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Abdul-Azees PA, Wang H, Chun YHP, Pizzini J, Dean DD, Reveles KR, Marinkovic M, Chen XD, Salmon AB, Yeh CK. Changes in oral health during aging in a novel non-human primate model. GeroScience 2024; 46:1909-1926. [PMID: 37775702 PMCID: PMC10828187 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral health plays a significant role in the quality of life and overall well-being of the aging population. However, age-related changes in oral health are not well understood due to challenges with current animal models. In this study, we analyzed the oral health and microbiota of a short-lived non-human primate (i.e., marmoset), as a step towards establishing a surrogate for studying the changes that occur in oral health during human aging. We investigated the oral health of marmosets using cadaveric tissues in three different cohorts: young (aged ≤6 years), middle-aged, and older (>10 years) and assessed the gingival bacterial community using analyses of the V3-V4 variable region of 16S rRNA gene. The oldest cohort had a significantly higher number of dental caries, increased dental attrition/erosion, and deeper periodontal pocket depth scores. Oral microbiome analyses showed that older marmosets had a significantly greater abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Propionibacterium, and a lower abundance of Agrobacterium/Rhizobium at the genus level. Alpha diversity of the microbiome between the three groups showed no significant differences; however, principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that samples from middle-aged and older marmosets were more closely clustered than the youngest cohort. In addition, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEFSe) identified a higher abundance of Esherichia-Shigella as a potential pathogenic biomarker in older animals. Our findings confirm that changes in the oral microbiome are associated with a decline in oral health in aging marmosets. The current study suggests that the marmoset model recapitulates some of the changes in oral health associated with human aging and may provide opportunities for developing new preventive strategies or interventions which target these disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveez Ahamed Abdul-Azees
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hanzhou Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yong-Hee P Chun
- Department of Periodontics, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jason Pizzini
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David D Dean
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kelly R Reveles
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Pharmacotherapy Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Milos Marinkovic
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Ko Yeh
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Pajic P, Landau L, Gokcumen O, Ruhl S. Emergence of saliva protein genes in the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) locus and accelerated evolution in primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580359. [PMID: 38405690 PMCID: PMC10888740 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Genes within the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) family evolved in conjunction with major evolutionary milestones: the formation of a calcified skeleton in vertebrates, the emergence of tooth enamel in fish, and the introduction of lactation in mammals. The SCPP gene family also contains genes expressed primarily and abundantly in human saliva. Here, we explored the evolution of the saliva-related SCPP genes by harnessing currently available genomic and transcriptomic resources. Our findings provide insights into the expansion and diversification of SCPP genes, notably identifying previously undocumented convergent gene duplications. In primate genomes, we found additional duplication and diversification events that affected genes coding for proteins secreted in saliva. These saliva-related SCPP genes exhibit signatures of positive selection in the primate lineage while the other genes in the same locus remain conserved. We found that regulatory shifts and gene turnover events facilitated the accelerated gain of salivary expression. Collectively, our results position the SCPP gene family as a hotbed of evolutionary innovation, suggesting the potential role of dietary and pathogenic pressures in the adaptive diversification of the saliva composition in primates, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Pajic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY 14260, USA
| | - Luane Landau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY 14260, USA
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY 14260, USA
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY 14214, USA
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3
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Pi Y, Lin S, Ren X, Wang L, Song Y, Wu Z, Lai Y. Validation of serum cystatin SN detection for diagnosis and poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1337707. [PMID: 38414741 PMCID: PMC10898351 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1337707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of effective tumor markers is of paramount importance for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The present study endeavors to identify efficacious serological markers that can differentiate patients with early-stage ESCC from those with benign esophageal lesions and healthy controls (HC). Cystatin-SN (CST1), an active cysteine protease inhibitor belonging to the Cystatin (CST) superfamily, is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation and tumorigenesis. The objective of this investigation is to assess the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potential of serum CST1 in ESCC. Methods In our prior RNA sequencing and screening endeavors, we have identified ten genes that are up-regulated in relation to esophageal cancer. Subsequently, we have verified the gene CST1 from the transcriptome data of the The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database. Following this, we conducted an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to ascertain the expression levels of CST1 in serum samples from clinical cohorts. Results The study revealed a significant elevation in serum CST1 levels among patients with early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) (7.41 ± 4.32 ng/ml) compared to those with esophageal benign lesions (4.67 ± 2.43 ng/ml) (p < 0.0001) and healthy controls (4.87 ± 2.77 ng/ml) (p < 0.0001). The diagnostic sensitivity of CST1 for ESCC was 75.68% (specificity 70.83%, AUC 0.775). Combination of CST1 and SCC-Ag exhibited the AUC up to 0.819. Additionally, serum CST1 levels exhibited a significant decrease at 1-2 weeks post-surgery (4.49 ± 3.31 ng/ml) compared to pre-surgery levels (7.68 ± 3.71 ng/ml) (p<0.0001). Survival analysis demonstrated a strong association between high (844/415-1543 d) or low (1490/645-1710 d) serum CST1 levels at diagnosis and overall survival time (p < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis confirmed CST1 (p=0.024, HR=2.023, 95%CI 1.099-3.725) as an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion Serum CST1 has the potential to function as a diagnostic indicator for distinguishing early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) from individuals with benign esophageal lesions and healthy individuals. Additionally, it could serve as a prognostic predictor and therapeutic efficacy indicator for patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Pi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sizhuo Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuqin Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiling Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanzhen Lai
- Department of Oncology, Heyuan People’s Hospital, Heyuan, China
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4
