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Yu B, Kruse N, Howard KM, Kingsley K. Downstream Target Analysis for miR-365 among Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas Reveals Differential Associations with Chemoresistance. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:741. [PMID: 38929724 PMCID: PMC11205150 DOI: 10.3390/life14060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Expression of microRNAs, such as miR-365, is known to be dysregulated in many tumors, including oral cancers, although little is known about their role or functions. The objective of this project is to evaluate the downstream targets of miR-365 to determine any potential pathways or effects. Downstream targets for miR-365 (miRdatabase target scores > 90) were used for qPCR screening of oral cancer cell lines (SCC4, SCC9, SCC15, SCC25, CAL27). Each oral cancer cell line expressed miR-365 downstream targets molybdenum cofactor synthesis-2 (MOCS2), erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), IQ motif containing-K (IQCK), carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), solute carrier family 24 member-3 (SLC24A3), and coiled-coil domain containing 47 (CCDC47)-although the expression levels varied somewhat. However, differential results were observed with ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin-3 (UBR3), nudix hydrolase-12 (NUDT12), zinc finger CCHC-type containing-14 (ZCCHC14), and homeobox and leucine zipper encoding (HOMEZ). These data suggest that many of the miR-365 targets are expressed in the oral cancers screened, with the differential expression of UBR3, ZCCHC14, HOMEZ, and NUDT12, which may be correlated with chemoresistance among two specific oral cancer cell lines (SCC25, SCC9). These results suggest this differential expression may signal potential targets for patient treatment with tumors exhibiting miR-365 and chemotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Nathaniel Kruse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Katherine M. Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
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2
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Zhang Z, Liu T, Dong M, Ahamed MA, Guan W. Sample-to-answer salivary miRNA testing: New frontiers in point-of-care diagnostic technologies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1969. [PMID: 38783564 PMCID: PMC11141732 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA), crucial non-coding RNAs, have emerged as key biomarkers in molecular diagnostics, prognosis, and personalized medicine due to their significant role in gene expression regulation. Salivary miRNA, in particular, stands out for its non-invasive collection method and ease of accessibility, offering promising avenues for the development of point-of-care diagnostics for a spectrum of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. Such development promises rapid and precise diagnosis, enabling timely treatment. Despite significant advancements in salivary miRNA-based testing, challenges persist in the quantification, multiplexing, sensitivity, and specificity, particularly for miRNA at low concentrations in complex biological mixtures. This work delves into these challenges, focusing on the development and application of salivary miRNA tests for point-of-care use. We explore the biogenesis of salivary miRNA and analyze their quantitative expression and their disease relevance in cancer, infection, and neurodegenerative disorders. We also examined recent progress in miRNA extraction, amplification, and multiplexed detection methods. This study offers a comprehensive view of the development of salivary miRNA-based point-of-care testing (POCT). Its successful advancement could revolutionize the early detection, monitoring, and management of various conditions, enhancing healthcare outcomes. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Md. Ahasan Ahamed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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3
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Sun Y, Li Y, Zhou W, Liu Z. MicroRNA expression as a prognostic biomarker of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:406. [PMID: 38556858 PMCID: PMC10981818 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that microRNA (miRNA) expression in tumour tissues has prognostic significance in Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) patients. This study explored the possible prognostic value of miRNAs for TSCC based on published research. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of multiple databases was conducted according to predefined eligibility criteria. Data were extracted from the included studies by two researchers, and HR results were determined based on Kaplan‒Meier curves according to the Tierney method. The Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) pro-GDT were applied to assess the quality of all studies. Publication bias was estimated by funnel plot, Egger's rank correlation test and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Eleven studies (891patients) were included, of which 6 reported up-regulated miRNAs and 7 mentioned down-regulated miRNAs. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) from the prognostic indicator overall survival (OS) was 1.34 (1.25-1.44), p < 0.00001, indicating a significant difference in miRNA expression between TSCC patients with better or worse prognosis. CONCLUSION MiRNAs may have high prognostic value and could be used as prognostic biomarkers of TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Sun
- School of Stomatology, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 The Guanhai Road Yantai, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 The Guanhai Road Yantai, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- The affiliated Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264000, China.
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Digital Technology of Stomatology, Yantai, 264000, China.
- Characteristic Laboratories of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province for Digital Stomatology, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- The affiliated Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264000, China.
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Digital Technology of Stomatology, Yantai, 264000, China.
- Characteristic Laboratories of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province for Digital Stomatology, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Yang X, Sun K, Ji T, Shi L, Liu W. Implications of salivary miRNAs for noninvasive diagnosing oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Dis 2024; 30:796-798. [PMID: 35707950 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhang Zhiyuan Academician Workstation, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Danzhou, China
- College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Ji
- College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjun Shi
- College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Fouladi H, Ebrahimi A, Derakhshan SM, Khaniani MS. Over-expression of mir-181a-3p in serum of breast cancer patients as diagnostic biomarker. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:372. [PMID: 38411870 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the significance of epigenetics, particularly in breast cancer (BC), has become increasingly recognized. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as an epigenetic factor, are offering valuable insights into various aspects of BC, such as its origins and clinical features. Therefore, studying the disruption of specific miRNAs through microarray and RNA-seq techniques is considered useful. METHODS AND MATERIALS We analyzed two microarray datasets (GSE106817 and GSE113486) in order to discover dysregulated miRNAs in the serum of BC patients. Subsequently, RNA-seq analysis was employed on the TCGA data. Two miRNAs, mir-450a-5p and mir-181a-3p, as novel miRNAs in BC studies, were selected for assessment in the serum of 100 BC patients versus 100 healthy female participants. The quantities of the miRNAs described above were determined through the utilization of RT-qPCR. Furthermore, ROC curve assessments were conducted for each individual miRNA. Next, an assessment was conducted to determine the prognostic significance of these miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the utilization of microarray and RNA-seq analysis techniques has demonstrated that mir-450a-5p and mir-181a-3p exhibit elevated expression levels in the serum of BC patients. However, it is noteworthy that only mir-181a-3p displayed clinical dysregulation, as confirmed by RT-PCR findings. These miRNAs have been found to play a crucial role in modulating essential cellular processes and biological functions that contribute to cancer development. Furthermore, noteworthy outcomes have been observed for mir-181a-3p in relation to diagnostic and prognostic clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Fouladi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Genetics, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Genetics, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Mansoori Derakhshan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Genetics, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Shekari Khaniani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Genetics, Tabriz, Iran.
