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Yang D, Xiang Y, Song F, Li H, Ji X. Phage therapy: A renewed approach against oral diseases caused by Enterococcus faecalis infections. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106574. [PMID: 38354990 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases. Long-term overuse or misuse of antibiotics, however, has triggered the global crisis of antibiotic resistance, bringing challenges to treating clinical infection. Bacteriophages (phages) are the viruses infecting bacterial cells. Due to high host specificity, high bactericidal activity, and good biosafety, phages have been used as natural alternative antibacterial agents to fight against multiple drug-resistant bacteria. Enterococcus faecalis is the main species detected in secondary persistent infection caused by failure of root canal therapy. Due to strong tolerance and the formation of biofilm, E. faecalis can survive the changes in pH, temperature, and osmotic pressure in the mouth and thus is one of the main causes of periapical lesions. This paper summarizes the advantages of phage therapy, its applications in treating oral diseases caused by E. faecalis infections, and the challenges it faces. It offers a new perspective on phage therapy in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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2
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Shanmugasundaram S, Nayak N, Puzhankara L, Kedlaya MN, Rajagopal A, Karmakar S. Bacteriophages: the dawn of a new era in periodontal microbiology? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:212-223. [PMID: 36883683 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2182667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome, populated by a diverse range of species, plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. The most dominant yet little-discussed players in the microbiome, the bacteriophages, influence the health and disease of the host in various ways. They, not only contribute to periodontal health by preventing the colonization of pathogens and disrupting biofilms but also play a role in periodontal disease by upregulating the virulence of periodontal pathogens through the transfer of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Since bacteriophages selectively infect only bacterial cells, they have an enormous scope to be used as a therapeutic strategy; recently, phage therapy has been successfully used to treat antibiotic-resistant systemic infections. Their ability to disrupt biofilms widens the scope against periodontal pathogens and dental plaque biofilms in periodontitis. Future research focussing on the oral phageome and phage therapy's effectiveness and safety could pave way for new avenues in periodontal therapy. This review explores our current understanding of bacteriophages, their interactions in the oral microbiome, and their therapeutic potential in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikiran Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Namratha Nayak
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Puzhankara
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhurya N Kedlaya
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjale Rajagopal
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaswata Karmakar
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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3
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Rodríguez-Lucas C, Ladero V. Enterococcal Phages: Food and Health Applications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050842. [PMID: 37237745 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus is a diverse genus of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group. It is found in many environments, including the human gut and fermented foods. This microbial genus is at a crossroad between its beneficial effects and the concerns regarding its safety. It plays an important role in the production of fermented foods, and some strains have even been proposed as probiotics. However, they have been identified as responsible for the accumulation of toxic compounds-biogenic amines-in foods, and over the last 20 years, they have emerged as important hospital-acquired pathogens through the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In food, there is a need for targeted measures to prevent their growth without disturbing other LAB members that participate in the fermentation process. Furthermore, the increase in AMR has resulted in the need for the development of new therapeutic options to treat AMR enterococcal infections. Bacteriophages have re-emerged in recent years as a precision tool for the control of bacterial populations, including the treatment of AMR microorganism infections, being a promising weapon as new antimicrobials. In this review, we focus on the problems caused by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in food and health and on the recent advances in the discovery and applications of enterococcus-infecting bacteriophages against these bacteria, with special attention paid to applications against AMR enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodríguez-Lucas
- Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Microbiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Victor Ladero