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Yan B, Ren Y, Liu C, Shu L, Wang C, Zhang L. Cystatin SN in type 2 inflammatory airway diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1191-1203.e3. [PMID: 36958985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin SN, encoded by CST1, belongs to the type 2 (T2) cystatin protein superfamily. In the past decade, several publications have highlighted the association between cystatin SN and inflammatory airway diseases including chronic rhinosinusitis, rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the role of cystatin SN in the wider context of T2 inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the expression of cystatin SN in airway-related diseases with different endotypes. We also emphasize the physiological and pathological roles of cystatin SN. Physiologically, cystatin SN protects host tissues from destructive proteolysis by cysteine proteases present in the external environment or produced via internal dysregulated expression. Pathologically, the secretion of cystatin SN from airway epithelial cells initiates and amplifies T2 immunity and subsequently leads to disease. We further discuss the development of cystatin SN as a T2 immunity marker that can be monitored noninvasively and assist in airway disease management. The discovery, biology, and inhibition capability are also introduced to better understand the role of cystatin SN in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nasal Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nasal Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nasal Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linping Shu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nasal Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nasal Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nasal Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Li D, Wang Y, Dong C, Chen T, Dong A, Ren J, Li W, Shu G, Yang J, Shen W, Qin L, Hu L, Zhou J. CST1 inhibits ferroptosis and promotes gastric cancer metastasis by regulating GPX4 protein stability via OTUB1. Oncogene 2023; 42:83-98. [PMID: 36369321 PMCID: PMC9816059 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is an important factor contributing to poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer; yet, the molecular mechanism leading to this cell behavior is still not well understood. In this study, we explored the role of cysteine protease inhibitor SN (Cystatin SN, CST1) in promoting gastric cancer metastasis. We hypothesized that CST1 could regulate gastric cancer progression by regulating GPX4 and ferroptosis. Whole transcriptome sequencing suggested that the expression of CST1 was significantly increased in metastatic cancer, and high CST1 expression was correlated with a worse prognosis. Our data further confirmed that the overexpression of CST1 may significantly promote the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro and enhance liver, lung, and peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer in nude mice. Meanwhile, high expression of CST1 promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, a co-immunoprecipitation experiment combined with mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that CST1 could interact with GPX4, a key protein regulating ferroptosis. CST1 relieves GPX4 ubiquitination modification by recruiting OTUB1, improving GPX4 protein stability and reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and, in turn, promoting gastric cancer metastasis. Moreover, clinical data suggested that CST1 is significantly increased in peripheral blood and ascites of gastric cancer patients with metastasis; multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed that CST1 was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Overall, our results elucidated a critical pathway through which high CST1 expression protects gastric cancer cells from undergoing ferroptosis, thus promoting its progression and metastasis. CST1 may be used as a new oncological marker and potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbao Li
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Chao Dong
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Tao Chen
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Anqi Dong
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiayu Ren
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Weikang Li
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Gege Shu
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiaoyang Yang
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RADX), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RADX), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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Luong AD, Buzid A, Luong JHT. Important Roles and Potential Uses of Natural and Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) in Oral Diseases: Cavity, Periodontal Disease, and Thrush. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040175. [PMID: 36278644 PMCID: PMC9589978 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous epithelial cells and sometimes leukocytes release AMPs as their first line of defense. AMPs encompass cationic histatins, defensins, and cathelicidin to encounter oral pathogens with minimal resistance. However, their concentrations are significantly below the effective levels and AMPs are unstable under physiological conditions due to proteolysis, acid hydrolysis, and salt effects. In parallel to a search for more effective AMPs from natural sources, considerable efforts have focused on synthetic stable and low-cytotoxicy AMPs with significant activities against microorganisms. Using natural AMP templates, various attempts have been used to synthesize sAMPs with different charges, hydrophobicity, chain length, amino acid sequence, and amphipathicity. Thus far, sAMPs have been designed to target Streptococcus mutans and other common oral pathogens. Apart from sAMPs with antifungal activities against Candida albicans, future endeavors should focus on sAMPs with capabilities to promote remineralization and antibacterial adhesion. Delivery systems using nanomaterials and biomolecules are promising to stabilize, reduce cytotoxicity, and improve the antimicrobial activities of AMPs against oral pathogens. Nanostructured AMPs will soon become a viable alternative to antibiotics due to their antimicrobial mechanisms, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, low drug residue, and ease of synthesis and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Donald Luong
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Alyah Buzid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - John H. T. Luong
- School of Chemistry and Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: or
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Astringency Sensitivity to Tannic Acid: Effect of Ageing and Saliva. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051617. [PMID: 35268718 PMCID: PMC8911968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astringency is an important sensory characteristic of food and beverages containing polyphenols. However, astringency perception in elderly people has not been previously documented. The aim of the present work was to evaluate sensitivity to astringency as a function of age, salivary flow and protein amount. Fifty-four panellists, including 30 elderly people (age = 75 ± 4.2 years) and 24 young people (age = 29.4 ± 3.8 years), participated in this study. Astringency sensitivity was evaluated by the 2-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) procedure using tannic acid solutions. Whole saliva was collected for 5 min before and after the sensory tests. The results showed that the astringency threshold was significantly higher in the elderly group than the young group. No correlation was observed between the salivary protein amount and threshold value. However, a negative correlation between salivary flow and threshold was observed in the young group only. These results showed a difference in oral astringency perception as a function of age. This difference can be linked to salivary properties that differ as a function of age.