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Belnap C, Divis T, Kingsley K, Howard KM. Differential Expression of MicroRNA MiR-145 and MiR-155 Downstream Targets in Oral Cancers Exhibiting Limited Chemotherapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2167. [PMID: 38396844 PMCID: PMC10889714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
New evidence has suggested that non-coding microRNAs play a significant role in mediating and modulating chemotherapy resistance, particularly among oral cancers. One recent study found that the upregulation of miR-145 and the downregulation of miR-155 strongly correlated with a limited chemotherapy resistance to Cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Paclitaxel, although the mechanism(s) responsible for these observations remain unidentified. Using commercially available cell lines of oral squamous cell carcinoma, RNA was isolated, converted into cDNA, and subsequently screened for the expression of downstream targets of miR-145 and miR-155 using qPCR. These results demonstrated the upregulation of miR-21, miR-125, miR-133, miR-365, miR-720, and miR-1246, as well as the downregulation of miR-140, miR-152, miR-218, miR-221, and miR-224. This screening also confirmed the differential expression and regulation of mir-145 and miR-155 among the cell lines with limited chemotherapy resistance (SCC15). In addition, several downstream targets of these specific microRNAs were upregulated by all oral cancer cell lines, such as MBTD1 and FSCN1, or downregulated in all cell lines, such as CLCN3, FLI-1, MRTFB, DAB, SRGAP1, and ABHD17C. However, three miR-145 downstream targets were identified in the least chemotherapy-resistant cells, exhibiting the differential upregulation of KCNA4 and SRGAP2, as well as the downregulation of FAM135A, with this expression pattern not detected in any of the other oral cancer cell lines. These data strongly support that the differential regulation of these three downstream targets may be related to the chemosensitivity of this oral cancer cell line. The potential involvement of these targets must be further investigated to determine how and whether mechanisms of these cellular pathways may be involved in the observed lack of chemotherapy resistance. These data may be important to design targets or treatments to reduce chemotherapy resistance and improve patient treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Belnap
- Department of Advanced Education in Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
| | - Tyler Divis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
| | - Katherine M. Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
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Chu LJ, Chang YT, Chien CY, Chung HC, Wu SF, Chen CJ, Liu YC, Liao WC, Chen CH, Chiang WF, Chang KP, Wang JS, Yu JS. Clinical validation of a saliva-based matrix metalloproteinase-1 rapid strip test for detection of oral cavity cancer. Biomed J 2024; 47:100594. [PMID: 37044249 PMCID: PMC10821597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) as one of the most promising salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and developed a sensitive ELISA for MMP-1 with good performance in detection of OSCC using a cohort of 1160 saliva samples. METHODS A time-saving rapid strip test (RST) for MMP-1 was developed in this study and its diagnostic performance compared with ELISA using saliva samples from a new cohort of 603 subjects (171 healthy controls, 236 patients with oral potentially malignant disorders, and 196 OSCC patients). RESULTS Salivary MMP-1 levels measured using RST and ELISA were highly comparable and both assays could effectively distinguish between OSCC and non-cancerous groups. Similar to ELISA, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the MMP-1 RST was effective in identifying patients with OSCC at different oral cavity sites and stages. CONCLUSIONS Salivary MMP-1 can be sensitively detected using both RST and ELISA methods. Our newly developed point-of-care MMP-1 RST is a promising in vitro diagnostic device (IVD) that may serve as a novel auxiliary tool in the routine clinical detection and monitoring of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichieh Julie Chu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Yen Chien
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Wu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Yen-Chun Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chao Liao
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Chiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, Zhubei City, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Kumar P, Gupta S, Das BC. Saliva as a potential non-invasive liquid biopsy for early and easy diagnosis/prognosis of head and neck cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 40:101827. [PMID: 38042138 PMCID: PMC10701368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the most devastating diseases in India and southeast Asia. It is a preventable and curable disease if detected early. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the two major risk-factors but infection of high-risk HPVs are also associated with development of predominantly oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Interestingly, unlike cervical cancer, HPV-induced HNSCCs show good prognosis and better survival in contrast, majority of tobacco-associated HPV-ve HNSCCs are highly aggressive with poor clinical outcome. Biomarker analysis in circulatory body-fluids for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring are becoming important in clinical practice. Early diagnosis using non-invasive saliva for oral or other diseases plays an important role in successful treatment and better prognosis. Saliva mirrors the body's state of health as it comes into direct contact with oral lesions and needs no trained manpower to collect, making it a suitable bio-fluid of choice for screening. Saliva can be used to detect not only virus, bacteria and other biomarkers but variety of molecular and genetic markers for an early detection, treatment and monitoring cancer and other diseases. The performance of saliva-based diagnostics are reported to be highly (≥95 %) sensitive and specific indicating the test's ability to correctly identify true positive or negative cases. This review focuses on the potentials of saliva in the early detection of not only HPV or other pathogens but also identification of highly reliable gene mutations, oral-microbiomes, metabolites, salivary cytokines, non-coding RNAs and exosomal miRNAs. It also discusses the importance of saliva as a reliable, cost-effective and an easy alternative to invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