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute, IPLA CSIC, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Aranaga C, Pantoja LD, Martínez EA, Falco A. Phage Therapy in the Era of Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094577. [PMID: 35562968 PMCID: PMC9105007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages offer an alternative for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases as their mechanism of action differs from that of antibiotics. However, their application in the clinical field is limited to specific cases of patients with few or no other alternative therapies. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness and safety of phage therapy against multidrug-resistant bacteria through the evaluation of studies published over the past decade. To that end, a bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Of the 1500 studies found, 27 met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 165 treated patients. Treatment effectiveness, defined as the reduction in or elimination of the bacterial load, was 85%. Except for two patients who died from causes unrelated to phage therapy, no serious adverse events were reported. This shows that phage therapy could be an alternative treatment for patients with infections associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, owing to the phage specificity required for the treatment of various bacterial strains, this therapy must be personalized in terms of bacteriophage type, route of administration, and dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Aranaga
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Research Group (QUIBIO), School of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Pampalinda Campus Calle 5 # 62-00, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia; (L.D.P.); (E.A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lady Daniela Pantoja
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Research Group (QUIBIO), School of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Pampalinda Campus Calle 5 # 62-00, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia; (L.D.P.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Edgar Andrés Martínez
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Research Group (QUIBIO), School of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Pampalinda Campus Calle 5 # 62-00, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia; (L.D.P.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Aura Falco
- Microbiology, Industry and Environment Research Group (GIMIA), School of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Pampalinda Campus Calle 5 # 62-00, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia;
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Tkachev PV, Goncharov A, Dmitriev A. Temperate enterococcal bacteriophages: genetic features and practical application. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.36488/cmac.2022.3.213-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Temperate bacteriophages are of interest as carriers and vectors of pathogenicity factors that determine an epidemic potential of opportunistic bacteria as well as biotechnology objects. This review describes studies of temperate bacteriophages infecting bacteria of the genus Enterococcus, including strains associated with the development of nosocomial infections. Genetic features of moderate enterococcal phages as well as their potential for practical application in medicine are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A.E. Goncharov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (Saint-Petersburg, Russia)
| | - A.V. Dmitriev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (Saint-Petersburg, Russia)
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Xu HM, Xu WM, Zhang L. Current Status of Phage Therapy against Infectious Diseases and Potential Application beyond Infectious Diseases. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:4913146. [PMID: 36263241 PMCID: PMC9550513 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4913146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota plays a key role in regulating the pathogenesis of human disease and maintaining health. Many diseases, mainly induced by bacteria, are on the rise due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Intestinal microorganisms include organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They play an important role in maintaining human health. Among these microorganisms, phages are the main members of intestinal viromes. In particular, the viral fraction, composed essentially of phages, affects homeostasis by exerting selective pressure on bacterial communities living in the intestinal tract. In recent years, with the widespread use and even abuse of antibacterial drugs, more and more drug-resistant bacteria have been found, and they show a trend of high drug resistance and multidrug resistance. Therefore, it has also become increasingly difficult to treat serious bacterial infections. Phages, a natural antibacterial agent with strong specificity and rapid proliferation, have come back to the field of vision of clinicians and scholars. In this study, the current state of research on intestinal phages was discussed, with an exploration of the impact of phage therapy against infectious diseases, as well as potential application beyond infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Wen-Min Xu
- Department of Endoscopy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
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Meile S, Du J, Dunne M, Kilcher S, Loessner MJ. Engineering therapeutic phages for enhanced antibacterial efficacy. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:182-191. [PMID: 34952266 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance coupled with a lack of innovation in antibiotics has renewed interest in the development of alternative therapies to combat bacterial infections. Despite phage therapy demonstrating success in various individual cases, a comprehensive and unequivocal demonstration of the therapeutic potential of phages remains to be shown. The co-evolution of phages and their bacterial hosts resulted in several inherent limitations for the use of natural phages as therapeutics such as restricted host range, moderate antibacterial efficacy, and frequent emergence of phage-resistance. However, these constraints can be overcome by leveraging recent advances in synthetic biology and genetic engineering to provide phages with additional therapeutic capabilities, improved safety profiles, and adaptable host ranges. Here, we examine different ways phages can be engineered to deliver heterologous therapeutic payloads to enhance their antibacterial efficacy and discuss their versatile applicability to combat bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Meile