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8
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Fouani M, Basset CA, Jurjus AR, Leone LG, Tomasello G, Leone A. Salivary gland proteins alterations in the diabetic milieu. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:893-904. [PMID: 34212290 PMCID: PMC8487876 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are considered the chief exocrine glands of the mouth and physiologically contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of the oral cavity. They consist of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, which come in pairs and are collectively called the major glands, and the minor glands, which are much smaller and are dispersed throughout the buccal cavity. Salivary glands are distinguished by their size, amount of saliva secretion and their location in the oral cavity. Salivary glands pathophysiology has been a subject of interest in various worldwide metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus (DM), a global health concern, with a pathological imprint involved in vasculature, promotes microvascular and macrovascular complications among which periodontitis ranks sixth. Indeed, DM has also been directly associated with oral health lesions. Specifically, salivary glands in the context of diabetes have been a focal point of study and emphasis in the research field. There is evidence that relates salivary secretion content and diabetes progression. In this review, we present all the reported evidence of the deregulation of specific salivary proteins associated with the progression of diabetes in parallel with changes in salivary gland morphology, cellular architecture, and salivary secretion and composition more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Fouani
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Charbel A Basset
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Abdo R Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Leone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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9
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Moulahoum H, Ghorbani Zamani F, Timur S, Zihnioglu F. Metal Binding Antimicrobial Peptides in Nanoparticle Bio-functionalization: New Heights in Drug Delivery and Therapy. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:48-63. [PMID: 31001788 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are considered very important due to the diversity expressed through their amino acid sequence, structure variation, large spectrum, and their essential role in biological systems. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) emerged as a potent tool in therapy owing to their antimicrobial properties but also their ability to trespass the membranes, specificity, and low toxicity. They comprise a variety of peptides from which specific amino acid-rich peptides are of interest to the current review due to their features in metal interaction and cell penetration. Histidine-rich peptides such as Histatins belong to the metal binding salivary residing peptides with efficient antibacterial, antifungal, and wound-healing activities. Furthermore, their ability to activate in acidic environment attracted the attention to their potential in therapy. The current review covers the current knowledge about AMPs and critically assess the potential of associating with metal ions both structurally and functionally. This review provides interesting hints for the advantages provided by AMPs and metal ions in biomedicine, making use of their direct properties in brain diseases therapy or in the creation of new bio-functionalized nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Faezeh Ghorbani Zamani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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10
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Thamadilok S, Choi KS, Ruhl L, Schulte F, Kazim AL, Hardt M, Gokcumen O, Ruhl S. Human and Nonhuman Primate Lineage-Specific Footprints in the Salivary Proteome. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:395-405. [PMID: 31614365 PMCID: PMC6993864 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in saliva are needed for preprocessing food in the mouth, maintenance of tooth mineralization, and protection from microbial pathogens. Novel insights into human lineage-specific functions of salivary proteins and clues to their involvement in human disease can be gained through evolutionary studies, as recently shown for salivary amylase AMY1 and salivary agglutinin DMBT1/gp340. However, the entirety of proteins in saliva, the salivary proteome, has not yet been investigated from an evolutionary perspective. Here, we compared the proteomes of human saliva and the saliva of our closest extant evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, using macaques as an outgroup, with the aim to uncover features in saliva protein composition that are unique to each species. We found that humans produce a waterier saliva, containing less than half total protein than great apes and Old World monkeys. For all major salivary proteins in humans, we could identify counterparts in chimpanzee and gorilla saliva. However, we discovered unique protein profiles in saliva of humans that were distinct from those of nonhuman primates. These findings open up the possibility that dietary differences and pathogenic pressures may have shaped a distinct salivary proteome in the human lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Thamadilok
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Kyoung-Soo Choi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lorenz Ruhl
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Fabian Schulte
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - A Latif Kazim
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Markus Hardt
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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11
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Lachowicz JI, Szczepski K, Scano A, Casu C, Fais S, Orrù G, Pisano B, Piras M, Jaremko M. The Best Peptidomimetic Strategies to Undercover Antibacterial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7349. [PMID: 33027928 PMCID: PMC7583890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Health-care systems that develop rapidly and efficiently may increase the lifespan of humans. Nevertheless, the older population is more fragile, and is at an increased risk of disease development. A concurrently growing number of surgeries and transplantations have caused antibiotics to be used much more frequently, and for much longer periods of time, which in turn increases microbial resistance. In 1945, Fleming warned against the abuse of antibiotics in his Nobel lecture: "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops. Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant". After 70 years, we are witnessing the fulfilment of Fleming's prophecy, as more than 700,000 people die each year due to drug-resistant diseases. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides protect all living matter against bacteria, and now different peptidomimetic strategies to engineer innovative antibiotics are being developed to defend humans against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Kacper Szczepski
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alessandra Scano
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Cinzia Casu
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Sara Fais
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Barbara Pisano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Monica Piras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
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12
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Bringel M, Jorge PK, Francisco PA, Lowe C, Sabino-Silva R, Colombini-Ishikiriama BL, Machado MADAM, Siqueira WL. Salivary proteomic profile of dogs with and without dental calculus. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:298. [PMID: 32814559 PMCID: PMC7437026 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs' saliva is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic constituents, rich in proteins. Therefore, knowing the saliva composition of these animals is extremely important to identify the presence of proteins that may be involved in physiological and pathological mechanisms of their oral cavity. The present study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of saliva from dogs with and without dental calculus. RESULTS Saliva samples were collected from 20 dogs. Before the collection, a visual clinical examination was performed and 8 subjects (40%) did not present any signs of dental calculus, while 12 (60%) presented dental calculus. After saliva collection, the samples were submitted to protein quantification (mBCA), and then they were prepared for analysis by nLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 658 unique proteins were identified, of which 225 were specific to dogs without dental calculus, 300 were specific to dogs with dental calculus, and 133 were common to all subjects. These proteins presented functions including transportation, immune response, structural, enzymatic regulation, signal transduction, transcription, metabolism, and some proteins perform functions as yet unknown. Several salivary proteins in dogs with dental calculus differed from those found in the group without dental calculus. Among the abundant proteins detected in periodontal affected cases, can be highlighting calcium-sensing receptor and transforming growth factor beta. Enrichment analysis reveled the presence of Rho GTPases signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This research identified salivary proteins, that should be further investigated as potencial biomarkers of chronic periodontits with dental calculus formation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Bringel
