of patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis. METHODS Five removable denture wearers with denture stomatitis were included in the study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CS against clinical isolates of Candida albicans was determined according to the broth microdilution method. Pooled saliva from the donors was used as an inoculum for the formation of biofilms, which were developed during 72 h on acrylic surfaces in the Amsterdam Active Attachment model. The biofilms were then treated with different concentrations of CS, and the antibiofilm effects were evaluated through the quantification of colony-forming units (CFUs), total biomass (TB), metabolic activity (MA), lactic acid production (LAP), and cell viability (by confocal laser scanning microscopy). Chlorhexidine, miconazole, and nystatin were tested as positive controls, while the negative control (NC) was the untreated biofilm. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Fischer LSD's post hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS MIC values of CS ranged from 500 to 800 µg/mL. For CFUs, 2500 µg/mL CS was the most effective treatment in reducing total anaerobes, mutans streptococci, and Lactobacillus spp., significantly differing from the controls. For C. albicans CFUs, CS and positive controls did not differ from each other but led to significant reductions compared to NC. Regarding TB, MA, LAP, and cell viability, 2500 µg/mL CS promoted the greatest reductions compared to NC. CONCLUSION CS has similar or superior effects to conventional active principles on important parameters of oral candidiasis microcosm biofilms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The antibiofilm effects of CS show that this compound has great potential to improve the clinical condition of denture stomatitis patients, and formulations containing this natural polymer could be useful for controlling oral candidiasis.
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12
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Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficiency of ZrO2 nanoparticles reinforced 3D printed resins. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1432-1442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sato H, Yano A, Shimoyama Y, Sato T, Sugiyama Y, Kishi M. Associations of streptococci and fungi amounts in the oral cavity with nutritional and oral health status in institutionalized elders: a cross sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:590. [PMID: 34798863 PMCID: PMC8603531 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the indigenous microbiota is likely related to frailty caused by undernutrition. However, the relationship between undernutrition and the oral microbiota, especially normal bacteria, is not obvious. The aim of this study was to elucidate the associations of nutritional and oral health conditions with prevalence of bacteria and fungi in the oral cavity of older individuals. METHODS Forty-one institutionalized older individuals with an average age ± standard deviation of 84.6 ± 8.3 years were enrolled as participants. Body mass index (BMI) and oral health assessment tool (OHAT) scores were used to represent nutritional and oral health status. Amounts of total bacteria, streptococci, and fungi in oral specimens collected from the tongue dorsum were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay results. This study followed the STROBE statement for reports of observational studies. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between BMI and streptococcal amount (ρ = 0.526, p < 0.001). The undernutrition group (BMI < 20) showed a significantly lower average number of oral streptococci (p = 0.003). In logistic regression models, streptococcal amount was a significant variable accounting for "not undernutrition" [odds ratio 5.68, 95% confidential interval (CI) 1.64-19.7 (p = 0.06)]. On the other hand, participants with a poor oral health condition (OHAT ≥ 5) harbored significantly higher levels of fungi (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION Oral streptococci were found to be associated with systemic nutritional condition and oral fungi with oral health condition. Thus, in order to understand the relationship of frailty with the oral microbiota in older individuals, it is necessary to examine oral indigenous bacteria as well as etiological microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Sato
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505 Japan
| | - Akira Yano
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 174-4 Narita 22 Jiwari, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - Yu Shimoyama
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1 Idai Dori 1 chome, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694 Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505 Japan
| | - Yukiko Sugiyama
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505 Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kishi
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505 Japan
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14
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Fu Y, Wang W, Zeng Q, Wang T, Qian W. Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715156. [PMID: 34721318 PMCID: PMC8555412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml–1, respectively. The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiao Zeng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Weidong Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
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15
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Moraes GS, Cachoeira VS, Alves FMC, Kiratcz F, Albach T, Bueno MG, Neppelenbroek KH, Urban VM. Is there an optimal method to detach Candida albicans biofilm from dental materials? J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34623230 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Candida albicans can produce a complex, dynamic and resistant biofilm on the surface of dental materials, especially denture base acrylic resins and temporary soft liners. This biofilm is the main aetiological factor for denture stomatitis, an oral inflammatory condition characterized by chronic and diffuse erythema and oedema of the denture bearing mucosa.Gap Statement. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the best method to detach biofilms from dental materials. In order to assess the antifungal efficacy of new materials and treatments, the biofilm needs to be properly detached and quantified.Aim. This study compared different methods of detaching C. albicans biofilm from denture base acrylic resin (Vipi Cril) and temporary soft liner (Softone) specimens.Methodology. Specimens of each material were immersed in an inoculum of C. albicans SC5314 and remained for 90 min in orbital agitation at 75 r.p.m. and 37 °C. After the removal of non-adherent cells, the specimens were immersed in RPMI-1640 medium for 48 h. Biofilm formation was evaluated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (n=5). Then, other specimens (n=7) were fabricated, contaminated and immersed in 3 ml of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and vortexed or sonicated for 1, 2, 5, or 10 min to detach the biofilm. The quantification of detached biofilm was performed by colony-forming unit (c.f.u.) ml-1 count. Results were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Tukey HSD test (α=0.05).Results. A mature and viable biofilm was observed on the surfaces of both materials. For both materials, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among detachment methods.Conclusion. Any of the tested methods could be used to detach C. albicans biofilm from hard and soft acrylic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S Moraes
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Victoria S Cachoeira
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M C Alves
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Falyne Kiratcz
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Thaís Albach
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Karin H Neppelenbroek
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Urban
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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16
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Brito ACM, Bezerra IM, Borges MHDS, Cavalcanti YW, Almeida LDFDD. Effect of different salivary glucose concentrations on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:615-625. [PMID: 34233529 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1946519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. The glucose levels found in the blood of diabetic patients can be reflected in the saliva, which can favor biofilm growth and predispose denture wearers to oral candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different salivary glucose concentrations on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. A 96-h biofilm was developed on acrylic resin specimens exposed to 'feast' (10% sucrose) and 'famine' periods. Biofilms were constantly exposed to salivary glucose concentrations equivalent to 0, 20, 60 and 100 mM. Higher salivary glucose concentrations resulted in increased counts of C. albicans and a higher quantity of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides. All biofilms presented high phospholipase activity. The biofilms were characterized by the predominance of yeast cells and microcolonies in all the groups analyzed with co-localization of both species. Higher salivary glucose concentrations formed more robust and potentially virulent biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isis Morais Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti
- Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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17
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Hara T, Sonoi A, Handa T, Okamoto M, Kaneko E, Ikeda R, Habe T, Fujinaka H, Inoue S, Ichikawa T. Unsaturated fatty acid salts remove biofilms on dentures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12524. [PMID: 34131212 PMCID: PMC8206114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis-causing Candida sp. forms biofilms with various oral bacteria in the dentures of the elderly, making it harder to kill and remove the microorganism due to the extracellular polymeric substances. We found that biofilms on dentures can effectively be removed by immersion in an unsaturated fatty acid salt solution. Using optical coherence tomography to observe the progression of biofilm removal by the fatty acid salt solution, we were able to determine that the removal was accompanied by the production of gaps at the interface between the biofilm and denture resin. Furthermore, microstructural electron microscopy observations and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry elucidated the site of action, revealing that localization of the fatty acid salt at the biofilm/denture-resin interface is an important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Hara
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Atsunori Sonoi
- Personal Health Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Handa
- Personal Health Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okamoto
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Eri Kaneko
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Reiko Ikeda
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Taichi Habe
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Hidetake Fujinaka
- Personal Health Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeto Inoue
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Ichikawa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
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18
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Caldeirão ACM, Araujo HC, Tomasella CM, Sampaio C, dos Santos Oliveira MJ, Ramage G, Pessan JP, Monteiro DR. Effects of Antifungal Carriers Based on Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Microcosm Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050588. [PMID: 34067527 PMCID: PMC8155828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Candida species to conventional therapies has motivated the development of antifungal nanocarriers based on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coated with chitosan (CS). This study evaluates the effects of IONPs-CS as carriers of miconazole (MCZ) or fluconazole (FLZ) on microcosm biofilms. Pooled saliva from two healthy volunteers supplemented with C. albicans and C. glabrata was the inoculum for biofilm formation. Biofilms were formed for 96 h on coverslips using the Amsterdam Active Attachment model, followed by 24 h treatment with nanocarriers containing different concentrations of each antifungal (78 and 156 µg/mL). MCZ or FLZ (156 µg/mL), and untreated biofilms were considered as controls. Anti-biofilm effects were evaluated by enumeration of colony-forming units (CFUs), composition of the extracellular matrix, lactic acid production, and structure and live/dead biofilm cells (confocal laser scanning microscopy-CLSM). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Fisher LSD's test (α = 0.05). IONPs-CS carrying MCZ or FLZ were the most effective treatments in reducing CFUs compared to either an antifungal agent alone for C. albicans and MCZ for C. glabrata. Significant reductions in mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus spp. were shown, though mainly for the MCZ nanocarrier. Antifungals and their nanocarriers also showed significantly higher proportions of dead cells compared to untreated biofilm by CLSM (p < 0.001), and promoted significant reductions in lactic acid, while simultaneously showing increases in some components of the extracellular matrix. These findings reinforce the use of nanocarriers as effective alternatives to fight oral fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caroline Morais Caldeirão
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master’s Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-920, Brazil;
| | - Heitor Ceolin Araujo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (C.S.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Camila Miranda Tomasella
- School of Dentistry, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-920, Brazil;
| | - Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (C.S.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Marcelo José dos Santos Oliveira
- Department of Physics, School of Technology and Applied Sciences (FCT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil;
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK;
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (C.S.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master’s Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-920, Brazil;
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (C.S.); (J.P.P.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-18-3229-1000
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19
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Fibrin Biopolymer Incorporated with Antimicrobial Agents: A Proposal for Coating Denture Bases. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071618. [PMID: 33810381 PMCID: PMC8037169 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of the denture base surface, in combination with the oral environment, promote the colonization and development of Candida albicans biofilm, which is the main cause of denture stomatitis. This study evaluated the effectiveness of fibrin biopolymer with digluconate chlorhexidine or Punica granatum alcoholic extract to prevent C. albicans biofilm. Conventional heat polymerized and pre-polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) circular specimens (10 × 2 mm) were fabricated (n = 504) and randomly divided into groups: no treatment (control—CT), fibrin biopolymer coating (FB), fibrin biopolymer with P. granatum (FBPg), or digluconate of chlorhexidine (FBCh) coating. The specimens were inoculated with C. albicans SC5314 (1 × 107 cells/mL) and incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h. Crystal violet and colony-forming unit assays were used to quantify the total biofilm biomass and biofilm-living cells. A qualitative analysis was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Data obtained are expressed as means and standard deviations and were statistically analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05). The FBPg and FBCh groups inhibited the growth of C. albicans biofilm in both PMMA materials analyzed, with FBCh performing better in all periods evaluated (p < 0.0001). The colony forming unit (CFU) assay showed that the FB group favored the C. albicans biofilm growth at 24 h and 48 h (p < 0.0001), with no differences with CT group at 72 h (p = 0.790). All groups showed an enhancement in biofilm development up to 72 h (p < 0.0001), except the FBCh group (p = 0.100). No statistical differences were found between the PMMA base materials (p > 0.050), except in the FB group (p < 0.0001). Fibrin biopolymer, albeit a scaffold for the growth of C. albicans, when combined with chlorhexidine digluconate or P. granatum, demonstrated excellent performance as a drug delivery system, preventing and controlling the formation of denture biofilm.
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Demin KA, Refeld AG, Bogdanova AA, Prazdnova EV, Popov IV, Kutsevalova OY, Ermakov AM, Bren AB, Rudoy DV, Chistyakov VA, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Mechanisms of Candida Resistance to Antimycotics and Promising Ways to Overcome It: The Role of Probiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:926-948. [PMID: 33738706 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Candida and infections caused by those species are now considered as a serious threat to public health. The treatment of candidiasis is significantly complicated by the increasing resistance of pathogenic strains to current treatments and the stagnant development of new antimycotic drugs. Many species, such as Candida auris, have a wide range of resistance mechanisms. Among the currently used synthetic and semi-synthetic antifungal drugs, the most effective are azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, nucleotide analogs, and their combinations. However, the use of probiotic microorganisms and/or the compounds they produce is quite promising, although underestimated by modern pharmacology, to control the spread of pathogenic Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Aleksandr G Refeld
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anna A Bogdanova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Evgenya V Prazdnova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Igor V Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Alexey M Ermakov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anzhelica B Bren
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.,Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Rudoy
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Chistyakov
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. .,Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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21