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiemin Du
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Dunne
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Kilcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Łobocka M, Dąbrowska K, Górski A. Engineered Bacteriophage Therapeutics: Rationale, Challenges and Future. BioDrugs 2021; 35:255-280. [PMID: 33881767 PMCID: PMC8084836 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current problems with increasing bacterial resistance to antibacterial therapies, resulting in a growing frequency of incurable bacterial infections, necessitates the acceleration of studies on antibacterials of a new generation that could offer an alternative to antibiotics or support their action. Bacteriophages (phages) can kill antibiotic-sensitive as well as antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and thus are a major subject of such studies. Their efficacy in curing bacterial infections has been demonstrated in in vivo experiments and in the clinic. Unlike antibiotics, phages have a narrow range of specificity, which makes them safe for commensal microbiota. However, targeting even only the most clinically relevant strains of pathogenic bacteria requires large collections of well characterized phages, whose specificity would cover all such strains. The environment is a rich source of diverse phages, but due to their complex relationships with bacteria and safety concerns, only some naturally occurring phages can be considered for therapeutic applications. Still, their number and diversity make a detailed characterization of all potentially promising phages virtually impossible. Moreover, no single phage combines all the features required of an ideal therapeutic agent. Additionally, the rapid acquisition of phage resistance by bacteria may make phages already approved for therapy ineffective and turn the search for environmental phages of better efficacy and new specificity into an endless race. An alternative strategy for acquiring phages with desired properties in a short time with minimal cost regarding their acquisition, characterization, and approval for therapy could be based on targeted genome modifications of phage isolates with known properties. The first example demonstrating the potential of this strategy in curing bacterial diseases resistant to traditional therapy is the recent successful treatment of a progressing disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus infection in a teenage patient with the use of an engineered phage. In this review, we briefly present current methods of phage genetic engineering, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples of genetically engineered phages with a modified host range, improved safety or antibacterial activity, and proven therapeutic efficacy. We also summarize novel uses of engineered phages not only for killing pathogenic bacteria, but also for in situ modification of human microbiota to attenuate symptoms of certain bacterial diseases and metabolic, immune, or mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Łobocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract
Oral bacteriophages (or phages), especially periodontal ones, constitute a growing area of interest, but research on oral phages is still in its infancy. Phages are bacterial viruses that may persist as intracellular parasitic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or use bacterial metabolism to replicate and cause bacterial lysis. The microbiomes of saliva, oral mucosa, and dental plaque contain active phage virions, bacterial lysogens (ie, carrying dormant prophages), and bacterial strains containing short fragments of phage DNA. In excess of 2000 oral phages have been confirmed or predicted to infect species of the phyla Actinobacteria (>300 phages), Bacteroidetes (>300 phages), Firmicutes (>1000 phages), Fusobacteria (>200 phages), and Proteobacteria (>700 phages) and three additional phyla (few phages only). This article assesses the current knowledge of the diversity of the oral phage population and the mechanisms by which phages may impact the ecology of oral biofilms. The potential use of phage-based therapy to control major periodontal pathogens is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Phage-Bacteria Interactions in Potential Applications of Bacteriophage vB_EfaS-271 against Enterococcus faecalis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020318. [PMID: 33669643 PMCID: PMC7922982 DOI: 10.3390/v13020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is one of main alternative option for antibiotic treatment of bacterial infections, particularly in the era of appearance of pathogenic strains revealing resistance to most or even all known antibiotics. Enterococcus faecalis is one of such pathogens causing serious human infections. In the light of high level of biodiversity of bacteriophages and specificity of phages to bacterial species or even strains, development of effective phage therapy depend, between others, on identification and characterization of a large collection of these viruses, including understanding of their interactions with host bacterial cells. Recently, isolation of molecular characterization of bacteriophage vB_EfaS-271, infecting E. faecalis strains have been reported. In this report, phage–host interactions are reported, including ability of vB_EfaS-271 to infect bacteria forming biofilms, efficiency of eliminating bacterial cells from cultures depending on multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.), toxicity of purified phage particles to mammalian cells, and efficiency of appearance of phage-resistant bacteria. The presented results indicate that vB_EfaS-271 can significantly decrease number of viable E. faecalis cells in biofilms and in liquid cultures and reveals no considerable toxicity to mammalian cells. Efficiency of formation of phage-resistant bacteria was dependent on m.o.i. and was higher when the virion-cell ratio was as high as 10 than at low (between 0.01 and 0.0001) m.o.i. values. We conclude that vB_EfaS-271 may be considered as a candidate for its further use in phage therapy.
