1
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Aldoss A, Lambarte R, Alsalleeh F. High-Glucose Media Reduced the Viability and Induced Differential Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2023; 13:690. [PMID: 37189437 PMCID: PMC10135982 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemic condition in diabetic patients tends to exacerbate periodontitis severity. Thus, the influence of hyperglycemia on the biological and inflammatory response of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) needs to be elucidated. In this study, PDLFs were seeded in media containing glucose concentrations (5.5, 25, or 50 mM) and stimulated with 1 µg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PDLFs' viability, cytotoxicity, and the migration ability were determined. The mRNA expression of Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-23 (p19/p40), and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 were analyzed; at 6 and 24 h, protein expression of IL-6 and IL-10 was also determined. PDLFs grown in 50 mM glucose medium showed lower viability. The 5.5 mM glucose led to the highest percentage of wound closure compared to 25 mM and 50 mM glucose with/without LPS. Additionally, 50 mM glucose with LPS exhibited the least migration ability among all groups. The expression of IL-6 was amplified significantly in LPS-stimulated cells in 50 mM glucose medium. IL-10 was constitutively expressed in different glucose concentrations, and LPS stimulation decreased it. IL-23 p40 was up-regulated after LPS stimulation in 50 mM glucose concentration. TLR-4 was highly expressed after LPS stimulation in all glucose concentrations. Hyperglycemic conditions limit PDLF proliferation and migration, and enhance the expression of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Aldoss
- Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Dental University Hospital, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rhodanne Lambarte
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Prince Naif Bin AbdulAziz Health Research Center, College of Dentistry, King Saud University Medical City, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd Alsalleeh
- Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto Y, Egashira K, Sato A, Kondo Y, Saiki S, Kimura M, Chikazawa T, Yamamoto Y, Ishigami A, Murakami S. Oxidative Stress Inhibits Endotoxin Tolerance and May Affect Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2023; 102:331-339. [PMID: 36529984 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221138523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is caused by dysbiosis of the dental biofilm and the host inflammatory response. Various pathogenic factors, such as proteases and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) produced by bacteria, are involved in disease progression. Endotoxin tolerance is a function of myeloid cells, which sustain inflammation and promote tissue regeneration upon prolonged stimulation by endotoxins such as LPS. The role of endotoxin tolerance is gaining attention in various chronic inflammatory diseases, but its role in periodontal disease remains elusive. Oxidative stress, one of the major risk factors for periodontal disease, promotes disease progression through various mechanisms, of which only some are known. The effect of oxidative stress on endotoxin tolerance has not yet been studied, and we postulated that endotoxin tolerance regulation may be an additional mechanism through which oxidative stress influences periodontal disease. This study aimed to reveal the effect of oxidative stress on endotoxin tolerance and that of endotoxin tolerance on periodontitis progression. The effect of oxidative stress on endotoxin tolerance was analyzed in vitro using peritoneal macrophages of mice and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results showed that oxidative stress inhibits endotoxin tolerance induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS in macrophages, at least partially, by downregulating LPS-elicited negative regulators of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. A novel oxidative stress mouse model was established using SMP30KO mice incapable of ascorbate biosynthesis. Using this model, we revealed that oxidative stress impairs endotoxin tolerance potential in macrophages in vivo. Furthermore, gingival expression of endotoxin tolerance-related genes and TLR signaling negative regulators was decreased, and symptoms of ligature-induced periodontitis were aggravated in the oxidative stress mouse model. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to periodontitis progression through endotoxin tolerance inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamaguchi
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Egashira
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Saiki
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kimura
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Chikazawa
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Min Z, Yang L, Hu Y, Huang R. Oral microbiota dysbiosis accelerates the development and onset of mucositis and oral ulcers. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1061032. [PMID: 36846768 PMCID: PMC9948764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of metagenomic high-throughput sequencing technology, more and more oral mucosal diseases have been proven to be associated with oral microbiota shifts or dysbiosis. The commensal oral microbiota can greatly influence the colonization and resistance of pathogenic microorganisms and induce primary immunity. Once dysbiosis occurs, it can lead to damage to oral mucosal epithelial defense, thus accelerating the pathological process. As common oral mucosal diseases, oral mucositis and ulcers seriously affect patients' prognosis and quality of life. However, from the microbiota perspective, the etiologies, specific alterations of oral flora, pathogenic changes, and therapy for microbiota are still lacking in a comprehensive overview. This review makes a retrospective summary of the above problems, dialectically based on oral microecology, to provide a new perspective on oral mucosal lesions management and aims at improving patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Arts College, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Ruijie Huang,