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Ponde NO, Lortal L, Ramage G, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Candida albicans biofilms and polymicrobial interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:91-111. [PMID: 33482069 PMCID: PMC7903066 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1843400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common fungus of the human microbiota. While generally a harmless commensal in healthy individuals, several factors can lead to its overgrowth and cause a range of complications within the host, from localized superficial infections to systemic life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. A major virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, a closely packed community of cells that can grow on both abiotic and biotic substrates, including implanted medical devices and mucosal surfaces. These biofilms are extremely hard to eradicate, are resistant to conventional antifungal treatment and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, making biofilm-associated infections a major clinical challenge. Here, we review the current knowledge of the processes involved in C. albicans biofilm formation and development, including the central processes of adhesion, extracellular matrix production and the transcriptional network that regulates biofilm development. We also consider the advantages of the biofilm lifestyle and explore polymicrobial interactions within multispecies biofilms that are formed by C. albicans and selected microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O. Ponde
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Léa Lortal
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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A randomized clinical trial evaluating Photodithazine-mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as a treatment for Denture stomatitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Matos AO, de Almeida AB, Beline T, Tonon CC, Casarin RCV, Windsor LJ, Duarte S, Nociti FH, Rangel EC, Gregory RL, Barão VAR. Synthesis of multifunctional chlorhexidine-doped thin films for titanium-based implant materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111289. [PMID: 32919650 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to create bio-functional chlorhexidine (CHX)-doped thin films on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) discs using the glow discharge plasma approach. Different plasma deposition times (50, 35 and 20 min) were used to create bio-functional surfaces based on silicon films with CHX that were compared to the control groups [no CHX and bulk cpTi surface (machined)]. Physico-chemical and biological characterizations included: 1. Morphology, roughness, elemental chemical composition, film thickness, contact angle and surface free energy; 2. CHX-release rate; 3. Antibacterial effect on Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms at 24, 48 and 72 h; 4. Cytotoxicity and metabolic activity using fibroblasts cell culture (NIH-F3T3 cells) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days; 5. Protein expression by NIH-F3T3 cells at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days; and 6. Co-culture assay of fibroblasts cells and S. sanguinis to assess live and dead cells on the confocal laser scanning microscopy, mitochondrial activity (XTT), membrane leakage (LDH release), and metabolic activity (WST-1 assay) at 1, 2 and 3 days of co-incubation. Data analysis showed that silicon films, with or without CHX coated cpTi discs, increased surface wettability and free energy (p < 0.05) without affecting surface roughness. CHX release was maintained over a 22-day period and resulted in a significant inhibition of biofilm growth (p < 0.05) at 48 and 72 h of biofilm formation for 50 min and 20 min of plasma deposition time groups, respectively. In general, CHX treatment did not significantly affect NIH-F3T3 cell viability (p > 0.05), whereas cell metabolism (MTT assay) was affected by CHX, with the 35 min of plasma deposition time group displaying the lowest values as compared to bulk cpTi (p < 0.05). Moreover, data analysis showed that films, with or without CHX, significantly affected the expression profile of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-y and TNF-α by NIH-F3T3 cells (p < 0.05). Co-culture demonstrated that CHX-doped film did not affect the metabolic activity, cytotoxicity and viability of fibroblasts cells (p > 0.05). Altogether, the findings of the current study support the conclusion that silicon films added with CHX can be successfully created on titanium discs and have the potential to affect bacterial growth and inflammatory markers without affecting cell viability/proliferation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaias Oliveira Matos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda Bandeira de Almeida
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamara Beline
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Tonon
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lester Jack Windsor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Simone Duarte
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Cipriano Rangel
- Laboratory of Technological Plasmas (LaPTec), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Science and Technology Institute of Sorocaba (ICTS), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard L Gregory
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM. Effect of cell-free spent media prepared from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in co-species biofilms. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:395-404. [PMID: 32808302 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the influence of cell-free spent media prepared from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LuxS mutant (Aa-LuxS), its wild type strain (Aa-WT), and the laboratory strain (Aa-Y4), on the interaction between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans while growing in co-species biofilm for 48 h. By analyzing the results of crystal violet staining, [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assays, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we found that the presence of Aa-LuxS in treated biofilms did not affect biofilm development, while added Aa-WT or Aa-Y4 resulted in a significant decrease in both biofilm mass and the number of cells. The inhibitory effect of Aa-WT or Aa-Y4 was not dependent on the protein concentration in the spent media tested (1 and 10%). Gene transcription analyses indicated that Aa-WT/Aa-Y4 exhibits comparable inhibitory effects on the expression of hyphal-associated genes (ALS3 and HWP1), but not on the expression of YWP1, which encodes a yeast form of C. albicans. In contrast, except for gtfD, the expression of S. mutans gtfB/C genes encoding glucosyltransferase was not affected in Aa-WT and Aa-Y4 treated biofilms compared to the levels found in Aa-LuxS treated biofilms. Our results indicate that AI-2-containing spent media derived from Aa can reduce biofilm biomass without significantly inhibiting the survival rate of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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25
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Srivastava N, Ellepola K, Venkiteswaran N, Chai LYA, Ohshima T, Seneviratne CJ. Lactobacillus Plantarum 108 Inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Mixed-Species Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080478. [PMID: 32759754 PMCID: PMC7459986 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the principal biofilm forming oral pathogen associated with dental caries. Studies have shown that Candida albicans, a commensal oral fungus is capable of forming pathogenic mixed-species biofilms with S. mutans. The treatment of bacterial and fungal infections using conventional antimicrobial agents has become challenging due to the antimicrobial resistance of the biofilm mode of growth. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of secretory components of Lactobacillus plantarum 108, a potentially promising probiotic strain, against S. mutans and C. albicans single and mixed-species biofilms. L. plantarum 108 supernatant inhibited S. mutans and C. albicans single-species biofilms as shown by XTT reduction assay, crystal violet assay, and colony forming units counting. The probiotic supernatant significantly inhibited the S. mutans and C. albicans mixed-species biofilm formation. The pre-formed mixed-species biofilms were also successfully reduced. Confocal microscopy showed poorly developed biofilm architecture in the probiotic supernatant treated biofilms. Moreover, the expression of S. mutans genes associated with glucosyltransferase activity and C. albicans hyphal specific genes (HWP1, ALS1 and ALS3) were down-regulated in the presence of the probiotic supernatant. Altogether, the data demonstrated the capacity of L. plantarum 108 supernatant to inhibit the S. mutans and C. albicans mixed-species biofilms. Herein, we provide a new insight on the potential of probiotic-based strategies to prevent bacterial-fungal mixed-species biofilms associated with dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Srivastava
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11908, Singapore; (N.S.); or (K.E.); (N.V.)
| | - Kassapa Ellepola
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11908, Singapore; (N.S.); or (K.E.); (N.V.)
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nityasri Venkiteswaran
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11908, Singapore; (N.S.); or (K.E.); (N.V.)
