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Tehrani S, Abbasian L, Dehghan Manshadi SA, Hasannezhad M, Ghaderkhani S, Keyvanfar A, Darvishi A, Aghdaee A. Vitamin D deficiency and oral candidiasis in patients with HIV infection: A case‒control study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:217. [PMID: 38373939 PMCID: PMC10875808 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition, most of these patients suffer from vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and oral candidiasis in patients with HIV infection. METHODS This case‒control study was conducted on HIV-infected patients. Cases were patients with oral candidiasis diagnosed based on physical examinations. Controls were age- and sex-matched individuals without oral candidiasis. The levels of 25-OH vitamin D and other laboratory markers (CD4 count and viral load) were compared between the case and control groups. RESULTS A total of 104 cases and 102 controls were included in the study. The cases had significantly lower 25-OH vitamin D3 levels (MD = 33.86 ng/mL, 95% CI= (31.85, 35.87), P < 0.001) and CD4 counts (MD = 267.48 cells/mm3, 95% CI= (189.55, 345.41), P < 0.001) than the controls. In addition, viral load was significantly higher in cases than in controls (MD = 7.03 × 105 copies/mL, 95% CI= (4.46 × 105, 9.61 × 105), P < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that educational status (OR = 0.032, 95% CI= (0.002, 0.100), P < 0.001), current HAART (OR = 0.005, 95% CI= (0.001, 0.014), P < 0.001), history of oral candidiasis (OR = 20.114, 95% CI= (18.135, 21.957), P < 0.001), CD4 count (OR = 0.004, 95% CI= (0.001, 0.006), P < 0.001), viral load (OR = 12.181, 95% CI= (1.108, 133.392), P < 0.001), and vitamin D level (OR = 0.011, 95% CI= (0.008, 0.015), P < 0.001) were significantly associated with the risk of developing oral candidiasis. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings, most patients with HIV infection suffer from vitamin D deficiency, especially those with oral candidiasis. Hypovitaminosis D was significantly associated with an increased risk of oral candidiasis. Thus, vitamin D supplementation may assist HIV-positive patients in improving their oral health and preventing oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Tehrani
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Abbasian
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasannezhad
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghaderkhani
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Keyvanfar
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azar Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - AmirHossein Aghdaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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HIV and Substance Use in Latin America: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127198. [PMID: 35742448 PMCID: PMC9222977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This scoping review aims to explore the interplay between substance use (SU) and HIV in Latin America (LA). Database searches yielded 3481 references; 196 were included. HIV prevalence among people who used substances (PWUS) ranged from 2.8–15.2%. SU definitions were variable throughout studies, and thus data were not easily comparable. In 2019, only 2% of new HIV infections were attributed to injection drug use (IDU) in LA. Factors associated with HIV among PWUS included being female, IDU and homelessness, and PWUS were likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors, start antiretroviral treatment late, have poor adherence, have treatment failure, be lost to follow-up, have comorbidities, and experience higher mortality rates and lower quality of life, as has been reported in PLWH with SU in other regions. Five intervention studies were identified, and only one was effective at reducing HIV incidence in PWUS. Interventions in other regions have varying success depending on context-specific characteristics, highlighting the need to conduct more research in the LA region. Though progress has been made in establishing SU as a major concern in people living with HIV (PLWH), much more is yet to be done to reduce the burden of HIV and SU in LA.