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Karine Jorge
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cadance Lowe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Liu Y, Ma H, Wang Y, Du X, Yao J. Cystatin SN Affects Cell Proliferation by Regulating the ERα/PI3K/AKT/ERα Loopback Pathway in Breast Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11359-11369. [PMID: 31920327 PMCID: PMC6934116 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystatin SN (CST1) has been reported to act as an oncogene in cancers, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods We performed Western blotting analyses to observe protein expression and conducted transwell invasion, wound healing, and colony formation assays to assess cell invasion, migration, and proliferation, respectively. We also performed cell cycle analyses by flow cytometry to determine the role of CST1 in the cell cycle. In vivo experiments used subcutaneous tumor models in BALB/c-nu athymic female mice to evaluate the effect of CST1 on tumor growth. Results Western blotting analyses showed that CST1 was upregulated in ER+ breast cancer cells such as MCF7, T47D, and BT474. CST1 knockdown led to slower cell growth and inhibited the G1 to S phase transition in ER+ breast cancer cells. In vivo experiments showed that CST1 deletion inhibited tumor growth, and led to decreased expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and p-AKT. In vitro experiments showed that the over-expression of CST1 led to the upregulation of ERα, and inhibition of CST1 inhibited the expression of ERα. Western blotting analyses showed that CST1 regulated the activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. We confirmed that CST1 acted as an oncogene in ER+ breast cancer by regulating the ERα/PI3K/AKT/ERα loopback pathway. Conclusion CST1 acts as an oncogene in ER+ breast cancer, and CST1 contributes to cancer development by regulating the ERα/PI3K/AKT/ERα loopback pathway in ER+ breast cancer. Our findings indicate that CST1 could be a significant therapeutic target for ER+ breast cancer patients. Our discovery should inspire further studies on the role of CST1 in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ma
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Du
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
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14
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Sant’Anna MDL, Oliveira LT, Gomes DV, Marques STF, Provance DW, Sorenson MM, Salerno VP. Physical exercise stimulates salivary secretion of cystatins. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224147. [PMID: 31648256 PMCID: PMC6874361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to activate the sympathetic nervous system, which influences the production of saliva from salivary glands. Our examination of saliva collected from highly trained athletes before and after a number of physical competititions showed an increase in the secretion of S-type cystatins and cystatin C as a subacute response to aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The elevation in salivary cystatins was transient and the recovery time course differed from that of amylase and other salivary proteins. An in vitro assay was developed based on a cell line from a human submandibular gland (HSG) that differentiated into acinus-like structures. Treatments with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol caused a shift in the intracellular distribution of S-type cystatins and cystatin C, promoting their accumulation at the outer regions of the acinus prior to release and suggesting the activation of a directional transport involving co-migration of both molecules. In another treatment using non-differentiated HSG cells, it was evident that both expression and secretion of cystatin C increased upon addition of the β-adrenergic agonist, and these effects were essentially eliminated by the antagonist propranolol. The HSG cell line appears to have potential as a model for exploring the mechanism of cystatin secretion, particularly the S-type cystatins that originate primarily in the submandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Lima Sant’Anna
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Activity Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Almirante Sylvio de Carmargo Training Center, Brazilian Navy, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Viana Gomes
- Department of Physical Activity Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - D. William Provance
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Insitute,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Verônica Pinto Salerno
- Department of Physical Activity Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Wu Q, Cao R, Chen J, Xie X. Screening and identification of biomarkers associated with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3579-3587. [PMID: 31608128 PMCID: PMC6778814 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major type of malignant tumor of the oral cavity. Despite marked advances in the management and diagnosis of OSCC, the associated overall survival ratio has only exhibited a modest increase in recent years. The present study aimed to identify potential crucial genes associated with clinical features and prognosis for OSCC, and to provide a basis for further investigation. RNA-sequencing data and corresponding clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were identified using the edgeR package. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed clinical features-associated mRNAs (CFmRNAs) and enhance the current knowledge of the function of them. Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interplay (PPI) network analysis were then performed to better understand CFmRNAs. Survival-associated genes were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test. A total of 2,013 DEmRNAs between OSCC samples and normal tissues were identified, 180 of which were associated with clinical features. A total of 17 GO terms and 4 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched in functional enrichment analysis. A total of 4 hub genes (albumin, statherin, neurotensin and mucin 7) were identified in the PPI network analysis. A total of 6 genes (DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 4 like 2, opiorphin prepropeptide, R3H domain containing like, transmembrane phosphatase with tensin homology, actin like 8 and protocadherin α 11) were observed to have an influence on survival. The DEmRNAs identified may have a crucial role in the genesis and development of OSCC and may be further developed for diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic applications for OSCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wu
- Department of Endodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyan Cao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P.R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Endodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P.R. China
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16
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van Dijk IA, Veerman ECI, Reits EAJ, Bolscher JGM, Stap J. Salivary peptide histatin 1 mediated cell adhesion: a possible role in mesenchymal-epithelial transition and in pathologies. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1409-1419. [PMID: 30138105 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histatins are histidine-rich peptides present in the saliva of humans and higher primates and have been implicated in the protection of the oral cavity. Histatin 1 is one of the most abundant histatins and recent reports show that it has a stimulating effect on cellular adherence, thereby suggesting a role in maintaining the quality of the epithelial barrier and stimulating mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Here we summarize these findings and discuss them in the context of previous reports. The recent findings also provide new insights in the physiological functions of histatin 1, which are discussed here. Furthermore, we put forward a possible role of histatin 1 in various pathologies and its potential function in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A van Dijk
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C I Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A J Reits
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