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Uthman A, AL-Rawi N, Saeed MH, Eid B, Al-Rawi NH. Tunable theranostics: innovative strategies in combating oral cancer. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16732. [PMID: 38188167 PMCID: PMC10771769 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to assess and compare the potential of advanced nano/micro delivery systems, including quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and microneedles, as theranostic platforms for oral cancer. Furthermore, we seek to evaluate their respective advantages and disadvantages over the past decade. Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using Google Scholar and PubMed, with a focus on articles published between 2013 and 2023. Search queries included the specific advanced delivery system as the primary term, followed by oral cancer as the secondary term (e.g., "quantum dots AND oral cancer," etc.). Results The advanced delivery platforms exhibited notable diagnostic and therapeutic advantages when compared to conventional techniques or control groups. These benefits encompassed improved tumor detection and visualization, enhanced precision in targeting tumors with reduced harm to neighboring tissues, and improved drug solubility and distribution, leading to enhanced drug absorption and tumor uptake. Conclusion The findings suggest that advanced nano/micro delivery platforms hold promise for addressing numerous challenges associated with chemotherapy. By enabling precise targeting of cancerous cells, these platforms have the potential to mitigate adverse effects on surrounding healthy tissues, thus encouraging the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Uthman
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor AL-Rawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Musab Hamed Saeed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Ajman University, Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research,, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassem Eid
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Natheer H. Al-Rawi
- University of Sharjah, Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Soltaninezhad P, Arab F, Mohtasham N, FakherBaheri M, Kavishahi NN, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Zare-Mahmoodabadi R, Pakfetrat A, Taban KI, Mohajertehran F. Unveiling the Potential of Serum MiR-483-5p: A Promising Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in OLP and OSCC Patients by In silico Analysis of Differential Gene Expression. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:310-322. [PMID: 38310566 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128276149240108163407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral lichen planus (OLP) are two separate conditions affecting the mouth and result in varying clinical outcomes and levels of malignancy. Achieving early diagnosis and effective therapy planning requires the identification of reliable diagnostic biomarkers for these disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently received attention as powerful biomarkers for various illnesses, including cancer. In particular, miR-483-5p is a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in various cancers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of serum miR-483-5p in the diagnosis and prognosis of OLP and OSCC patients by in silico analysis of differential gene expression. METHODS GSE23558 and GSE52130 data sets were selected, and differential gene expression analysis was performed using microarray data from GSE52130 and GSE23558. The analysis focused on comparing OLP and OSCC samples with normal samples. The genes intersected through the differential gene expression analysis were then extracted to determine the overlapping genes among the upregulated or downregulated DEGs. The downregulated genes among the DEGs were subsequently imported into the miRWalk database to search for potential target genes of miRNA 483-5p that lacked validation. To gain insight into the biological pathways associated with the DEGs, we conducted pathway analysis utilizing tools, such as Enrichr. Additionally, the cellular components associated with these DEGs were investigated by analyzing the String database. On the other hand, blood serum samples were collected from 35 OSCC patients, 34 OLP patients, and 34 healthy volunteers. The expression level of miR-483-5p was determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to investigate the considerable correlation. Moreover, this study explored the prognostic value of miR-483-5p through its association with clinicopathological parameters in OSCC patients. RESULTS The results showed that serum expression of miR-483-5p was considerably higher in OSCC patients compared to OLP patients and healthy controls (p 0.0001) and that this difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, elevated miR-483-5p expression was associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and stage of tumor nodal metastasis in OSCC patients (p 0.001, p 0.038, and p 0.0001, respectively). In silico analysis found 71 upregulated genes at the intersection of upregulated DEGs and 44 downregulated genes at the intersection of downregulated DEGs, offering insight into the potential underlying mechanisms of miR-483-5p's engagement in OSCC and OLP. The majority of these DEGs were found to be involved in autophagy pathways, but DEGs involved in the histidine metabolism pathway showed significant results. Most of these DEGs were located in the extracellular region. After screening for downregulated genes that were invalidated, miRNA 483-5p had 7 target genes. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential of serum miR-483-5p as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in OSCC and OLP patients. Its upregulation in OSCC patients and its association with advanced tumor stage and potential metastasis suggest the involvement of miR-483-5p in critical signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation, making it a reliable indicator of disease progression. Nevertheless, additional experimental studies are essential to validate these findings and establish a foundation for the advancement of targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Computer Simulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lichen Planus, Oral/genetics
- Lichen Planus, Oral/blood
- Lichen Planus, Oral/diagnosis
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/blood
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Arab
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadhossein FakherBaheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Abortion Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nima Nikbin Kavishahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Reza Zare-Mahmoodabadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atessa Pakfetrat
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Izadi Taban
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Mohajertehran
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Gil-Martín E, Ramos E, López-Muñoz F, Egea J, Romero A. Potential of melatonin to reverse epigenetic aberrations in oral cancer: new findings. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1280-1310. [PMID: 38234969 PMCID: PMC10792176 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