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4
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Ji L, Hao S, Wang J, Zou J, Wang Y. Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Radiotherapy- and Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Concise Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:831387. [PMID: 35719331 PMCID: PMC9201217 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.831387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (RIOM/CIOM) is a common complication in cancer patients, leading to negative clinical manifestations, reduced quality of life, and impacting compliance with anticancer treatment. The composition and metabolic function of the oral microbiome, as well as the innate immune response of the oral mucosa are severely altered during chemotherapy or radiotherapy, promoting the expression of inflammatory mediators by direct and indirect mechanisms. Commensal oral bacteria-mediated innate immune signaling via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ambiguously shapes radiotherapy- and/or chemotherapy-induced oral damage. To date, there has been no comprehensive overview of the role of TLRs in RIOM/CIOM. This review aims to provide a narrative of the involvement of TLRs, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9, in RIOM/CIOM, mainly by mediating the interaction between the host and microorganisms. As such, we suggest that these TLR signaling pathways are a novel mechanism of RIOM/CIOM with considerable potential for use in therapeutic interventions. More studies are needed in the future to investigate the role of different TLRs in RIOM/CIOM to provide a reference for the precise control of RIOM/CIOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Lung Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Wang,
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5
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Endotoxin tolerance induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide alters macrophage polarization. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Larsson L, Garaicoa-Pazmino C, Asa'ad F, Castilho RM. Understanding the role of endotoxin tolerance in chronic inflammatory conditions and periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 49:270-279. [PMID: 34970759 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to present the current understanding of endotoxin tolerance (ET) in chronic inflammatory diseases and explores the potential connection with periodontitis. SUMMARY Subsequent exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) triggers ET, a phenomenon regulated by different mechanisms and pathways, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), apoptosis of immune cells, epigenetics, and microRNAs (miRNAs). These mechanisms interconnect ET with chronic inflammatory diseases that include periodontitis. While the direct correlation between ET and periodontal destruction has not been fully elucidated, emerging reports point towards the potential tolerization of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) and gingival tissues with a significant reduction of TLR levels. CONCLUSIONS There is a potential link between ET and periodontal diseases. Future studies should explore the crucial role of ET in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases as evidence of a tolerized oral mucosa may represent an intrinsic mechanism capable of regulating the oral immune response. A clear understanding of this host immune regulatory mechanism might lead to effective and more predictable therapeutic strategies to treat chronic inflammatory diseases and periodontitis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontology Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Carlos Garaicoa-Pazmino
- Department of Periodontics, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,School of Dentistry, Espíritu Santo University, Samborondon, Ecuador
| | - Farah Asa'ad
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Shen Y, Wang Y, Fu Z, Ma Q, Song Y, Fang L, Chen L. UPR attenuates the proinflammatory effect of HPDLF on macrophage polarization. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:937-944. [PMID: 34495492 PMCID: PMC8578276 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPDLF) is a major component of the resident cells in the periodontal microenvironment, and plays important roles in periodontitis through multiple mechanisms. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) in HPDLF, the mechanisms governing HPDLF function in periodontitis are unclear. In this study, we tested the ability of unfolded protein response (UPR) to regulate HPDLF in vitro and examined the underlying mechanisms. We found LPS-pretreated HPDLF induced macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype. UPR activation reduced the inflammatory cytokine production and downregulated the expression of TLR4 in HPDLF. The phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and I-κB was also inhibited by UPR activation. Our findings demonstrate that the connection of LPS, UPR, and HPDLF may represent a new concrete theory of innate immunity regulation in periodontal diseases, and suggest that targeting of UPR in HPDLF may be developed as a potent therapy for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shen
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhaoyue Fu
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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8