Cystatin SN, belonging to the type 2 cystatin superfamily, is widely expressed and distributed in mammals. Cystatin SN is involved in inflammation, cell cycle, cellular senescence, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Cystatin SN is also known to participate in signaling pathways like Wnt signaling pathway, GSK3 signaling pathway, AKT signaling pathway, and IL-6 signaling pathway. Cystatin SN was found to be highly expressed in peritumoral normal tissues in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, low cystatin SN expression was found in ESCC cancer tissues. Conversely, in other cancer types such as lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer, high cystatin SN expression in cancer tissues but low cystatin SN expression in peritumoral normal tissues was found. Survival analyses showed that high cystatin SN expression benefited ESCC patients but did harm to other types of cancer patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that cystatin SN possibly acts as a marker for cancer prognosis. Here, we provide a brief introduction about the role of cystatin SN in cancer and discuss the different prognostic effects of cystatin SN on different tumors. Cystatin SN might be a potential marker for cancer prognosis and a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Oncology, The Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China,
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18
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Rodrigues Neves C, Buskermolen J, Roffel S, Waaijman T, Thon M, Veerman E, Gibbs S. Human saliva stimulates skin and oral wound healing in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1079-1092. [PMID: 30968584 PMCID: PMC6593997 DOI: 10.1002/term.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite continuous exposure to environmental pathogens, injured mucosa within the oral cavity heals faster and almost scar free compared with skin. Saliva is thought to be one of the main contributing factors. Saliva may possibly also stimulate skin wound healing. If so, it would provide a novel therapy for treating skin wounds, for example, burns. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic wound healing potential of human saliva in vitro. Human saliva from healthy volunteers was filter sterilized before use. Two different in vitro wound models were investigated: (a) open wounds represented by 2D skin and gingiva cultures were used to assess fibroblast and keratinocyte migration and proliferation and (b) blister wounds represented by introducing freeze blisters into organotypic reconstructed human skin and gingiva. Re‐epithelialization and differentiation (keratin K10, K13, K17 expression) under the blister and inflammatory wound healing mediator secretion was assessed. Saliva‐stimulated migration of skin and oral mucosa fibroblasts and keratinocytes, but only fibroblast proliferation. Topical saliva application to the blister wound on reconstructed skin did not stimulate re‐epithelization because the blister wound contained a dense impenetrable dead epidermal layer. Saliva did promote an innate inflammatory response (increased CCL20, IL‐6, and CXCL‐8 secretion) when applied topically to the flanking viable areas of both wounded reconstructed human skin and oral mucosa without altering the skin specific keratin differentiation profile. Our results show that human saliva can stimulate oral and skin wound closure and an inflammatory response. Saliva is therefore a potential novel therapeutic for treating open skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rodrigues Neves
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Buskermolen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco Waaijman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Thon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enno Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Gupta S, Bhatia G, Sharma A, Saxena S. Host defense peptides: An insight into the antimicrobial world. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:239-244. [PMID: 30158778 PMCID: PMC6097362 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_113_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A serious challenge to antimicrobial therapies has emerged due to rapid increase in drug-resistant infections creating an urge for the development of alternative therapeutics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained importance because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and mediator-like functions linking innate and adaptive immune responses. The multidimensional properties of these peptides hold promising potentials as prophylactic and antimicrobial agents. This review discusses various AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and infections along with its clinical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Gupta
- Department of Periodontology, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, India
| | - Gouri Bhatia
- Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Department of Periodontology, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, India
| | - Sameer Saxena
- Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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20
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Torres SMF, Furrow E, Souza CP, Granick JL, de Jong EP, Griffin TJ, Wang X. Salivary proteomics of healthy dogs: An in depth catalog. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191307. [PMID: 29329347 PMCID: PMC5766244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide an in-depth catalog of the salivary proteome and endogenous peptidome of healthy dogs, evaluate proteins and peptides with antimicrobial properties, and compare the most common salivary proteins and peptides between different breed phylogeny groups. Methods 36 healthy dogs without evidence of periodontal disease representing four breed phylogeny groups, based upon single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes (ancient, herding/sighthound, and two miscellaneous groups). Saliva collected from dogs was pooled by phylogeny group and analyzed using nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Resulting tandem mass spectra were compared to databases for identification of endogenous peptides and inferred proteins. Results 2,491 proteins and endogenous peptides were found in the saliva of healthy dogs with no periodontal disease. All dog phylogeny groups’ saliva was rich in proteins and peptides with antimicrobial functions. The ancient breeds group was distinct in that it contained unique proteins and was missing many proteins and peptides present in the other groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Using a sophisticated nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we were able to identify 10-fold more salivary proteins than previously reported in dogs. Seven of the top 10 most abundant proteins or peptides serve immune functions and many more with various antimicrobial mechanisms were found. This is the most comprehensive analysis of healthy canine saliva to date, and will provide the groundwork for future studies analyzing salivary proteins and endogenous peptides in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M. F. Torres
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Furrow
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Clarissa P. Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Granick
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ebbing P. de Jong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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21
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Hemadi AS, Huang R, Zhou Y, Zou J. Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:e1. [PMID: 29125139 PMCID: PMC5775330 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Hemadi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Mining of Microbial Genomes for the Novel Sources of Nitrilases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7039245. [PMID: 28497061 PMCID: PMC5405348 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7039245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) has made it feasible to sequence large number of microbial genomes and advancements in computational biology have opened enormous opportunities to mine genome sequence data for novel genes and enzymes or their sources. In the present communication in silico mining of microbial genomes has been carried out to find novel sources of nitrilases. The sequences selected were analyzed for homology and considered for designing motifs. The manually designed motifs based on amino acid sequences of nitrilases were used to screen 2000 microbial genomes (translated to proteomes). This resulted in identification of one hundred thirty-eight putative/hypothetical sequences which could potentially code for nitrilase activity. In vitro validation of nine predicted sources of nitrilases was done for nitrile/cyanide hydrolyzing activity. Out of nine predicted nitrilases, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Sphingopyxis alaskensis, Saccharomonospora viridis, and Shimwellia blattae were specific for aliphatic nitriles, whereas nitrilases from Geodermatophilus obscurus, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, Runella slithyformis, and Streptomyces albus possessed activity for aromatic nitriles. Flavobacterium indicum was specific towards potassium cyanide (KCN) which revealed the presence of nitrilase homolog, that is, cyanide dihydratase with no activity for either aliphatic, aromatic, or aryl nitriles. The present study reports the novel sources of nitrilases and cyanide dihydratase which were not reported hitherto by in silico or in vitro studies.