It is now an accepted principle that epigenetic alterations cause cellular dyshomeostasis and functional changes, both of which are essential for the initiation and completion of the tumor cycle. Oral carcinogenesis is no exception in this regard, as most of the tumors in the different subsites of the oral cavity arise from the cross-reaction between (epi)genetic inheritance and the huge challenge of environmental stressors. Currently, the biochemical machinery is put at the service of the tumor program, halting the cell cycle, triggering uncontrolled proliferation, driving angiogenesis and resistance to apoptosis, until the archetypes of the tumor phenotype are reached. Melatonin has the ability to dynamically affect the epigenetic code. It has become accepted that melatonin can reverse (epi)genetic aberrations present in oral and other cancers, suggesting the possibility of enhancing the oncostatic capacity of standard multimodal treatments by incorporating this indolamine as an adjuvant. First steps in this direction confirm the potential of melatonin as a countermeasure to mitigate the detrimental side effects of conventional first-line radiochemotherapy. This single effect could produce synergies of extraordinary clinical importance, allowing doses to be increased and treatments not to be interrupted, ultimately improving patients' quality of life and prognosis. Motivated by the urgency of improving the medical management of oral cancer, many authors advocate moving from in vitro and preclinical research, where the bulk of melatonin cancer research is concentrated, to systematic randomized clinical trials on large cohorts. Recognizing the challenge to improve the clinical management of cancer, our motivation is to encourage comprehensive and robust research to reveal the clinical potential of melatonin in oral cancer control. To improve the outcome and quality of life of patients with oral cancer, here we provide the latest evidence of the oncolytic activity that melatonin can achieve by manipulating epigenetic patterns in oronasopharyngeal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gil-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University of Madrid (UCJC), 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Ling X, Alexander GS, Molitoris J, Choi J, Schumaker L, Mehra R, Gaykalova DA, Ren L. Identification of CT-based non-invasive radiomic biomarkers for overall survival prediction in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21774. [PMID: 38066047 PMCID: PMC10709435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the limited non-invasive tools for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) survival prediction by identifying Computed Tomography (CT)-based biomarkers to improve prognosis prediction. A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 149 OSCC patients, including CT radiomics and clinical information. An ensemble approach involving correlation analysis, score screening, and the Sparse-L1 algorithm was used to select functional features, which were then used to build Cox Proportional Hazards models (CPH). Our CPH achieved a 0.70 concordance index in testing. The model identified two CT-based radiomics features, Gradient-Neighboring-Gray-Tone-Difference-Matrix-Strength (GNS) and normalized-Wavelet-LLL-Gray-Level-Dependence-Matrix-Large-Dependence-High-Gray-Level-Emphasis (HLE), as well as stage and alcohol usage, as survival biomarkers. The GNS group with values above 14 showed a hazard ratio of 0.12 and a 3-year survival rate of about 90%. Conversely, the GNS group with values less than or equal to 14 had a 49% survival rate. For normalized HLE, the high-end group (HLE > - 0.415) had a hazard ratio of 2.41, resulting in a 3-year survival rate of 70%, while the low-end group (HLE ≤ - 0.415) had a 36% survival rate. These findings contribute to our knowledge of how radiomics can be used to predict the outcome so that treatment plans can be tailored for patients people with OSCC to improve their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory S Alexander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason Molitoris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinhyuk Choi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lisa Schumaker
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Daria A Gaykalova
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Vageli DP, Doukas PG, Shah R, Boyi T, Liu C, Judson BL. A Novel Saliva and Serum miRNA Panel as a Potential Useful Index for Oral Cancer and the Association of miR-21 with Smoking History: a Pilot Study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:653-659. [PMID: 37683274 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-23-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is implicated in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is associated with poor survival if not diagnosed early. Identification of novel noninvasive, highly sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic and risk assessment methods for OSCC would improve early detection. Here, we report a pilot study assessing salivary and serum miRNAs associated with OSCC and stratified by smoking status. Saliva and paired serum samples were collected from 23 patients with OSCC and 21 healthy volunteers, with an equal number of smokers and nonsmokers in each group. Twenty head and neck cancer-related miRNAs were quantified by qPCR (dual-labeled LNA probes) and analyzed by Welch t test (95% confidence interval). Four saliva miRNAs, miR-21, miR-136, miR-3928, and miR-29B, showed statistically significant overexpression in OSCC versus healthy controls (P < 0.05). miR-21 was statistically significantly overexpressed in OSCC smokers versus nonsmokers (P = 0.006). Salivary miR-21, miR-136, and miR-3928, and serum miR-21 and miR-136, showed statistically significant differential expression in early-stage tumors versus controls (P < 0.05), particularly miR-21 in smokers (P < 0.005). This pilot study provides a novel panel of saliva and serum miRNAs associated with oral cancer. Further validation as a potential useful index of oral cancer, particularly miR-21 in smokers and early-stage OSCC is warranted. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Saliva and serum miR-21, miR-136, miR-3928, and miR-29B, are potentially associated with oral cancer even at an early stage, especially miR-21 in individuals with a smoking history, a further validation in a larger cohort of subjects with premalignant and early malignant lesions need to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Panagiotis G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rema Shah
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Trinithas Boyi
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christina Liu
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin L Judson
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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14
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Meng H. Prognostic evaluation of oral squamous cell carcinoma based on pleiotrophin, urokinase plasminogen activator, and glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B expression. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35634. [PMID: 37960806 PMCID: PMC10637552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of pleiotrophin (PTN), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues and their correlation with prognosis. From February 2017 to January 2020, PTN, uPA, and GPNMB expression in cancer tissues and adjacent tissues of 93 patients with OSCC was determined using immunohistochemistry. The diagnostic value of the combined detection of OSCC and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed, as well as the prognostic potential of PTN, uPA, and GPNMB. Cancer tissues from patients with OSCC exhibited high expression of PTN, uPA, and GPNMB. The AUC for the combined detection of PTN, uPA, and GPNMB for diagnosis and prognosis was greater than that of each index alone. The rates of expression of PTN, uPA, and GPNMB were higher in the death group than in the survival group. Patients with PTN, uPA, and GPNMB expression had lower 3-year survival rates. PTN expression was a risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients with OSCC. The rate of PTN, uPA, and GPNMB expression in OSCC tissues was high, and their expression was related to clinicopathological features such as lymph node metastasis and tumor invasion depth. The combined detection of each index has a predictive value for the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Han Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