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Moosazadeh M, Shafaroudi AM, Gorji NE, Barzegari S, Nasiri P. Prevalence of oral lesions in patients with AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent 2021:10.1038/s41432-021-0209-8. [PMID: 34795396 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-021-0209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Oral lesions are considered to be early clinical signs which may predict the progression of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Due to the lack of a comprehensive study that includes oral lesions in people with AIDS, the global prevalence of oral lesions in people with AIDS was estimated by combining preliminary studies' results using meta-analysis.Material and methods Databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus were searched using keywords as 'HIV', 'AIDS', 'oral candidiasis', 'Kaposi Sarcoma', 'LinearGingival Erythema' and OR operators, AND and NOT. After the elimination of duplicate documents, articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Quality assessment was performed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. After combining the results of preliminary studies, an overall estimate of each lesion was reported. Ninety-five studies met the criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis.Results The global prevalence of 21 oral lesions in HIV-infected patients was estimated. The overall prevalence of oral candidiasis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi sarcoma and erythematous candidiasis was as follows: 35% (95% CI: 28-42), 19% (95% CI: 15-22), 12% (95% CI: 11-14), 5% (95% CI: 4-6) and 18% (95% CI: 14-22).Conclusion The present meta-analysis showed that oral lesions have a high prevalence in patients with AIDS. Dentists should consider that the clinical appearance of the oral cavity reflects the overall systemic health of the patient. As such, oral lesions may be linked to underlying immunosuppression caused by AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Moosazadeh
- PhD in Epidemiology, Associate Professor, Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Malekzadeh Shafaroudi
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nadia Elyassi Gorji
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Barzegari
- PhD in Health Information Management, Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Pegah Nasiri
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Reinhardt LC, Nascente PS, Ribeiro JS, Guimarães VBS, Etges A, Lund RG. Sensitivity to antifungals by Candida spp samples isolated from cases of chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC). BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 80:266-272. [PMID: 31291399 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.190454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of choice for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC), also known as denture stomatitis, is topical antifungal therapy. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in denture wearers with a diagnosis of CAC and determine the prevalence of associated variables. The sample consisted of 44 patients wearing complete or partial dentures who had a clinical diagnosis of CAC. Using sterile cotton swabs, specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of all patients and grown at 30ºC for 48 h in CHROMagar Candida, as a means of isolating and screening the species. The complementary identification of the species was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system (BioMérieux), as well as the determination of their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. STATA 13.1 was used for statistical analysis (α = 5%). Of 44 patients with CAC, 33 (75%) had lesions classified as Newton type II. Yeasts were isolated in 38 cases. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans. None of the isolates were resistant to the antifungals tested. Our findings suggest that current indications for antifungal agents are appropriate. Also, antifungal susceptibility testing and proper fungal identification can help dentists to determine the optimal course of treatment for CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Reinhardt
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia - PPGO, Laboratório de Microbiologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Sala 702/3, CEP , Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - P S Nascente
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - PPGBBio, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n, , Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil
| | - J S Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia - PPGO, Laboratório de Microbiologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Sala 702/3, CEP , Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - V B S Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia - PPGO, Laboratório de Microbiologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Sala 702/3, CEP , Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - A Etges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Doenças da Boca - CDDB, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Sala 607, CEP , Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - R G Lund
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia - PPGO, Laboratório de Microbiologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Sala 702/3, CEP , Pelotas, RS, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - PPGBBio, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n, , Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil
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Molefe PF, Masamba P, Oyinloye BE, Mbatha LS, Meyer M, Kappo AP. Molecular Application of Aptamers in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Communicable Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040093. [PMID: 30274155 PMCID: PMC6315466 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and infectious diseases such as Ebola, HIV, tuberculosis, Zika, hepatitis, measles and human schistosomiasis are serious global health hazards. The increasing annual morbidities and mortalities of these diseases have been blamed on drug resistance and the inefficacy of available diagnostic tools, particularly those which are immunologically-based. Antibody-based tools rely solely on antibody production for diagnosis and for this reason they are the major cause of diagnostic delays. Unfortunately, the control of these diseases depends on early detection and administration of effective treatment therefore any diagnostic delay is a huge challenge to curbing these diseases. Hence, there is a need for alternative diagnostic tools, discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents. Studies have demonstrated that aptamers could potentially offer one of the best solutions to these problems. Aptamers are short sequences of either DNA or RNA molecules, which are identified in vitro through a SELEX process. They are sensitive and bind specifically to target molecules. Their promising features suggest they may serve as better diagnostic agents and can be used as drug carriers for therapeutic purposes. In this article, we review the applications of aptamers in the theranostics of cancer and some infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philisiwe Fortunate Molefe