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Malik E, Dennison SR, Harris F, Phoenix DA. pH Dependent Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential as Therapeutic Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9040067. [PMID: 27809281 PMCID: PMC5198042 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent antibiotics of the innate immune system that have been extensively investigated as a potential solution to the global problem of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. A group of AMPs that are increasingly being reported are those that utilise pH dependent antimicrobial mechanisms, and here we review research into this area. This review shows that these antimicrobial molecules are produced by a diverse spectrum of creatures, including vertebrates and invertebrates, and are primarily cationic, although a number of anionic examples are known. Some of these molecules exhibit high pH optima for their antimicrobial activity but in most cases, these AMPs show activity against microbes that present low pH optima, which reflects the acidic pH generally found at their sites of action, particularly the skin. The modes of action used by these molecules are based on a number of major structure/function relationships, which include metal ion binding, changes to net charge and conformational plasticity, and primarily involve the protonation of histidine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues at low pH. The pH dependent activity of pore forming antimicrobial proteins involves mechanisms that generally differ fundamentally to those used by pH dependent AMPs, which can be described by the carpet, toroidal pore and barrel-stave pore models of membrane interaction. A number of pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have been developed for medical purposes and have successfully completed clinical trials, including kappacins, LL-37, histatins and lactoferrin, along with a number of their derivatives. Major examples of the therapeutic application of these antimicrobial molecules include wound healing as well as the treatment of multiple cancers and infections due to viruses, bacteria and fungi. In general, these applications involve topical administration, such as the use of mouth washes, cream formulations and hydrogel delivery systems. Nonetheless, many pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have yet to be fully characterized and these molecules, as a whole, represent an untapped source of novel biologically active agents that could aid fulfillment of the urgent need for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, helping to avert a return to the pre-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Malik
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Sarah R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Frederick Harris
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - David A Phoenix
- Office of the Vice Chancellor, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.
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Khurshid Z, Naseem M, Sheikh Z, Najeeb S, Shahab S, Zafar MS. Oral antimicrobial peptides: Types and role in the oral cavity. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24:515-524. [PMID: 27752223 PMCID: PMC5059823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a wide-ranging class of host-defense molecules that act early to contest against microbial invasion and challenge. These are small cationic peptides that play an important in the development of innate immunity. In the oral cavity, the AMPs are produced by the salivary glands and the oral epithelium and serve defensive purposes. The aim of this review was to discuss the types and functions of oral AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and infections in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Naseem
- Department of Community Dentistry and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- School of Dentistry, Al-Farabi Dental College, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Shahab
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Sir Syed College of Medical Sciences for Girls, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Shraberg J, Rick SW, Rannulu N, Cole RB. A study of procyanidin binding to Histatin 5 using Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and molecular simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:12247-58. [PMID: 25893227 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tannins act as antioxidants, anticarcinogens, cardio-protectants, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents and bind to salivary peptides by hydrophilic and hydrophobic mechanisms. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been used to assess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components of noncovalent binding in protein complexes. In the present study, direct infusion Electrospray-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (ES-FTICR MS) is used to assess relative binding affinities of procyanidin tannin stereoisomers for salivary peptides arising from aqueous solutions. The condensed tannins procyanidin B1, B2, B3, and B4 demonstrate significantly different binding affinities for the salivary peptide Histatin 5. Rigid docking combined with molecular dynamics optimization is used to investigate procyanidin-Histatin 5 binding mechanisms and as a basis to rationalize trends found in the corresponding ES-FTICR MS experiments. The relative binding affinities of the four procyanidin rotamers are different in the gas and liquid phases. The simulation results indicate that many of the same contact points are made in both phases, but there is a increase in strong electrostatic interactions and an decrease in π-π contacts upon transfer from the liquid to the gas phase. The simulations reveal that the tannin interactions can make close contacts with a variety of amino acid residues on the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Shraberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Albertolle ME, Hassis ME, Ng CJ, Cuison S, Williams K, Prakobphol A, Dykstra AB, Hall SC, Niles RK, Ewa Witkowska H, Fisher SJ. Mass spectrometry-based analyses showing the effects of secretor and blood group status on salivary N-glycosylation. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:29. [PMID: 26719750 PMCID: PMC4696288 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The carbohydrate portions of salivary glycoproteins play important roles, including mediating bacterial and leukocyte adhesion. Salivary glycosylation is complex. Many of its glycoproteins present ABO and Lewis blood group determinants. An individual’s genetic complement and secretor status govern the expression of blood group antigens. We queried the extent to which salivary glycosylation varies
according to blood group and secretor status. First, we screened submandibular/sublingual and parotid salivas collected as ductal secretions for reactivity with a panel of 16 lectins. We selected three lectins that reacted with the largest number of glycoproteins and one that recognized uncommon lactosamine-containing structures. Ductal salivas representing a secretor with complex blood group expression and a nonsecretor with a simple pattern were separated by SDS-PAGE. Gel slices were trypsin digested and the glycopeptides were individually separated on each of the four lectins. The bound fractions were de-N-glycosylated. LC–MS/MS identified the original glycosylation sites, the peptide sequences, and the parent proteins. Results The results revealed novel salivary N-glycosites and glycoproteins not previously reported. As compared to the secretor, nonsecretor saliva had higher levels of N-glycosylation albeit with simpler structures. Conclusions Together, the results suggested a molecular basis for inter-individual variations in salivary protein glycosylation with functional implications for oral health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9100-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Albertolle