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Li K, Ishida Y, Hatano-Sato K, Ongprakobkul N, Hosomichi J, Usumi-Fujita R, Kaneko S, Yamaguchi H, Ono T. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) decoy oligodeoxynucleotide-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanospheres promote periodontal tissue healing after tooth replantation in rats. J Periodontol 2021; 93:458-470. [PMID: 34319612 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive inflammation in the periodontal tissue after tooth replantation can lead to inflammatory root resorption and interrupt periodontal tissue regeneration. We tested the hypothesis that NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanospheres (NF-PLGA) inhibit excessive inflammation and promote healing of periodontal tissue after replantation in rats. METHODS The upper right incisors of rats were extracted, immersed in different specific solutions, and replanted. The rats were euthanized at 7, 14, and 28 days after replantation. Morphological evaluation with micro-CT and histological assessment with hematoxylin and eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was performed. Additionally, we examined the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) by performing immunohistological assessment. RESULTS The NF-PLGA group showed significantly greater dental root thickness than the other experimental groups. Root resorption was not observed after the application of NF-PLGA on day 7. The application of NF-PLGA also resulted in a significantly lower number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts on days 7 and 14 after replantation. Significantly lower expression of IL-1β and IL-6 and higher expression of TGF-β1 and FGF-2 were observed under the application of NF-PLGA in the PDL. CONCLUSIONS NF-PLGA promoted the healing process by inhibiting the initial excessive inflammatory response in the PDL, preventing root resorption, and promoting periodontal tissue regeneration. The findings also suggested that the PLGA nanospheres-mediated transfection of the decoy oligodeoxynucleotides can be useful for the clinical application of replanted tooth root surfaces. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kasumi Hatano-Sato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narubhorn Ongprakobkul
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jun Hosomichi
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Usumi-Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sawa Kaneko
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Suárez LJ, Garzón H, Arboleda S, Rodríguez A. Oral Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity: From Local Periodontal Responses to an Imbalanced Systemic Immunity. A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591255. [PMID: 33363538 PMCID: PMC7754713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of onset and progression of periodontitis includes oral dysbiosis directed by inflammophilic bacteria, leading to altered resolution of inflammation and lack of regulation of the inflammatory responses. In the construction of explanatory models of the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease, autoimmune mechanisms were among the first to be explored and historically, for more than five decades, they have been described in an isolated manner as part of the tissue damage process observed in periodontitis, however direct participation of these mechanisms in the tissue damage is still controversial. Autoimmunity is affected by genetic and environmental factors, leading to an imbalance between the effector and regulatory responses, mostly associated with failed resolution mechanisms. However, dysbiosis/infection and chronic inflammation could trigger autoimmunity by several mechanisms including bystander activation, dysregulation of toll-like receptors, amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines, epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity, autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, and activation or inhibition of receptors related to autoimmunity by microorganisms. Even though autoreactivity in periodontitis is biologically plausible, the associated mechanisms could be related to non-pathologic responses which could even explain non-recognized physiological functions. In this review we shall discuss from a descriptive point of view, the autoimmune mechanisms related to periodontitis physio-pathogenesis and the participation of oral dysbiosis on local periodontal autoimmune responses as well as on different systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina J. Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernan Garzón
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silie Arboleda
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiologia Clínica Oral (UNIECLO), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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10
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Wu X, Zhang G, Feng X, Li P, Tan Y. Transcriptome analysis of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 110:104632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Lu W, Gu JY, Zhang YY, Gong DJ, Zhu YM, Sun Y. Tolerance induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis may occur independently of TLR2 and TLR4. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200946. [PMID: 30040860 PMCID: PMC6057631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a microbe-induced chronic inflammatory disease. Previous exposure of the host to bacteria or their virulence factors leads to refractory responses to further stimuli, which is called tolerance. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the most important pathogenic microorganisms associated with periodontitis, and is a potent inducer of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to explore the roles and possible mechanisms of tolerance induced by P. gingivalis. METHODS THP-1-derived macrophages were pretreated with 1x108 colony-forming units/ml P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 or 21 clinical isolates from moderate to severe chronic periodontitis patients (24 h), washed (2 h) and treated with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 or the same clinical isolates again (24 h). Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in supernatants were detected by ELISA. Moreover, to identify the possible mechanisms for the changes in cytokine secretion, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 protein expressions were explored in these cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS After repeated challenge with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 or clinical isolates, production of TNF-α and IL-1β in macrophages was decreased significantly compared with that following a single stimulation (p<0.05), while only comparable levels of IL-10 were detected in P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 or clinical isolate-tolerized cells (p>0.05). In addition, there was interstrain variability in the ability to induce IL-1β and IL-10 production after repeated P. gingivalis stimulation. However, no significant changes in TLR2 or TLR4 were detected in macrophages that were repeatedly treated with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 or clinical isolates compared with those stimulated with P. gingivalis only once (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Repeated P. gingivalis stimulation triggered tolerance, which might contribute to limiting periodontal inflammation. However, tolerance induced by P. gingivalis might develop independently of TLR2 and TLR4 and be related to molecules in signaling pathways downstream of TLR2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-yu Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao-yao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Jun Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Stomatology, Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Mathews J, Patel M. Bacterial endotoxins and microorganisms in the oral cavities of patients on cancer therapy. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:190-195. [PMID: 30016679 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the presence of Streptococci, Staphylococci, aerobic gram negative bacteria (AGNB), Candida and bacterial endotoxins in the oral cavities of patients receiving chemo- and/or radiotherapy for cancer. METHODS Samples of oral cavity rinse were collected from 100 patients on cancer treatment and 70 healthy individuals. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Samples were cultured onto various agar plates for qualitative and quantitative analysis and tested for the presence of endotoxin. Results were analysed using the Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests. RESULTS In cancer patients, S. aureus counts were high and 66.7% of patients on chemo- and radiotherapy carried these bacteria (p=<0.05). The Candida carrier rate was significantly (p < 0.01) high in cancer patients (54%). No significant difference was found in the carrier rate of Streptococci and AGNB between the healthy and cancer group as well as between the cancer patients with chemo and radio- and chemotherapy alone. No significant difference was found in the level of endotoxin between the cancer patients and healthy individuals, and cancer patients with and without AGNB. CONCLUSIONS No differences in the prevalence of bacteria and bacterial endotoxins were found between the cancer patients and healthy individuals. Oral cavity endotoxins did not correlate with the carriage of AGNB. However, due to the high prevalence in cancer patients, the role of Candida species and S. aureus in the pathology may not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mathews
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - M Patel
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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13
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França MCM, da Silva TM, Silva GO, Valera MC, Camargo CHR. Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and hyaluronic acid on the viability and cytokine expression of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Dent Traumatol 2018; 34:271-277. [PMID: 29665275 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dental root cell proliferation following tooth avulsion has not been well researched. Understanding the effects of dry time and dentin treatment influences on cell proliferation is essential to provide evidence-based guidelines for tooth replantation. The study evaluated the viability of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) in contact with roots, submitted to surface treatments with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) at different times, including to quantify inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α expressed by PLF. The adhesion of fibroblasts to treated root surfaces was also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and eight cementum discs from bovine teeth were randomly divided into groups according to time periods of being dry (n = 12) as follows: (i) fresh discs that were not kept dry, (WD); (ii) dry for 1 hour (1 hd); and (iii) dry for 24 hours (24 hd). The discs were subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 12) according to surface treatments: (iv) no treatment, (v) treatment with EDTA, (vi) treatment with HA. The discs were placed in 96-well plates, and PLF were seeded and kept in contact with the discs for 48 hours. Cell viability on the surface of the discs was assessed by XTT, and PLF adhesion was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantification of cytokines was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = .05). RESULTS Surface treatment had a statistically significant effect on the cell viability in groups WD (P = .03), 1 hd (P = .01) and 24 hd (P = .048). PLF in contact with dried root surfaces expressed more cytokines without treatment with IL-6 decreasing the expression when treated with HA for 24 hours. SEM also showed adhesion of PLF to the surface of all discs at all time periods. CONCLUSION EDTA + HA is an alternative treatment for cases of avulsed teeth as it promoted adhesion and increased viability of PLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Costa Moreira França