| | - Louis Yi Ann Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System and Faculty of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Tomoko Ohshima
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan;
| | - Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
- Singapore Oral Microbiomics Initiative, National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, SingHealth Duke NUS Medical School, 5 Second Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168938, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-65767141
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26
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Dos Santos JD, Fugisaki LRDO, Medina RP, Scorzoni L, Alves MDS, de Barros PP, Ribeiro FC, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E, Silva DHS, Junqueira JC. Streptococcus mutans Secreted Products Inhibit Candida albicans Induced Oral Candidiasis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1605. [PMID: 32760375 PMCID: PMC7374982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the oral cavity, Candida species form mixed biofilms with Streptococcus mutans, a pathogenic bacterium that can secrete quorum sensing molecules with antifungal activity. In this study, we extracted and fractioned culture filtrate of S. mutans, seeking antifungal agents capable of inhibiting the biofilms, filamentation, and candidiasis by Candida albicans. Active S. mutans UA159 supernatant filtrate components were extracted via liquid-liquid partition and fractionated on a C-18 silica column to resolve S. mutans fraction 1 (SM-F1) and fraction 2 (SM-F2). We found anti-biofilm activity for both SM-F1 and SM-F2 in a dose dependent manner and fungal growth was reduced by 2.59 and 5.98 log for SM-F1 and SM-F2, respectively. The SM-F1 and SM-F2 fractions were also capable of reducing C. albicans filamentation, however statistically significant differences were only observed for the SM-F2 (p = 0.004). SM-F2 efficacy to inhibit C. albicans was confirmed by its capacity to downregulate filamentation genes CPH1, EFG1, HWP1, and UME6. Using Galleria mellonella as an invertebrate infection model, therapeutic treatment with SM-F2 prolonged larvae survival. Examination of the antifungal capacity was extended to a murine model of oral candidiasis that exhibited a reduction in C. albicans colonization (CFU/mL) in the oral cavity when treated with SM-F1 (2.46 log) and SM-F2 (2.34 log) compared to the control (3.25 log). Although both SM-F1 and SM-F2 fractions decreased candidiasis in mice, only SM-F2 exhibited significant quantitative differences compared to the non-treated group for macroscopic lesions, hyphae invasion, tissue lesions, and inflammatory infiltrate. Taken together, these results indicate that the SM-F2 fraction contains antifungal components, providing a promising resource in the discovery of new inhibitors for oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Diane Dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Previate Medina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Sá Alves
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Felipe Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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27
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Bhardwaj RG, Ellepolla A, Drobiova H, Karched M. Biofilm growth and IL-8 & TNF-α-inducing properties of Candida albicans in the presence of oral gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:156. [PMID: 32527216 PMCID: PMC7291589 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interaction of C. albicans with oral bacteria is crucial for its persistence, but also plays a potential role in the infection process. In the oral cavity, it grows as part of dental plaque biofilms. Even though growth and interaction of C. albicans with certain bacterial species has been studied, little is known about its biofilm growth in vitro in the simultaneous presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The aim was to evaluate the growth of C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms comprising oral Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Further, we also aimed to assess the potential of C. albicans in the Candida-bacteria polymicrobial biofilm to elicit cytokine gene expression and cytokine production from human blood cells. Results C. albicans cell counts increased significantly up to 48 h in polymicrobial biofilms (p < 0.05), while the bacterial counts in the same biofilms increased only marginally as revealed by qPCR absolute quantification. However, the presence of bacteria in the biofilm did not seem to affect the growth of C. albicans. Expression of IL-8 gene was significantly (p < 0.05) higher upon stimulation from biofilm-supernatants than from biofilms in polymicrobial setting. On the contrary, TNF-α expression was significantly higher in biofilms than in supernatants but was very low (1–4 folds) in the monospecies biofilm of C. albicans. ELISA cytokine quantification data was in agreement with mRNA expression results. Conclusion Persistence and enhanced growth of C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms may imply that previously reported antagonistic effect of A. actinomycetemcomitans was negated. Increased cytokine gene expression and cytokine production induced by Candida-bacteria polymicrobial biofilms and biofilm supernatants suggest that together they possibly exert an enhanced stimulatory effect on IL-8 and TNF-α production from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika G Bhardwaj
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Arjuna Ellepolla
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Hana Drobiova
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Maribasappa Karched
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait.
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28
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Dini C, Nagay BE, Cordeiro JM, da Cruz NC, Rangel EC, Ricomini-Filho AP, de Avila ED, Barão VAR. UV-photofunctionalization of a biomimetic coating for dental implants application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110657. [PMID: 32204085 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photofunctionalization mediated by ultraviolet (UV) rays changes the physico-chemical characteristics of titanium (Ti) and improves the biological activity of dental implants. However, the role of UV-mediated photofunctionalization of biofunctional Ti surfaces on the antimicrobial and photocatalytic activity remains unknown and was investigated in this study. Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) discs were divided into four groups: (1) machined samples without UV light application [cpTi UV-]; (2) plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treated samples without UV light application [PEO UV-]; (3) machined samples with UV light application [cpTi UV+]; and (4) PEO-treated samples with UV light application [PEO UV+]. The surfaces were characterized according to their morphology, roughness, crystalline phase, chemical composition and wettability. The photocatalytic activity and proteins adsorption were measured. For the microbiological assay, Streptococcus sanguinis was grown on the disc surfaces for 1 h and 6 h, and the colony forming units and bacterial organization were evaluated. In addition, to confirm the non-cytotoxic effect of PEO UV +, human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells were cultured in a monolayer onto each material surface and the cells viability and proliferation evaluated by a fluorescent cell staining method. PEO treatment increased the Ti surface roughness and wettability (p < 0.05). Photofunctionalization reduced the hydrocarbon concentration and enhanced human blood plasma proteins and albumin adsorption mainly for the PEO-treated surface (p < 0.05). PEO UV+ also maintained higher wettability values for a longer period and provided microbial reduction at 1 h of bacterial adhesion (p = 0.012 vs. PEO UV-). Photofunctionalization did not increase the photocatalytic activity of Ti (p > 0.05). Confocal microscopy analyses demonstrated that PEO UV+ had no cell damage effect on HGF cells growth even after 24 h of incubation. The photofunctionalization of a biofunctional PEO coating seems to be a promising alternative for dental implants as it increases blood plasma proteins adsorption, reduces initial bacterial adhesion and presents no cytotoxicity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna E Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Jairo M Cordeiro
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Nilson C da Cruz
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Elidiane C Rangel
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Antônio P Ricomini-Filho
- Department of Physiological Science, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Erica D de Avila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Valentim A R Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
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29