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Priscilla Masamba
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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Oliveira ADT, Sodré CS, Ferreira DDC, Abad EDD, Saintive S, Ribeiro M, Cavalcante FS, Piciani B, Gonçalves LS. Oral Aspects Identified in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: A Literature Review. Open Dent J 2018; 12:424-434. [PMID: 29988222 PMCID: PMC6006715 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812010424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is more prevalent in children (10-20% of the world's population) than in adults. As its etiology is multifactorial, it is important to know the most frequent oral manifestations in atopic dermatitis patients. Methodology: In the last decades, the correlation between atopic dermatitis and conditions and/or changes in the oral cavity has been demonstrated by several studies. The objective of this paper was to describe, through a review of the literature, the oral health conditions and/or oral aspects identified in patients with atopic dermatitis. Search Strategy: A descriptive literature review was carried out through a bibliographical survey based on the last 10 years, in order to answer the study questions. Results: As a result, we found six studies with different sample sizes, ranging from 43 to 468 patients, and the majority of them were of cross-sectional study design. Discussion: Two studies performed their analysis through dental exams and reported that patients with atopic dermatitis tend to have a greater frequency of carious lesions, and two studies correlated Candida with atopic dermatitis through mycological analyzes. Conclusion: There are a few studies in the literature that identify the oral aspects of atopic dermatitis. More investigations are needed in order to contribute to the knowledge of such oral aspects and the approach to treat these patients regarding oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Stofella Sodré
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculty of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane de Dios Abad
- Pediatric Dermatology Service, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone Saintive
- Faculty of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia Ribeiro
- Medical Genetics Service, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Piciani
- Department of Pathology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Immunological and epidemiological factors affecting candidiasis in HIV patients beginning antiretroviral therapy in an Asian clinic. Arch Oral Biol 2017. [PMID: 28622549 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is common in HIV patients beginning antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here we address the response to ART, and the roles of poor oral hygiene and defects in local innate immunity with a focus on salivary β-defensins, as they are implicated in control of candidiasis but have not been investigated in this context. DESIGN ART naïve HIV-infected adults (n=82) with <200 CD4+ T-cells/mm3 attending clinics at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, were examined at the commencement of ART, and 73 were re-examined after 3 months. OPC was detected by clinical examination, and Candida albicans and fungal burdens were determined following culture on CHROMagar and saboroud-dextrose agar (resp). Salivary β-defensins (-2 and -3) were quantified by ELISA. Healthy control subjects (n=40) matched the patients by age and gender. RESULTS OPC was evident in 47 patients before ART, and associated with greater fingal burdens. No OPC was detected in healthy controls and culture positivity was rare. ART decreased the prevalence of OPC to 8/73 HIV patients re-examined after 3 months, with reduced total fungal and C. albicans burdens. The incidence of OPC was independent of oral hygiene. Hyposalivation was more common in untreated HIV patients (16%) than after 3 months on ART and was rare in healthy controls. HIV patients were also more likely to have acidic saliva. Salivary β-defensin-2 was elevated in the presence of C. albicans pseudohyphae and OPC after 3 months on ART, but β-defensin-3 was not affected by OPC or ART. CONCLUSIONS ART reduces the prevalence of OPC, and the total fungal and C. albicans burden. Levels of salivary β-defensin-2 may associate with OPC in HIV patients responding to ART.
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Ferreira SMS, Lima MHAD, Omena ALCSD, Canuto JMP, Canuto VMP, Morais TMD, Ferreira DDC, Gonçalves LS. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its association with oral lesions in HIV-infected Brazilian adults. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 49:90-4. [PMID: 27163569 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0159-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its association with oral candidiasis and clinical parameters of periodontitis (CPP) in HIV-infected patients. METHODS Periodontal examinations for the 113 HIV-infected patients were recorded using the Community Periodontal Index. A cytological smear from the lateral borders of the tongue was performed to evaluate candidiasis. RESULTS The frequency of hypovitaminosis D was 23.9%. In multivariate analysis, only the duration of exposure to HIV was associated with CPP [OR 4.72 (95% CI: 0.97-23.00)]. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 23.9% and was not related with oral candidiasis or CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC. Smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of oral candidiasis (OC) in HIV-1 infected persons. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2013; 13:180-2. [PMID: 24237746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Shiboski
- Professor, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, Suite S612, San Francisco, CA 94143-0422, USA, Tel.: +1 415 476 5976.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated oral disease among people living with HIV infection includes oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi sarcoma, oral warts, herpes simplex virus ulcers, major aphthous ulcers or ulcers not otherwise specified, HIV salivary gland disease, and atypical gingival and periodontal diseases. Diagnosis of some oral lesions is based on clinical appearance and behavior, whereas others require biopsy, culture, or imaging for definitive diagnosis. Management strategies including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches are discussed in this article. Dentists also need to be cognizant of the potential oral side effects of HIV antiretroviral medications.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/therapy
- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects
- Candidiasis, Oral/diagnosis
- Candidiasis, Oral/etiology
- Candidiasis, Oral/therapy
- HIV Infections/complications
- Humans
- Leukoplakia, Hairy/diagnosis
- Leukoplakia, Hairy/etiology
- Leukoplakia, Hairy/therapy
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/therapy
- Sialadenitis/diagnosis
- Sialadenitis/etiology
- Sialadenitis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Patton
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Room 467A, Brauer Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA.
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