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15
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Zhou Z, Han S, Liao J, Wang R, Yu X, Li M. Isoliquiritigenin Inhibits Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Overcomes Chemoresistance by Destruction of Survivin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 51:2221-2241. [PMID: 37930332 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The oncoprotein survivin plays a pivotal role in controlling cell division and preventing apoptosis by inhibiting caspase activation. Its significant contribution to tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance has been well established. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a natural compound, has been recognized for its powerful inhibitory effects against various tumors. However, whether ISL exerts regulatory effects on survivin and its underlying mechanism in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Here, we found that ISL inhibited the viability and colony formation of OSCC, and promoted their apoptosis. The immunoblotting data showed that ISL treatment significantly decreased survivin expression. Mechanistically, ISL suppressed survivin phosphorylation on Thr34 by deregulating Akt-Wee1-CDK1 signaling, which facilitated survivin for ubiquitination degradation. ISL inhibited CAL27 tumor growth and decreased p-Akt and survivin expression in vivo. Meanwhile, survivin overexpression caused cisplatin resistance of OSCC cells. ISL alone or combined with cisplatin overcame chemoresistance in OSCC cells. Overall, our results revealed that ISL exerted potent inhibitory effects via inducing Akt-dependent survivin ubiquitination in OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsu Zhou
- The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410015, P. R. China
| | - Shuangze Han
- The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410015, P. R. China
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhuang Liao
- The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410015, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P. R. China
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P. R. China
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16
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AL-Rawi NH, Rizvi Z, Mkadmi S, Abu Kou R, Elmabrouk N, Alrashdan MS, Koippallil Gopalakrishnan AR. Differential Expression Profile of Salivary oncomiRNAs among Smokeless Tobacco Users. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:1215-1220. [PMID: 36812928 PMCID: PMC10756836 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of selected salivary oncomiRNAs among smokeless tobacco users and nonsmokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five subjects with chronic smokeless tobacco habit (> 1 year) and 25 nonsmokers were selected for this study. MicroRNA was extracted from saliva samples using the miRNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The forward primers used in the reactions include hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-146a-3p, hsa-miR-155-3p, and hsa-miR-199a-3p. Relative expression of miRNAs was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Fold change is calculated by raising 2 to the power of the negative ΔΔCT value. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 5 software. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The four tested miRNAs were found overexpressed in saliva of subjects with smokeless tobacco habit when compared with saliva from nontobacco users. miR-21 expression was 3.74 ± 2.26 folds higher among subjects with smokeless tobacco habit compared to nontobacco users (p < 0.01). The expression for miR-146a (5.56 ± 8.3 folds; p < 0.05), miR-155 (8.06 ± 23.4 folds; p < 0.0001) and miR-199a (14.39 ± 30.3 folds; p < 0.05) was significantly higher among subjects with smokeless tobacco habit. CONCLUSION Smokeless tobacco leads to salivary overexpression of the miRs 21, 146a, 155, and 199a. Monitoring the levels of these four oncomiRs may provide insight about the future development of oral squamous cell carcinoma, especially in patients with smokeless tobacco habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natheer H. AL-Rawi
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zuha Rizvi
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarra Mkadmi
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rawan Abu Kou
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Neibal Elmabrouk
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad S. Alrashdan
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Ling X, Alexander GS, Molitoris J, Choi J, Schumaker L, Mehra R, Gaykalova DA, Ren L. Identification of CT-based non-invasive Radiographic Biomarkers for Overall Survival Stratification in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3263887. [PMID: 37674725 PMCID: PMC10479433 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3263887/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the limited non-invasive tools for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma OSCC survival prediction by identifying Computed Tomography (CT)-based biomarkers for improved prognosis. A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 149 OSCC patients, including radiomics and clinical. An ensemble approach involving correlation analysis, score screening, and the Sparse-L1 algorithm was used to select functional features, which were then used to build Cox Proportional Hazards models (CPH). Our CPH achieved a 0.70 concordance index in testing. The model identified two CT-based radiomics features, Gradient-Neighboring-Gray-Tone-Difference-Matrix-Strength (GNS) and normalized-Wavelet-LLL-Gray-Level-Dependence-Matrix-Large-Dependence-High-Gray-Level-Emphasis (HLE), as well as smoking and alcohol usage, as survival biomarkers. The GNS group with values above 14 showed a hazard ratio of 0.12 and a 3-year survival rate of about 90%. Conversely, the GNS group with values less than or equal to 14 had a 49% survival rate. For normalized HLE, the high-end group (HLE > -0.415) had a hazard ratio of 2.41, resulting in a 3-year survival rate of 70%, while the low-end group (HLE <= -0.415) had a 36% survival rate. These findings contribute to our knowledge of how radiomics can be used to anticipate the outcome and tailor treatment plans from people with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory S. Alexander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Molitoris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinhyuk Choi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, KR
| | - Lisa Schumaker
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daria A. Gaykalova