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Ellepola K, Truong T, Liu Y, Lin Q, Lim TK, Lee YM, Cao T, Koo H, Seneviratne CJ. Multi-omics Analyses Reveal Synergistic Carbohydrate Metabolism in Streptococcus mutans-Candida albicans Mixed-Species Biofilms. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00339-19. [PMID: 31383746 PMCID: PMC6759298 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00339-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, a major opportunistic fungal pathogen, is frequently found together with Streptococcus mutans in dental biofilms associated with severe childhood caries (tooth decay), a prevalent pediatric oral disease. However, the impact of this cross-kingdom relationship on C. albicans remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we employed a novel quantitative proteomics approach in conjunction with transcriptomic profiling to unravel molecular pathways of C. albicans when cocultured with S. mutans in mixed biofilms. RNA sequencing and iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation)-based quantitative proteomics revealed that C. albicans genes and proteins associated with carbohydrate metabolism were significantly enhanced, including sugar transport, aerobic respiration, pyruvate breakdown, and the glyoxylate cycle. Other C. albicans genes and proteins directly and indirectly related to cell morphogenesis and cell wall components such as mannan and glucan were also upregulated, indicating enhanced fungal activity in mixed-species biofilm. Further analyses revealed that S. mutans-derived exoenzyme glucosyltransferase B (GtfB), which binds to the fungal cell surface to promote coadhesion, can break down sucrose into glucose and fructose that can be readily metabolized by C. albicans, enhancing growth and acid production. Altogether, we identified key pathways used by C. albicans in the mixed biofilm, indicating an active fungal role in the sugar metabolism and environmental acidification (key virulence traits associated with caries onset) when interacting with S. mutans, and a new cross-feeding mechanism mediated by GtfB that enhances C. albicans carbohydrate utilization. In addition, we demonstrate that comprehensive transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics can be powerful tools to study microbial contributions which remain underexplored in cross-kingdom biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ellepola
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - T Truong
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Q Lin
- Protein and Proteomic Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - T K Lim
- Protein and Proteomic Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y M Lee
- Protein and Proteomic Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - T Cao
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C J Seneviratne
- National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, SingHealth Duke NUS, Singapore
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30
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Crognale S, Stazi SR, Firrincieli A, Pesciaroli L, Fedi S, Petruccioli M, D'Annibale A. Time-Dependent Changes in Morphostructural Properties and Relative Abundances of Contributors in Pleurotus ostreatus/ Pseudomonas alcaliphila Mixed Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1819. [PMID: 31447819 PMCID: PMC6695841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus dual biofilms with bacteria are known to be involved in rock phosphate solubilization, endophytic colonization, and even in nitrogen fixation. Despite these relevant implications, no information is currently available on the architecture of P. ostreatus-based dual biofilms. In addition to this, there is a limited amount of information regarding the estimation of the temporal changes in the relative abundances of the partners in such binary systems. To address these issues, a dual biofilm model system with this fungus was prepared by using Pseudomonas alcaliphila 34 as the bacterial partner due to its very fast biofilm-forming ability. The application of the bacterial inoculum to already settled fungal biofilm on a polystyrene surface coated with hydroxyapatite was the most efficient approach to the production of the mixed system the ultrastructure of which was investigated by a multi-microscopy approach. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the adhesion of bacterial cells onto the mycelial cell wall appeared to be mediated by the presence of an abundant layer of extracellular matrix (ECM). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that ECM filaments of bacterial origin formed initially a reticular structure that assumed a tabular semblance after 72 h, thus overshadowing the underlying mycelial network. Across the thickness of the mixed biofilms, the presence of an extensive network of channels with large aggregates of viable bacteria located on the edges of their lumina was found by confocal laser scanning microscopy; on the outermost biofilm layer, a significant fraction of dead bacterial cells was evident. Albeit with tangible differences, similar results regarding the estimation of the temporal shifts in the relative abundances of the two partners were obtained by two independent methods, the former relying on qPCR targeting of 16S and 18S rRNA genes and the latter on ester-linked fatty acid methyl esters analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Crognale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Rita Stazi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Firrincieli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorena Pesciaroli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefano Fedi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Petruccioli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Annibale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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31
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Ikono R, Vibriani A, Wibowo I, Saputro KE, Muliawan W, Bachtiar BM, Mardliyati E, Bachtiar EW, Rochman NT, Kagami H, Xianqi L, Nagamura-Inoue T, Tojo A. Nanochitosan antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:383. [PMID: 31287001 PMCID: PMC6613267 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chitosan nanoparticle (nanochitosan) has a broad antimicrobial spectrum against diverse pathogenic microorganisms. However, its effect on dental caries-associated microorganisms, such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans is yet to be explored. These microorganisms are known for causing early childhood caries. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating nanochitosan inhibition capacity against dual-species biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans. In this study, nanochitosan antimicrobial activity is reported against mono and dual biofilm species of S. mutans and/or C. albicans at 3 and 18 h incubation time. Nanochitosan inhibition capacity was observed through biofilm mass quantity and cell viability. RESULTS The present study successfully synthesized nanochitosan with average diameter of approximately 20-30 nm, and also established dual-species biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans in vitro. With nanochitosan treatment, the cell viability of both microorganisms significantly decreased with the increasing concentration of nanochitosan. There was no significant decrease in biofilm mass both in the dual and single-species biofilms after 3 h of incubation. However, greater inhibition of biofilm was observed at 18 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radyum Ikono
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Nano Center Indonesia, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Sumbawa University of Technology, Sumbawa Besar, Indonesia
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Agnia Vibriani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Indra Wibowo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Wibias Muliawan
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Nano Center Indonesia, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
- Oral Science Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Etik Mardliyati
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology [BPPT], Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Endang Winiati Bachtiar
- Oral Science Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Taufiqu Rochman
- Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Science [LIPI], Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Hideaki Kagami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Li Xianqi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nagamura-Inoue
- Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Bunetel L, Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Martin B, Autier B, Guiller A, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Interactions between oral commensal Candida and oral bacterial communities in immunocompromised and healthy children. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:223-232. [PMID: 31235209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are usually found as commensal microorganisms in the oral cavity of healthy people. During chemotherapy, cytostatic drugs lead to depletion of the oral flora with the emergence of a dominant bacterial species. The transition from commensal to pathogenic state, further associated with yeast colonization and oral mucositis implies a replacement of the dominant microorganism by Candida albicans. This process goes plausibly through cooperation between C. albicans and bacteria. This study focused on the first step of cooperation between microorganisms isolated from the same oral flora either of leukemic or healthy children. C. albicans isolated from 8/20 children were cultured to display their noninvasive blastosporic yeast form and mixed with their dominant bacteria to study the capacity of planktonic aggregation and the early state of biofilm formation. None of the dominant bacteria opposed the presence of yeast, on the contrary, an interesting cooperation was observed. This behavior is apparently different from that observed when mixing the type strains. In fact, three mutated C. albicans strains display, by their spontaneous ability to form filament, enhanced risks of virulence for leukemic ill carriers. Despite such risks, neither oral nor systemic pathology were observed in ill patients probably because the study was conducted during the first course of chemotherapy and Candida colonization is related to the number of chemotherapeutic cycles. The presence of C. albicans during the initial cycle represents, by its ability to interact with oral bacteria, an actual threat for further cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bunetel
- CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, université Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | | | - B Martin
- Inserm U 1241, Inra, université Rennes, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - B Autier
- Centre hospitalier universitaire Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - A Guiller
- CNRS - UPJV Edysan FRE 3498, université Amiens, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - M Bonnaure-Mallet
- Inserm U 1241, Inra, université Rennes, 35043 Rennes, France; Centre hospitalier universitaire Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
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Misba L, Abdulrahman H, Khan AU. Photodynamic efficacy of toluidine blue O against mono species and dual species bacterial biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:383-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Animal Infections: The Role of Fungal Biofilms. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18586-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sampaio AA, Souza SE, Ricomini-Filho AP, Del Bel Cury AA, Cavalcanti YW, Cury JA. Candida albicans Increases Dentine Demineralization Provoked by Streptococcus mutans Biofilm. Caries Res 2018; 53:322-331. [PMID: 30448846 DOI: 10.1159/000494033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans are considered the most cariogenic bacteria, but it has been suggested that Candida albicans could increase their cariogenicity. However, the effect of this dual-species microorganisms' combination on dentine caries has not been experimentally evaluated. Biofilms of C. albicans, S. mutans and C. albicans + S. mutans (n = 12/biofilm) were grown in ultra-filtered tryptone yeast extract broth culture medium for 96 h on root dentine slabs of known surface hardness and exposed 8 times per day for 3 min to 10% sucrose. The medium was changed 2 times per day (after the 8 cariogenic challenges and after the overnight period of famine), and aliquots were analyzed to determinate the pH (indicator of biofilm acidogenicity). After 96 h, the biofilms were collected to determine the wet weight, colony-forming units, and the amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (soluble and insoluble). Dentine demineralization was assessed by surface hardness loss (% SHL). The architecture of the biofilms was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The dual-species C. albicans + S. mutans biofilm provoked higher % SHL on dentine (p < 0.05) than the S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm. This was supported by the results of biofilm acidogenicity and the amounts of soluble (6.4 ± 2.14 vs. 4.0 ± 0.94 and 1.9 ± 0.97, respectively) and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (24.9 ± 9.22 vs. 18.9 ± 5.92 and 0.7 ± 0.48, respectively) (p < 0.05). The C. albicans biofilm alone presented low cariogenicity. The images by CLSM and TEM, respectively, suggest that the C. albicans + S. mutans biofilm is more voluminous than the S. mutans biofilm, and S. mutans cells interact with C. albicans throughout polysaccharides from the biofilm matrix. These findings show that C. albicans enhances the cariogenic potential of the S. mutans biofilm, increasing dentine demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Sampaio
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samilly E Souza
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yuri W Cavalcanti
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jaime A Cury
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil,
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Montelongo-Jauregui D, Lopez-Ribot JL. Candida Interactions with the Oral Bacterial Microbiota. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040122. [PMID: 30400279 PMCID: PMC6308928 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity is normally colonized by a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, Archaea, viruses, and protozoa. Within the different oral microenvironments these organisms are often found as part of highly organized microbial communities termed biofilms, which display consortial behavior. Formation and maintenance of these biofilms are highly dependent on the direct interactions between the different members of the microbiota, as well as on the released factors that influence the surrounding microbial populations. These complex biofilm dynamics influence oral health and disease. In the latest years there has been an increased recognition of the important role that interkingdom interactions, in particular those between fungi and bacteria, play within the oral cavity. Candida spp., and in particular C. albicans, are among the most important fungi colonizing the oral cavity of humans and have been found to participate in these complex microbial oral biofilms. C. albicans has been reported to interact with individual members of the oral bacterial microbiota, leading to either synergistic or antagonistic relationships. In this review we describe some of the better characterized interactions between Candida spp. and oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infections Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infections Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM. Relationship between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in early childhood caries, evaluated by quantitative PCR. F1000Res 2018; 7:1645. [PMID: 30450201 PMCID: PMC6221075 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16275.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the synergistic relationship between
Candida albicans and
Streptococcus mutans in children with early childhood caries (ECC) experience. Methods: Dental plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were taken from 30 subjects aged 3-5 years old, half with (n=15, dmft > 4) and half without (n=15) ECC. The abundance of
C. albicans and
S. mutans and relative to total bacteria load were quantify by real-time PCR (qPCR). This method was also employed to investigate the mRNA expression of glycosyltransferase (
gtfB) gene in dental plaque. Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation were used to perform statistical analysis. Results: Within the ECC group, the quantity of both microorganisms were higher in the saliva than in dental plaque. The ratio of
C. albicans to total bacteria was higher in saliva than in plaque samples (p < 0.05). We observed the opposite for
S. mutans (p < 0.05). The different value of
C. albicans and
S. mutans in saliva was positively correlated, and negatively correlated in dental plaque. Transcription level of
S. mutans gtfB showed a positive correlation with
C. albicans concentration in dental plaque. Conclusion:C. albicans has a positive correlation with cariogenic traits of
S. mutans in ECC-related biofilm of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Teutle-Coyotecatl B, Contreras-Bulnes R, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Almaguer-Flores A, García-Pérez VI, Rodríguez-Vilchis LE, Arenas-Alatorre JA. Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis on Er:YAG Laser-Irradiated Dental Enamel: Effect of Surface Roughness. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:660-666. [PMID: 30260744 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine surface roughness caused by Er:YAG laser irradiation and its effect on the increase in bacterial adhesion. Background: Er:YAG laser was proposed as a strategic device to reduce caries by its ability to generate chemical and structural changes in tooth enamel; in turn, it produces undesirable effects on the tooth surface that could increase its roughness and allow a greater accumulation of microorganisms. Methods: Eighty-four samples of human enamel were divided into seven groups (n = 12): G1_control (no laser irradiation); G2_100/H2O, G3_200/H2O, and G4_300/H2O were irradiated with Er:YAG laser (12.7, 25.5, and 38.2 J/cm2, respectively) under water irrigation. In addition, G5_100, G6_200, and G7_300 were irradiated with the energy densities described above and no water irrigation. Surface roughness measurements were recorded before and after treatment using a profilometer. Afterward, three samples per group were incubated in a microorganism suspension for the tetrazolium salt (XTT) assay. Biofilm morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscope. One-way analysis of variance and t-tests were performed for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in roughness values in the G5_100 group before and after treatment, but there were statistically significant differences observed in the other groups evaluated (p < 0.05). No significant differences in adhesion of both strains were detected in irradiated groups compared with G1_control. Conclusions: The increase in roughness on dental enamel surfaces was proportional to the irradiation conditions. However, the increase in surface roughness caused by Er:YAG laser irradiation did not affect Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguinis adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Teutle-Coyotecatl
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Rogelio J Scougall-Vilchis
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Argelia Almaguer-Flores
- Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Victor I García-Pérez
- Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilm Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 29997579 PMCID: PMC6030385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm describes a microbially-derived sessile community in which microbial cells are firmly attached to the substratum and embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix. Microbial biofilms account for up to 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections in humans. Biofilm-associated pathogens are particularly resistant to antibiotic treatment, and thus novel antibiofilm approaches needed to be developed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) had been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms such as dental biofilms, ventilator associated pneumonia, chronic wound infections, oral candidiasis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. aPDT uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS), which can be excited by harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). aPDT is a multi-stage process including topical PS administration, light irradiation, and interaction of the excited state with ambient oxygen. Numerous in vitro and in vivo aPDT studies have demonstrated biofilm-eradication or substantial reduction. ROS are produced upon photo-activation and attack adjacent targets, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix, on the cell surface and inside the microbial cells. Damage to non-specific targets leads to the destruction of both planktonic cells and biofilms. The review aims to summarize the progress of aPDT in destroying biofilms and the mechanisms mediated by ROS. Finally, a brief section provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuguang Wang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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de Almeida J, Pimenta AL, Pereira UA, Barbosa LCA, Hoogenkamp MA, van der Waal SV, Crielaard W, Felippe WT. Effects of three γ-alkylidene-γ-lactams on the formation of multispecies biofilms. Eur J Oral Sci 2018. [PMID: 29517121 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of lactams on Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida glabrata multispecies biofilm formation. γ-Alkylidene-γ-lactams 1, 2, and 3 [solubilized in 3.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] were tested. Glass coverslips were conditioned with either the lactams or 3.5% DMSO (control) for 1 h, inoculated with microbial cultures, and incubated for 48 h. To assess the effect of the lactams on biofilm formation, the following parameters were determined: the biofilm biomass (by both crystal violet staining and protein determination); the amount of insoluble polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix; and the number of viable and total cells [by both colony-forming unit counting and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)]. Data were analysed using one-way anova and post-hoc Tukey tests. Lactams 1, 2, and 3 promoted a statistically significant reduction in the amount of biofilm biomass, but only lactam 3 resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of attached viable E. faecalis. Both total protein content and the amount of extracellular polysaccharides decreased significantly. The effects of γ-alkylidene-γ-lactams 1, 2, and 3 on the inhibition of multispecies biofilm formation were evident by their ability to reduce the amount of protein and extracellular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane de Almeida
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Endodontics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Department of Endodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Andrea L Pimenta
- Department of Periodontics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Department of Biologie, Université de Cergy Pontoisé, Cergy Pontoise, France
| | - Ulisses A Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz C A Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michel A Hoogenkamp
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzette V van der Waal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilson T Felippe
- Department of Endodontics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Cavalheiro M, Teixeira MC. Candida Biofilms: Threats, Challenges, and Promising Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:28. [PMID: 29487851 PMCID: PMC5816785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are fungal pathogens known for their ability to cause superficial and systemic infections in the human host. These pathogens are able to persist inside the host due to the development of pathogenicity and multidrug resistance traits, often leading to the failure of therapeutic strategies. One specific feature of Candida species pathogenicity is their ability to form biofilms, which protects them from external factors such as host immune system defenses and antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the current threats and challenges when dealing with biofilms formed by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis, highlighting the differences between the four species. Biofilm characteristics depend on the ability of each species to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and display dimorphic growth, but also on the biofilm substratum, carbon source availability and other factors. Additionally, the transcriptional control over processes like adhesion, biofilm formation, filamentation, and EPS production displays great complexity and diversity within pathogenic yeasts of the Candida genus. These differences not only have implications in the persistence of colonization and infections but also on antifungal resistance typically found in Candida biofilm cells, potentiated by EPS, that functions as a barrier to drug diffusion, and by the overexpression of drug resistance transporters. The ability to interact with different species in in vivo Candida biofilms is also a key factor to consider when dealing with this problem. Despite many challenges, the most promising strategies that are currently available or under development to limit biofilm formation or to eradicate mature biofilms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Mionić Ebersold M, Petrović M, Fong WK, Bonvin D, Hofmann H, Milošević I. Hexosomes with Undecylenic Acid Efficient against Candida albicans. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E91. [PMID: 29414873 PMCID: PMC5853723 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing issues with fungal infections, especially with Candida, there is still a need to develop novel anti-Candida materials. One of the known antifungal agents is undecylenic acid (UA), which still cannot be efficiently used due to its oily nature, and thus limited solubility. By taking advantage of the properties of UA, we developed an emulsion with hexagonal phase, i.e., hexosomes, whose structure and morphology was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-electron microscopy, respectively. The presence of UA in the hexosome was confirmed by spectroscopy. Moreover, we studied the anti-Candida effect of hexosomes and their cytotoxicity toward human cells. The minimal inhibitory concentration for the 50% and 90% Candida-growth reduction was found at 0.01 and 0.16 wt % hexosomes, respectively (i.e., 2 and 32 pghex/C.a.cell, respectively). The percentage of metabolically active Candida was reduced by 72-96% at hexosome concentrations of 1.0-8.2 pghex/C.a.cell as compared to untreated Candida. Furthermore, at the same concentration range the embedded filamentation test after 24 and 48 h showed the inhibition of both the filamentation and growth of Candida, while the preliminary toxicity test showed that hexosomes were nontoxic for human cells. All these render the here-developed hexosomes with UA efficient and promising anti-Candida agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Mionić Ebersold
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Milica Petrović
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia.
| | - Wye-Khay Fong
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Debora Bonvin
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Irena Milošević
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Hosida TY, Cavazana TP, Henriques M, Pessan JP, Delbem ACB, Monteiro DR. Interactions betweenCandida albicansandCandida glabratain biofilms: Influence of the strain type, culture medium and glucose supplementation. Mycoses 2018; 61:270-278. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Yumi Hosida
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thamires Priscila Cavazana
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering; LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master’s Degree); University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE); Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
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Petrović M, Bonvin D, Hofmann H, Mionić Ebersold M. Fungicidal PMMA-Undecylenic Acid Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E184. [PMID: 29316713 PMCID: PMC5796133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Undecylenic acid (UA), known as antifungal agent, still cannot be used to efficiently modify commercial dental materials in such a way that this affects Candida. Actually, issues with Candida infections and fungal resistance compromise the use of Poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) as dental material. The challenge remains to turn PMMA into an antifugal material, which can ideally affect both sessile (attached) and planktonic (free-floating) Candida cells. We aimed to tackle this challenge by designing PMMA-UA composites with different UA concentrations (3-12%). We studied their physico-chemical properties, the antifungal effect on Candida and the cytotoxicity toward human cells. We found that UA changes the PMMA surface into a more hydrophilic one. Mainly, as-preparation composites with ≥6% UA reduced sessile Candida for >90%. After six days, the composites were still efficiently reducing the sessile Candida cells (for ~70% for composites with ≥6% UA). Similar results were recorded for planktonic Candida. Moreover, the inhibition zone increased along with the UA concentration. The antifungal effect of UA was also examined at the surface of an UA-loaded agar and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) was below the lowest-studied 0.0125% UA. Furthermore, the embedded filamentation test after 24 h and 48 h showed complete inhibition of the Candida growth at 0.4% UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Petrović
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18006 Niš, Serbia.