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Maria E Hassis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Connie Jen Ng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Severino Cuison
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Katherine Williams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Akraporn Prakobphol
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Andrew B Dykstra
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Steven C Hall
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Richard K Niles
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - H Ewa Witkowska
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Susan J Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.,Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Radicioni G, Stringaro A, Molinari A, Nocca G, Longhi R, Pirolli D, Scarano E, Iavarone F, Manconi B, Cabras T, Messana I, Castagnola M, Vitali A. Characterization of the cell penetrating properties of a human salivary proline-rich peptide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2868-77. [PMID: 26325345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Saliva contains hundreds of small proline-rich peptides most of which derive from the post-translational and post-secretory processing of the acidic and basic salivary proline-rich proteins. Among these peptides we found that a 20 residue proline-rich peptide (p1932), commonly present in human saliva and patented for its antiviral activity, was internalized within cells of the oral mucosa. The cell-penetrating properties of p1932 have been studied in a primary gingival fibroblast cell line and in a squamous cancer cell line, and compared to its retro-inverso form. We observed by mass-spectrometry, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy that both peptides were internalized in the two cell lines on a time scale of minutes, being the natural form more efficient than the retro-inverso one. The cytosolic localization was dependent on the cell type: both peptide forms were able to localize within nuclei of tumoral cells, but not in the nuclei of gingival fibroblasts. The uptake was shown to be dependent on the culture conditions used: peptide internalization was indeed effective in a complete medium than in a serum-free one allowing the hypothesis that the internalization could be dependent on the cell cycle. Both peptides were internalized likely by a lipid raft-mediated endocytosis mechanism as suggested by the reduced uptake in the presence of methyl-ß-cyclodextrin. These results suggest that the natural peptide may play a role within the cells of the oral mucosa after its secretion and subsequent internalization. Furthermore, lack of cytotoxicity of both peptide forms highlights their possible application as novel drug delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Radicioni
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- Dipartimento di Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Dipartimento di Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Nocca
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Renato Longhi
- Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Italian National Research Council, Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | - Davide Pirolli
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Scarano
- Dipartimento di Otorinolaringoiatria, Facoltà di Medicina, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Irene Messana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Vitali
- Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Italian National Research Council, Rome, L. go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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28
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Ferrer-Gallego R, Soares S, Mateus N, Rivas-Gonzalo J, Escribano-Bailón MT, de Freitas V. New Anthocyanin-Human Salivary Protein Complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:8392-8401. [PMID: 26162056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between phenolic compounds and salivary proteins is considered the basis of the poorly understood phenomenon of astringency. Furthermore, this interaction is an important factor in relation to their bioavailability. In this work, interactions between anthocyanin and human salivary protein fraction were studied by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS and FIA-ESI-MS) and saturation-transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. Anthocyanins were able to interact with saliva proteins. The dissociation constant (KD) between malvidin 3-glucoside and salivary proline-rich proteins was 1.92 mM for the hemiketal form (pH 3.4) and 1.83 mM for the flavylium cation (pH 1.0). New soluble complexes between these salivary proteins and malvidin 3-glucoside were identified for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ferrer-Gallego
- †REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- ‡Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Susana Soares
- †REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- †REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Julián Rivas-Gonzalo
- ‡Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Teresa Escribano-Bailón
- ‡Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Victor de Freitas
- †REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Background Statherin is an important salivary protein for maintaining oral health. The purpose of the current study was to determine if differences in statherin levels exist between diabetic and healthy subjects. Methods A total of 48 diabetic and healthy controls were randomly selected from a community-based database. Diabetic subjects (n = 24) had fasting glucose levels > 180 mg/dL, while controls (n = 24) had levels < 110 mg/dL. Parotid saliva (PS) and sublingual/submandibular saliva (SS) were collected and salivary flow rates determined. Salivary statherin levels were determined by densitometry of Western blots. Blood hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and total protein in saliva were also obtained. Results SS, but not PS, salivary flow rate and total protein in diabetics were significantly less than those in healthy controls (p = 0.021 & p < 0.001 respectively). Correlation analysis revealed the existence of a negative correlation between PS statherin levels and HbA1c (p = 0.012) and fasting glucose (p = 0.021) levels, while no such correlation was found for SS statherin levels. When statherin levels were normalized to total salivary protein, the proportion of PS statherin, but not SS statherin, in diabetics was significantly less than that in controls (p = 0.032). In contrast, the amount of statherin secretion in SS, but not PS, was significantly decreased in diabetics compared to controls (p = 0.016). Conclusions and general significance The results show that synthesis and secretion of statherin is reduced in diabetics and this reduction is salivary gland specific. As compromised salivary statherin secretion leads to increased oral health risk, this study indicates that routine oral health assessment of these patients is warranted. A major salivary protein, statherin, was evaluated in diabetic and healthy subjects. Statherin levels in parotid saliva (PS) were reduced in type 2 diabetics. PS statherin levels were negatively correlated with HbA1c & fasting glucose levels. Diabetic patients have higher decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores. This is the first study to show decreased statherin in saliva of type 2 diabetics.