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Gintoni I, Vassiliou S, Chrousos GP, Yapijakis C. Review of Disease-Specific microRNAs by Strategically Bridging Genetics and Epigenetics in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1578. [PMID: 37628629 PMCID: PMC10454361 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent human malignancies and a global health concern with a poor prognosis despite some therapeutic advances, highlighting the need for a better understanding of its molecular etiology. The genomic landscape of OSCC is well-established and recent research has focused on miRNAs, which regulate gene expression and may be useful non-invasive biomarkers or therapeutic targets. A plethora of findings regarding miRNA expression have been generated, posing challenges for the interpretation and identification of disease-specific molecules. Hence, we opted to identify the most important regulatory miRNAs by bridging genetics and epigenetics, focusing on the key genes implicated in OSCC development. Based on published reports, we have developed custom panels of fifteen major oncogenes and five major tumor suppressor genes. Following a miRNA/target gene interaction analysis and a comprehensive study of the literature, we selected the miRNA molecules which target the majority of these panels that have been reported to be downregulated or upregulated in OSCC, respectively. As a result, miR-34a-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-1-3p, and miR-16-5p appeared to be the most OSCC-specific. Their expression patterns, verified targets, and the signaling pathways affected by their dysregulation in OSCC are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iphigenia Gintoni
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cephalogenetics Center, 176 72 Athens, Greece
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 124 62 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, Choremion Laboratory, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavros Vassiliou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 124 62 Athens, Greece;
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, Choremion Laboratory, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christos Yapijakis
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cephalogenetics Center, 176 72 Athens, Greece
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 124 62 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, Choremion Laboratory, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
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Gołąbek K, Hudy D, Świętek A, Gaździcka J, Dąbrowska N, Miśkiewicz-Orczyk K, Zięba N, Misiołek M, Strzelczyk JK. miR-125b-5p, miR-155-3p, and miR-214-5p and Target E2F2 Gene in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076320. [PMID: 37047293 PMCID: PMC10094498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that E2F2 (E2F transcription factor 2) plays an important role as controller in the cell cycle. This study aimed to analyse the expression of the E2F2 gene and E2F2 protein and demonstrate E2F2 target microRNAs (miRNAs) candidates (miR-125b-5p, miR-155-3p, and miR-214-5p) in oral squamous cell carcinoma tumour and margin samples. The study group consisted 50 patients. The E2F2 gene and miRNAs expression levels were assessed by qPCR, while the E2F2 protein was assessed by ELISA. When analysing the effect of miRNAs expression on E2F2 gene expression and E2F2 protein level, we observed no statistically significant correlations. miR-125b-5p was downregulated, while miR-155-3p, and miR-214-5p were upregulated in tumour samples compared to margin. We observed a difference between the miR-125b-5p expression level in smokers and non-smokers in margin samples. Furthermore, HPV-positive individuals had a significantly higher miR-125b-5p and miR-214-5p expression level compared to HPV-negative patients in tumour samples. The study result showed that the E2F2 gene is not the target for analysed miRNAs in OSCC. Moreover, miR-155-3p and miR-125b-5p could play roles in the pathogenesis of OSCC. A differential expression of the analysed miRNAs was observed in response to tobacco smoke and HPV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gołąbek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agata Świętek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Silesia LabMed Research and Implementation Center, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Gaździcka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Natalia Dąbrowska
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Miśkiewicz-Orczyk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Natalia Zięba
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maciej Misiołek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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20
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Piyarathne NS, Weerasekera MM, Fonseka PFD, Karunatilleke AHTS, Liyanage RLPR, Jayasinghe RD, De Silva K, Yasawardene S, Gupta E, Jayasinghe JAP, Abu-Eid R. Salivary Interleukin Levels in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Epithelial Dysplasia: Findings from a Sri Lankan Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051510. [PMID: 36900301 PMCID: PMC10001283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and its precursor, oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), is on the rise, especially in South Asia. OSCC is the leading cancer in males in Sri Lanka, with >80% diagnosed at advanced clinical stages. Early detection is paramount to improve patient outcome, and saliva testing is a promising non-invasive tool. The aim of this study was to assess salivary interleukins (lL1β, IL6, and IL8) in OSCC, OED and disease-free controls in a Sri Lankan study cohort. A case-control study with OSCC (n = 37), OED (n = 30) patients and disease-free controls (n = 30) was conducted. Salivary lL1β, IL6, and IL8 were quantified using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay. Comparisons between different diagnostic groups and potential correlations to risk factors were assessed. Salivary levels for the three tested interleukins increased from disease-free controls through OED, and were highest in OSCC samples. Furthermore, the levels of IL1β, IL6, and IL8 increased progressively with OED grade. The discrimination between patients (OSCC and OED) and controls, as assessed by AUC of receiver operating characteristic curves, was 0.9 for IL8 (p = 0.0001) and 0.8 for IL6 (p = 0.0001), while IL1β differentiated OSCC from controls (AUC 0.7, p = 0.006). No significant associations were found between salivary interleukin levels and smoking, alcohol, and betel quid risk factors. Our findings suggest that salivary IL1β, IL6, and IL8 are associated with disease severity of OED, and are potential biomarkers for predicting disease progression in OED, and the screening of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadisha S. Piyarathne
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
- Center for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Manjula M. Weerasekera
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
- Sri Lanka Institute of Biotechnology, Pitipana, Homagama 10206, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe
- Center for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Surangi Yasawardene
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
| | | | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
- Aberdeen Cancer Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
- Correspondence:
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Al Gashaamy ZJ, Alomar T, Al-Sinjary L, Wazzan M, Saeed MH, Al-Rawi NH. MicroRNA expression in apical periodontitis and pulpal inflammation: a systematic review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14949. [PMID: 36890871 PMCID: PMC9987318 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this systematic review is to determine microRNAs (miRs) that are differently expressed between diseased pulpal and periapical tissues. Design This systematic review used PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest, Cochrane database as well as manual searching to extract studies from January 2012 up to February 2022. Results A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria were included. All selected studies were of case-control type. Twenty-four miRNAs associated with apical periodontitis, 11 were found to be upregulatedand 13 were downregulated. Four out of the 44 miRs associated with pulpal inflammation were upregulated, whereas forty were downregulated. Six miRs, namely hsa-miR-181b, hsa-miR-181c,hsa-miR-455-3p,hsa-miR-128-3p, hsa-miR199a-5p, and hsa-miR-95, exhibited considerable downregulation in both periapical and pulp tissues. Conclusion MiRs have been investigated for their role in pulpal and periapical biology and may be utilised in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Further investigations are required to determine why certain irreversible pulpitis situations progress to apical periodontitis and others do not, based on the various miR expressions. Moreover, clinical and laboratory trials are needed to support this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Jamal Al Gashaamy
- Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tiba Alomar
- Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Linah Al-Sinjary
- Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Wazzan
- Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Musab Hamed Saeed
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Natheer H Al-Rawi
- Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Liu W, Shi H, Zhou Z, Zhang C, Shen X. Association of salivary miRNAs with onset and progression of oral potentially malignant disorders: Searching for noninvasive biomarkers. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:432-436. [PMID: 36643261 PMCID: PMC9831837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose There is an urgent need for noninvasive biomarkers to diagnose oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). A wide range of over 20 miRNAs in saliva of OPMD patients have been investigated in different studies. Yet, which of the ones provide a better power of discrimination for the diagnosis of OPMD onset and progression are uncertain. Materials and methods A total of 17 eligible studies including 426 cases of OPMD and 486 control subjects (352 normal mucosa and 134 oral squamous cell carcinoma) were summarized. Results The bubble chart analysis showed that the most power salivary miRNA associated with OPMD onset was miR-21, followed by miR-31 and miR-142; the better power miRNAs associated with recurrence and malignant progression of OPMD were miR-31, miR-21, and miR-184. Conclusion Salivary miRNAs, especially miR-21 and miR-31, were associated with onset and progression of OPMD, and could then serve as noninvasive biomarkers for screening OPMD and detecting malignant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Fengcheng Hospital of Fengxian District, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Fengcheng Branch Hospital, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial–Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Shi
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengtong Zhou
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial–Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial–Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Xuemin Shen
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Zhu L, Li M, Tang G, Shi L, Liu W. Role of salivary miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and oral potentially malignant disorders – Reply. Oral Oncol 2022; 135:106224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Du Q, Cao D, Lu X, Meng Z. Sensitive SERS detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma-related miRNAs in saliva via a gold nanohexagon array coupled with hybridization chain reaction amplification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4563-4575. [PMID: 36317581 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a highly specific and sensitive method for the detection of dual miRNAs was successfully developed by a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification coupled with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on Au-Ag hollow nanoparticles (Au-Ag HNPs) and a gold nanohexagon (AuNH) array. Two Raman reporter-labelled and hairpin DNA-modified Au-Ag HNPs acted as SERS probes (Au-Ag HNPs@4-MBA@HP1-1, Au-Ag HNPs@4-MBA@HP2-1, Au-Ag HNPs@DTNB@HP1-2, and Au-Ag HNPs@DTNB@HP2-2), and the hairpin DNA-modified AuNH array acted as the capture substrate. The HCR process could be triggered by the presence of target miRNAs, and long DNA hybridization chains on the substrate were formed by self-assembly rapidly, causing significant signal enhancement. Using the mentioned strategy, a low detection limit (LOD) of 6.51 aM for miR-31 and 6.52 aM for miR-21 in human saliva were obtained, showing the biosensor's remarkable sensitivity. The proposed biosensor also displays a significant specificity in detecting target miRNAs by introducing different interfering factors. This method has been successfully applied to detect and identify miR-21 and miR-31 in saliva from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and healthy subjects. The results were consistent with those of the traditional test method in detecting target miRNAs, which confirmed the good accuracy of our method. Hence, the new assay method has great potential to be a valuable platform for detecting miRNAs in the early diagnosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - Yatong Zhang
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, China
| | - Qiu Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - Demao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China.
| | - Zhibing Meng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China.
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Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 128:248-330. [PMID: 36096911 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Scientific Investigation Committee of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry offers this review of the 2021 dental literature in restorative dentistry to inform busy dentists regarding noteworthy scientific and clinical progress over the past year. Each member of the committee brings discipline-specific expertise to coverage of this broad topical area. Specific subject areas addressed, in order of the appearance in this report, include COVID-19 and the dental profession (new); prosthodontics; periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; implant dentistry; dental materials and therapeutics; occlusion and temporomandibular disorders; sleep-related breathing disorders; oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and dental caries and cariology. The authors focused their efforts on reporting information likely to influence daily dental treatment decisions with an emphasis on future trends in dentistry. With the tremendous volume of dentistry and related literature being published daily, this review cannot possibly be comprehensive. Rather, its purpose is to update interested readers and provide important resource material for those interested in pursuing greater details on their own. It remains our intent to assist colleagues in negotiating the extensive volume of important information being published annually. It is our hope that readers find this work useful in successfully managing the patients and dental problems they encounter.