| | - Debora Bonvin
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marijana Mionić Ebersold
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Xiao J, Huang X, Alkhers N, Alzamil H, Alzoubi S, Wu TT, Castillo DA, Campbell F, Davis J, Herzog K, Billings R, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Hajishengallis E, Koo H. Candida albicans and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res 2017; 52:102-112. [PMID: 29262404 DOI: 10.1159/000481833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral Candida albicans has been detected in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and has demonstrated cariogenic traits in animal models of the disease. Conversely, other studies found no positive correlation between C. albicans and caries experience in children, while suggesting it may have protective effects as a commensal organism. Thus, this study aimed to examine whether oral C. albicans is associated with ECC. Seven electronic databases were searched. The data from eligible studies were extracted, and the risk of bias was evaluated. A fixed effects model (Mantel-Haenszel estimate) was used for meta-analysis, and the summary effect measure was calculated by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Fifteen cross-sectional studies were included for the qualitative assessment and 9 studies for meta-analysis. Twelve studies revealed higher oral C. albicans prevalence in ECC children than in caries-free children, while 2 studies indicated an equivalent prevalence. A pooled estimate, with OR = 6.51 and 95% CI = 4.94-8.57, indicated a significantly higher ECC experience in children with oral C. albicans than those without C. albicans (p < 0.01). The odds of experiencing ECC in children with C. albicans versus children without C. albicans were 5.26 for salivary, 6.69 for plaque, and 6.3 for oral swab samples. This systematic review indicates that children with oral C. albicans have >5 times higher odds of having ECC compared to those without C. albicans. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to determine whether C. albicans could be a risk factor for ECC, and whether it is dependent on different sample sources (saliva/plaque).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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46
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Giles C, Lamont-Friedrich SJ, Michl TD, Griesser HJ, Coad BR. The importance of fungal pathogens and antifungal coatings in medical device infections. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:264-280. [PMID: 29199134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing evidence has been collated on the contributions of fungal species, particularly Candida, to medical device infections. Fungal species can form biofilms by themselves or by participating in polymicrobial biofilms with bacteria. Thus, there is a clear need for effective preventative measures, such as thin coatings that can be applied onto medical devices to stop the attachment, proliferation, and formation of device-associated biofilms. However, fungi being eukaryotes, the challenge is greater than for bacterial infections because antifungal agents are often toxic towards eukaryotic host cells. Whilst there is extensive literature on antibacterial coatings, a far lesser body of literature exists on surfaces or coatings that prevent attachment and biofilm formation on medical devices by fungal pathogens. Here we review strategies for the design and fabrication of medical devices with antifungal surfaces. We also survey the microbiology literature on fundamental mechanisms by which fungi attach and spread on natural and synthetic surfaces. Research in this field requires close collaboration between biomaterials scientists, microbiologists and clinicians; we consider progress in the molecular understanding of fungal recognition of, and attachment to, suitable surfaces, and of ensuing metabolic changes, to be essential for designing rational approaches towards effective antifungal coatings, rather than empirical trial of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giles
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Lamont-Friedrich
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Thomas D Michl
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Hans J Griesser
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bryan R Coad
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Agriculture Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Tan Y, Leonhard M, Schneider-Stickler B. Evaluation of culture conditions for mixed biofilm formation with clinically isolated non- albicans Candida species and Staphylococcus epidermidis on silicone. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Maekawa T, Ishijima AS, Ida M, Izumo T, Ono Y, Shibata H, Abe S. Prophylactic Effect of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 on Candida Infection and Gastric Inflammation in a Murine Gastrointestinal Candidiasis Model [Errata]. Med Mycol J 2017; 57:E81-E92. [PMID: 27904074 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed a prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 against oral candidiasis in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of S-PT84 against Candida infection of the gastrointestinal tract. As the first step, we used an in vitro assay to compare the inhibitory effects of several lactobacilli (S-PT84 and Lactobacillus pentosus type strain JCM1558T, Lactobacillus gasseri type strain JCM1131T and Lactobacillus casei type strain JCM1134T) on mycelial growth of Candida albicans. S-PT84 directly adhered to Candida cells and showed the strongest growth-inhibitory activity among the tested Lactobacillus strains. In the second experiment, we used an in vivo assay to evaluate the effect of S-PT84 ingestion on severity score of stomach lesion and gastric inflammation in a mouse model of gastrointestinal candidiasis. The severity scores were significantly improved by oral administration of S-PT84 (6 mg/ 200 μL), consistent with decreased coverage of stomach lesions by patchy whitish plaques. The attenuation of stomach lesion severity by S-PT84 was more pronounced than that obtained with L. gasseri type strain JCM1131T, consistent with the results of the above in vitro study. Histological analysis also indicated that S-PT84 prevented the adhesion of C. albicans to the stomach surface and suppressed stomach inflammation caused by neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, S-PT84 also suppressed the vascular permeability observed in Candida-infected stomach. These results suggest that oral administration of S-PT84 might be effective not only in inhibiting Candida infection but also in preventing gastric inflammation induced by Candida infection.
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Chanda W, Joseph TP, Wang W, Padhiar AA, Zhong M. The potential management of oral candidiasis using anti-biofilm therapies. Med Hypotheses 2017; 106:15-18. [PMID: 28818264 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a minor component of the oral microbiota and an opportunistic pathogen that takes advantage of the immunocompromised host and causes oral mucositis and oral candidiasis. This organism is able to undergo phenotypic modification from a yeast to hyphae growth phase, one of the key arsenals for immune cell evasion, tissue invasion and biofilm formation. The latter property coupled with overgrowth and immune compromising factors such as HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, organ transplantation, diabetes, corticosteroid use, dentures, and broad-spectrum antibiotic use have modified the fungus from a normal component of the microflora to a foe of an oral cavity and resulting in reduced sensitivity towards commonly utilised antifungal agents. Hence, the need for alternative therapy to curb this plight is of importance. Making use of biomolecules produced by Streptococcus mutans, application of lactoferrin which is a nonspecific host defense factor found in saliva with metal chelating and broader antimicrobial properties, use of probiotics which have the capacity to boost the host immunity through eliciting Immunoglobulin A synthesis, and perturbing the pathogen's environment via competition of space and food, and application of photodynamic therapy can help to manage the burden of oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Chanda
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Thomson P Joseph
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Wendong Wang
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Arshad A Padhiar
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Mintao Zhong
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China.
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50
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Oliveira JRD, de Jesus Viegas D, Martins APR, Carvalho CAT, Soares CP, Camargo SEA, Jorge AOC, de Oliveira LD. Thymus vulgaris L. extract has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:271-279. [PMID: 28683409 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the biological effects of the T. vulgaris L. extract., such as antimicrobial activity on planktonic cultures and mono- and polymicrobial biofilms, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and genotoxicity. METHODS Monomicrobial biofilms of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and polymicrobial biofilms composed by C. albicans with each bacterium were formed for 48h and exposed for 5min to the plant extract. Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1), human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) were also exposed to the plant extract for 5min and the cell viability were analyzed by MTT, neutral red (NR) and crystal violet (CV) assays. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced by RAW 264.7 was quantified by ELISA, after 24h exposure to the plant extract, both in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli. Genotoxicity of the plant extract was evaluated by micronucleus formation (MN) in 1000 cells. The results were analyzed by T-Test or ANOVA and Tukey's Test (P≤0.05). RESULTS All biofilms showed significant reductions in CFU/mL (colony-forming units per milliliter). Cell viability was above 50% for all cell lines. Anti-inflammatory effect on the synthesis of IL-1β and TNF-α was observed. The MN was similar or lower than the control group in all cells. CONCLUSIONS T. vulgaris L. extract was effective against all biofilms, promoted high cell viability, anti-inflammatory effect and presented no genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas Rafael de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daiane de Jesus Viegas
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Réquia Martins
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Restorative Dentistry. São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pacheco Soares
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP). Institute of Research and Development. São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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