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Nguyen M, Boutinaud M, Pétridou B, Gabory A, Pannetier M, Chat S, Bouet S, Jouneau L, Jaffrezic F, Laloë D, Klopp C, Brun N, Kress C, Jammes H, Charlier M, Devinoy E. DNA methylation and transcription in a distal region upstream from the bovine AlphaS1 casein gene after once or twice daily milking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111556. [PMID: 25369064 PMCID: PMC4219721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Once daily milking (ODM) induces a reduction in milk production when compared to twice daily milking (TDM). Unilateral ODM of one udder half and TDM of the other half, enables the study of underlying mechanisms independently of inter-individual variability (same genetic background) and of environmental factors. Our results show that in first-calf heifers three CpG, located 10 kb upstream from the CSN1S1 gene were methylated to 33, 34 and 28%, respectively, after TDM but these levels were higher after ODM, 38, 38 and 33%, respectively. These methylation levels were much lower than those observed in the mammary gland during pregnancy (57, 59 and 50%, respectively) or in the liver (74, 78 and 61%, respectively). The methylation level of a fourth CpG (CpG4), located close by (29% during TDM) was not altered after ODM. CpG4 methylation reached 39.7% and 59.5%, during pregnancy or in the liver, respectively. CpG4 is located within a weak STAT5 binding element, arranged in tandem with a second high affinity STAT5 element. STAT5 binding is only marginally modulated by CpG4 methylation, but it may be altered by the methylation levels of the three other CpG nearby. Our results therefore shed light on mechanisms that help to explain how milk production is almost, but not fully, restored when TDM is resumed (15.1±0.2 kg/day instead of 16.2±0.2 kg/day, p<0.01). The STAT5 elements are 100 bp away from a region transcribed in the antisense orientation, in the mammary gland during lactation, but not during pregnancy or in other reproductive organs (ovary or testes). We now need to clarify whether the transcription of this novel RNA is a consequence of STAT5 interacting with the CSN1S1 distal region, or whether it plays a role in the chromatin structure of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marion Boutinaud
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie Environnement et Génétique pour l′Animal et les Systèmes d′Elevage, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Barbara Pétridou
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Gabory
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maëlle Pannetier
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Chat
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephan Bouet
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- INRA, Sigenae, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Brun
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clémence Kress
- INSERM U846 Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INRA, USC1361 AGROBIOSYSTEM, Université de Lyon 1 UMR S 846, Bron, France
| | - Hélène Jammes
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Madia Charlier
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eve Devinoy
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109050. [PMID: 25329717 PMCID: PMC4201479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatins are a family of inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that comprises the salivary cystatins (D and S-type cystatins) and cystatin C. These cystatins are encoded by a multigene family (CST3, CST5, CST4, CST1 and CST2) organized in tandem in the human genome. Their presence and functional importance in human saliva has been reported, however the distribution of these proteins in other mammals is still unclear. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis of the saliva of several mammals and studied the evolution of this multigene family. The proteomic analysis detected S-type cystatins (S, SA, and SN) in human saliva and cystatin D in rat saliva. The evolutionary analysis showed that the cystatin C encoding gene is present in species of the most representative mammalian groups, i.e. Artiodactyla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora and Primates. On the other hand, D and S-type cystatins are mainly retrieved from Primates, and especially the evolution of S-type cystatins seems to be a dynamic process as seen in Pongo abelii genome where several copies of CST1-like gene (cystatin SN) were found. In Rodents, a group of cystatins previously identified as D and S has also evolved. Despite the high divergence of the amino acid sequence, their position in the phylogenetic tree and their genome organization suggests a common origin with those of the Primates. These results suggest that the D and S type cystatins have emerged before the mammalian radiation and were retained only in Primates and Rodents. Although the mechanisms driving the evolution of cystatins are unknown, it seems to be a dynamic process with several gene duplications evolving according to the birth-and-death model of evolution. The factors that led to the appearance of a group of saliva-specific cystatins in Primates and its rapid evolution remain undetermined, but may be associated with an adaptive advantage.
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Perez-Gregorio MR, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Rapid screening and identification of new soluble tannin-salivary protein aggregates in saliva by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF and FIA-ESI-MS). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8528-8537. [PMID: 24967849 DOI: 10.1021/la502184f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Astringency is mainly attributed to the interaction between tannins and salivary proteins. Proline-rich proteins, histatins, and statherins are supposed to be the most reactive salivary proteins. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the tannin-protein binding process in saliva. It was identified for the first time in several soluble tannin-human salivary protein aggregates. A rapid mass spectrometry analytical method (MALDI-TOF and FIA-ESI-MS) was developed to identify new soluble tannin-human salivary protein aggregates. Three different tannins--procyanidin B3 (B3), procyanidin B2 gallate (B2G), and pentagalloylglucoside (PGG)--were tested to elucidate the tannin selectivity toward histatins, proline-rich proteins, and statherins in human saliva. A greater number of aggregates with a higher molecular weight was found when PGG was tested while no difference in the number and molecular mass range was observed in B3 or B2G salivary protein aggregates. This study confirms for the first time the bilateral selectivity of tannins and protein to yield soluble tannin-human salivary protein complexes. The results confirm that B3 and B2G are more selective than PGG. Furthermore, the families of proteins involved in the majority of B3-salivary protein soluble aggregates were primarly histatins, followed by basic proline-rich proteins and statherins. When B2G was tested, basic proline-rich proteins were involved in a greater number of aggregates, followed by histatines and statherins. Basic proline-rich proteins were also the family of proteins that formed a greater number of PGG-salivary protein aggregates followed by statherins and histatins. Acidic proline-rich proteins and glucosilated proline-rich proteins formed fewer soluble aggregates regardless of the tannin tested. The aggregation process was also found to be influenced by tannin and protein polarity. Indeed, the protein/tannin ratio of soluble aggregates increased with the tannin polarity. On the other hand, the only amphiphilic salivary proteins studied (histatins) formed a greater number of aggregates with the least polar tannin tested (B3).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Perez-Gregorio
- Departamento de Quimica e Bioquimica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Park K, Lee S, Lee YM. Sphingolipids and antimicrobial peptides: function and roles in atopic dermatitis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 21:251-7. [PMID: 24244808 PMCID: PMC3819896 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and rosacea were complicated by barrier abrogation and deficiency in innate immunity. The first defender of epidermal innate immune response is the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The deficiency of these AMPs in the skin of AD fails to protect our body against virulent pathogen infections. In contrast to AD where there is a suppression of AMPs, rosacea is characterized by overexpression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the products of which result in chronic epidermal inflammation. In this regard, AMP generation that is controlled by a key ceramide metabolite S1P-dependent mechanism could be considered as alternate therapeutic approaches to treat these skin disorders, i.e., Increased S1P levels strongly stimulated the CAMP expression which elevated the antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens resulting the improved AD patient skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Park
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California CA94115, USA
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Melino S, Santone C, Di Nardo P, Sarkar B. Histatins: salivary peptides with copper(II)- and zinc(II)-binding motifs. FEBS J 2013; 281:657-72. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Italy
| | - Celeste Santone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Italy
| | - Paolo Di Nardo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Italy
| | - Bibudhendra Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function; The Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
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