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Patil A, Banerji R, Kanojiya P, Koratkar S, Saroj S. Bacteriophages for ESKAPE: role in pathogenicity and measures of control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:845-865. [PMID: 33261536 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1858800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The quest to combat bacterial infections has dreaded humankind for centuries. Infections involving ESKAPE (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) impose therapeutic challenges due to the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Recently, investigations with bacteriophages have led to the development of novel strategies against ESKAPE infections. Also, bacteriophages have been demonstrated to be instrumental in the dissemination of virulence markers in ESKAPE pathogens. AREAS COVERED The review highlights the potential of bacteriophage in and against the pathogenicity of antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. The review also emphasizes the challenges of employing bacteriophage in treating ESKAPE pathogens and the knowledge gap in the bacteriophage mediated antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity in ESKAPE infections. EXPERT OPINION Bacteriophage infection can kill the host bacteria but in survivors can transfer genes that contribute toward the survival of the pathogens in the host and resistance toward multiple antimicrobials. The knowledge on the dual role of bacteriophages in the treatment and pathogenicity will assist in the prediction and development of novel therapeutics targeting antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE. Therefore, extensive investigations on the efficacy of synthetic bacteriophage, bacteriophage cocktails, and bacteriophage in combination with antibiotics are needed to develop effective therapeutics against ESKAPE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Patil
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajashri Banerji
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Kanojiya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Koratkar
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
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AL-Ishaq RK, Skariah S, Büsselberg D. Bacteriophage Treatment: Critical Evaluation of Its Application on World Health Organization Priority Pathogens. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010051. [PMID: 33396965 PMCID: PMC7823271 DOI: 10.3390/v13010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages represent an effective, natural, and safe strategy against bacterial infections. Multiple studies have assessed phage therapy’s efficacy and safety as an alternative approach to combat the emergence of multi drug-resistant pathogens. This systematic review critically evaluates and summarizes published articles on phages as a treatment option for Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis infection models. It also illustrates appropriate phage selection criteria, as well as recommendations for successful therapy. Published studies included in this review were identified through EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases and were published in the years between 2010 to 2020. Among 1082 identified articles, 29 studies were selected using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluated. Most studies (93.1%) showed high efficacy and safety for the tested phages, and a few studies also examined the effect of phage therapy combined with antibiotics (17.2%) and resistance development (27.6%). Further clinical studies, phage host identification, and regulatory processes are required to evaluate phage therapy’s safety and efficacy and advance their clinical use.
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Topka-Bielecka G, Bloch S, Nejman-Faleńczyk B, Grabski M, Jurczak-Kurek A, Górniak M, Dydecka A, Necel A, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Characterization of the Bacteriophage vB_EfaS-271 Infecting Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176345. [PMID: 32882938 PMCID: PMC7503890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated bacteriophage infecting Enterococcus faecalis strains has been characterized, including determination of its molecular features. This phage, named vB_EfaS-271, has been classified as a Siphoviridae member, according to electron microscopy characterization of the virions, composed of a 50 nm-diameter head and a long, flexible, noncontractable tail (219 × 12.5 nm). Analysis of the whole dsDNA genome of this phage showed that it consists of 40,197 bp and functional modules containing genes coding for proteins that are involved in DNA replication (including DNA polymerase/primase), morphogenesis, packaging and cell lysis. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to identify several phage-encoded proteins. vB_EfaS-271 reveals a relatively narrow host range, as it is able to infect only a few E. faecalis strains. On the other hand, it is a virulent phage (unable to lysogenize host cells), effectively and quickly destroying cultures of sensitive host bacteria, with a latent period as short as 8 min and burst size of approximately 70 phages per cell at 37 °C. This phage was also able to destroy biofilms formed by E. faecalis. These results contribute to our understanding of the biodiversity of bacteriophages, confirming the high variability among these viruses and indicating specific genetic and functional features of vB_EfaS-271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracja Topka-Bielecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Sylwia Bloch
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Michał Grabski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
- Laboratory of Marine Biogeochemistry, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Agata Jurczak-Kurek
- Department of Molecular Evolution, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Górniak
- Department of Molecular Evolution, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Dydecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Necel
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-6040
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Molecular mechanisms of enterococcal-bacteriophage interactions and implications for human health. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 56:38-44. [PMID: 32652484 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Once overlooked as passive bystanders of the human intestinal microbiota, new evidence is shedding light on the importance of enterococci and their bacteriophages (phages) in shaping human health. Natural predators of enterococci, phages represent a narrow spectrum, precision targeting modality for the eradication of problematic enterococci within the microbiota or infected tissue. The identification of enterococcal phage receptors, absorption factors, and transcriptional responses following phage infection reveals a complex predator-prey relationship that modulates enterococcal cell surface architecture, susceptibility to antibiotics, and adaptation to host associated environments. Considering the dry up of contemporary antibiotic discovery pipelines in the pharmaceutical industry and a continued emergence of multidrug-resistant enterococci, enterococcal phages may serve as bonafide therapeutics. We highlight current advances in enterococcal phage biology with emphasis on recent breakthroughs in potential therapeutic applications that place enterococcal phages at the forefront of next-generation biologics.