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia Mara da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Ribeiro Camargo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Blufstein A, Behm C, Nguyen PQ, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Human periodontal ligament cells exhibit no endotoxin tolerance upon stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:589-597. [PMID: 29582430 PMCID: PMC6055822 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Endotoxin tolerance is characterized by a state of hyporesponsiveness after confrontation with endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether pretreatment with Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to endotoxin tolerance induction and possible alterations in toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2‐ and 4‐induced response in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). Material and Methods Primary hPDLCs were pretreated with P. gingivalis (0.1 or 0.3 μg/mL) LPS for 24 hours and afterwards treated with one of the following stimuli: P. gingivalis LPS (1 μg/mL); TLR4 agonist Escherichia coli LPS (0.1 μg/mL; 1 μg/mL); TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 (0.1 μg/mL; 1 μg/mL). The protein expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Pretreatment of cells with low concentrations of P. gingivalis LPS did not result in lower production of IL‐6, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 compared to control group. In some cases, pretreated cells exhibited lower gene expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to non‐pretreated cells. Conclusion The results of this study implicate that hPDLCs do not develop endotoxin tolerance. Furthermore, the amplitude of the inflammatory response shows no significant dependency on TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blufstein
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Behm
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Q Nguyen
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - X Rausch-Fan
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Andrukhov
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Duan X, Ji M, Deng F, Sun Z, Lin Z. Effects of connective tissue growth factor on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:37-44. [PMID: 28941713 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts(HPLFs). DESIGN HPLFs were cultured and identified. Then, different concentrations of CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50, 100ng/ml) were added to the HPLF culture. Next, CCK-8 assays, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays, hydroxyproline determination, alizarin red staining methods, Transwell chambers and real-time PCR methods were applied to observe the effects of CTGF on the proliferation, ALP activity, synthesis of collagen, formation of mineralized nodules and migration. We also studied expression of ALP, fiber link protein (FN), integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), osteocalcin (OC), and integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) mRNA by HPLFs. Statistical significance was assumed if P<0.05 or P<0.01. RESULTS The addition of CTGF (1, 5, 10ng/ml) remarkably promoted the proliferation and collagen synthesis of HPLFs compared with controls. CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50ng/ml) improved ALP activity of HPLFs, and at all concentrations, CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50, 100ng/ml) improved the expression of ALP, FN, IBSP and ITGB1 mRNA. In addition, CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50, 100ng/ml) promoted the migration of HPLFs, which was dose-dependent, with maximal promotion in the 10ng/ml group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Thus, in a certain range of concentrations, CTGF can promote the biological effects, including proliferation, migration and collagen synthesis of HPLFs, to promote the differentiation of HPLFs in the process of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Duan
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Ji
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fengying Deng
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Lin
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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16
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Song B, Zhang YL, Chen LJ, Zhou T, Huang WK, Zhou X, Shao LQ. The role of Toll-like receptors in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2016; 23:168-180. [PMID: 26923115 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common infectious disease. Recent studies have indicated that the progression of periodontitis may be regulated by interactions between host immunity and periodontopathic bacteria. Although periodontopathic bacteria can destroy periodontal tissue, a dysfunctional host immune response triggered by the bacteria can lead to more severe and persistent destruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes pathogens, have been implicated in host innate immune responses to periodontopathic bacteria and in the activation of adaptive immunity. TLR-targeted drugs may hold promise to treat periodontal disease. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of TLRs in periodontitis and discusses areas needing further research. We believe TLRs may be an effective biomarker for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontitis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Song
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - W K Huang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - X Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - L Q Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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