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Fiallos NDM, Cecchin D, de Lima CO, Hirata R, Silva EJNL, Sassone LM. Antimicrobial effectiveness of grape seed extract against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy analysis. AUST ENDOD J 2019; 46:191-196. [PMID: 31814249 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness of 6.5% Vitis vinifera grape seed extract (GSE) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Saline solution (SS), 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) were used for comparison. Dentin discs were inoculated with E. faecalis strain establishing a 3-week-old biofilm. Discs (n = 10) were exposed to 5.25% NaOCl, 2% CHX, 6.5% GSE and SS (negative control) for 10 min. Discs were stained with the fluorescent LIVE/DEAD-BacLight™ dye and analysed using CLSM. The proportion of dead cells in biofilm was analysed using one-way anova and Tukey tests (P < 0.05). A higher proportion of dead cells was found in GSE group compared with CHX and SS (P < 0.05). NaOCl group was associated with the highest proportion of dead cells (P < 0.05). GSE presented antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis; however, NaOCl was the most effective irrigant solution. GSE was more effective than CHX and SS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doglas Cecchin
- Department of Endodontics, Passo Fundo University (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Hirata
- Department of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Diogo P, Mota M, Fernandes C, Sequeira D, Palma P, Caramelo F, Neves MGP, Faustino MAF, Gonçalves T, Santos JM. Is the chlorophyll derivative Zn(II)e 6 Me a good photosensitizer to be used in root canal disinfection? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 22:205-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Wang S, Wang H, Ren B, Li X, Wang L, Zhou H, Weir MD, Zhou X, Masri RM, Oates TW, Cheng L, Xu HHK. Drug resistance of oral bacteria to new antibacterial dental monomer dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5509. [PMID: 29615732 PMCID: PMC5882658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Only two reports exist on drug-resistance of quaternary ammonium monomers against oral bacteria; both studies tested planktonic bacteria for 10 passages, and neither study tested biofilms or resins. The objectives of this study were to investigate the drug-resistance of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii against dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM), and to evaluate biofilms on resins with repeated exposures for 20 passages for the first time. DMAHDM, dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) and chlorhexidine (CHX) were tested with planktonic bacteria. Biofilms were grown on a resin containing 3% DMAHDM. Minimum-inhibitory concentrations were measured. To detect drug-resistance, the survived bacteria from the previous passage were used as inoculum for the next passage for repeated exposures. S. gordonii developed drug-resistance against DMADDM and CHX, but not against DMAHDM. Biofilm colony-forming units (CFU) on DMAHDM-resin was reduced by 3–4 log; there was no difference from passages 1 to 20 (p > 0.1). No drug-resistance to DMAHDM was detected for all three bacterial species. In conclusion, this study showed that DMAHDM induced no drug-resistance, and DMAHDM-resin reduced biofilm CFU by 3–4 log, with no significant change from 1 to 20 passages. DMAHDM with potent antibacterial activities and no drug-resistance is promising for dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Deptartment of Cariology and Endodonics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Deptartment of Cariology and Endodonics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Deptartment of Cariology and Endodonics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- VIP Integrated Department, Stomatological Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Deptartment of Cariology and Endodonics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Radi M Masri
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Deptartment of Cariology and Endodonics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore County, MD, 21250, USA. .,Member, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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