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26
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Dioguardi M, Cantore S, Sovereto D, La Femina L, Spirito F, Caloro GA, Caroprese M, Maci M, Scacco S, Lo Muzio L, Di Cosola M, Troiano G, Ballini A. Does miR-197 Represent a Valid Prognostic Biomarker in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)? A Systematic Review and Trial Sequential Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091436. [PMID: 36143221 PMCID: PMC9501311 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Between tumors of the head and neck region, the squamous cell variant (HNSCC) is the most common and represents one of the main neoplasms affecting humans. At the base of carcinogenesis processes, there are genetic alterations whose regulation can be influenced by changes in the expression of microRNA (miR). Consequently, despite recent studies indicating miR-197 as a potential prognostic biomarker of survival for many varieties of cancer, there are currently no systematic reviews and trial sequential/bioinformatics/meta-analysis regarding the role of miR-197 in HNSCC. Our hypothesis was that with the existing literature, it is possible to clarify whether the different expressions of miR-197 in neoplastic tissues can represent a prognostic biomarker of survival in head and neck tumors. (2) Methods: The systematic review was reported following the indications of PRISMA and by consulting six electronic databases (including one register). Moreover, this review was carried out using the Kaplan–Meier plotter database portal, and hazard ratio (HR) data were extracted. Finally, a trial sequential analysis (TSA) was conducted to test the robustness of the proposed meta-analysis. (3) Results: This search identified 1119 articles and outcomes of the meta-analysis, reporting an aggregate HR for overall survival (OS) between the highest and lowest miR-197 expression of 1.01, 95% CI: [1.00, 1.02]. (4) Conclusions: We can state that, from the literature data included in the present meta-analysis, and from the TSA and bioinformatics analysis data, miR-197 does not currently represent a valid prognostic biomarker for HNSCC, although the data provided by the Kaplan–Meier plotter suggest that miR-197 can serve as a putative biomarker in short-term (5 years) survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Independent Researcher, 70129 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Diego Sovereto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lucia La Femina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Spirito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Apollonia Caloro
- Unità Operativa Nefrologia e Dialisi, Presidio Ospedaliero Scorrano, ASL (Azienda Sanitaria Locale) Lecce, Via Giuseppina Delli Ponti, 73020 Scorrano, Italy
| | - Marino Caroprese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marta Maci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Di Cosola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Dioguardi M, Cantore S, Sovereto D, La Femina L, Caloro GA, Spirito F, Scacco S, Di Cosola M, Lo Muzio L, Troiano G, Ballini A. Potential Role of miR-196a and miR-196b as Prognostic Biomarkers of Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081269. [PMID: 36013448 PMCID: PMC9410063 DOI: 10.3390/life12081269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenetic mechanisms involving tumor genesis, including alteration of cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and death, may lead to alterations in microRNAs (miR) expression. The hypothesis is that with the presence in the literature of recent studies conducted on miR-196a and miR-196b, it is possible to clearly determine, by aggregating the results, whether miR-196 upregulation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues can represent a prognostic biomarker of survival through hazard ratio (HR) analysis. The systematic review was conducted following the indications of the PRISMA, and four electronic databases were used (Science Direct, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Cochrane Central), with the addition of gray literature. Combinations of keywords were used, such as miR-196, miR-196 AND HNSCC, microRNA AND HNSCC, LSCC AND miR-196, OSCC AND miR-196, OPSCC AND miR-196, HSCC AND miR-196. The meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed using RevMan 5.41 software and Stata 13 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) with the implementation of the R 4.2 software. This search identified 1593 reports and, at the end of the selection, five articles were inserted. The results of the meta-analysis report an aggregate HR for overall survival (OS), between the highest and lowest miR-196 expression of 1.67, 95% CI: [1.16, 2.49]. In this meta-analysis, we found that the forest plot is in favor of higher OS in HNSCC patients, compared with the control, with low miR-196 expression, correlating this data with a favorable prognosis, which indicated the potential role of this miRNA in strengthening the therapy sensitiveness of the HNSCC patients. Consequently, the present systematic review places itself, together with other systematic reviews on this topic, in a key role to the finding of Phase 3 clinical trials studies, in search for a prognostic model of miR-196 for HNSCC. In conclusion, with the limitations of the meta-analysis, it can be argued that miRs of the miR-196 family could be independent prognostic biomarkers of survival for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Independent Researcher, Sorriso & Benessere-Ricerca e Clinica, 70129 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Diego Sovereto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lucia La Femina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Apollonia Caloro
- Unità Operativa Nefrologia e Dialisi, Presidio Ospedaliero Scorrano, ASL (Azienda Sanitaria Locale) Lecce, Via Giuseppina Delli Ponti, 73020 Scorrano, Italy
| | - Francesca Spirito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Di Cosola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Bao F, Liu J, Chen H, Miao L, Xu Z, Zhang G. Diagnosis Biomarkers of Cholangiocarcinoma in Human Bile: An Evidence-Based Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163921. [PMID: 36010914 PMCID: PMC9406189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A liquid biopsy has the characteristics of low trauma and easy acquisition in the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Many researchers try to find diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of CCA through blood, urine, bile and other body fluids. Due to the close proximity of bile to the lesion and the stable nature, bile gradually comes into people’s view. The evaluation of human bile diagnostic biomarkers is not only to the benefit of screening more suitable clinical markers but also of exploring the pathological changes of the disease. Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a multifactorial malignant tumor of the biliary tract, and the incidence of CCA is increasing in recent years. At present, the diagnosis of CCA mainly depends on imaging and invasive examination, with limited specificity and sensitivity and late detection. The early diagnosis of CCA always faces the dilemma of lacking specific diagnostic biomarkers. Non-invasive methods to assess the degree of CAA have been developed throughout the last decades. Among the many specimens looking for CCA biomarkers, bile has gotten a lot of attention lately. This paper mainly summarizes the recent developments in the current research on the diagnostic biomarkers for CCA in human bile at the levels of the gene, protein, metabolite, extracellular vesicles and volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bao
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Lu Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (G.Z.)
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Liquid Biopsy and Circulating Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Precancerous and Cancerous Oral Lesions. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8040060. [PMID: 36005828 PMCID: PMC9414906 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, accounting for 2% of all cases annually and 1.8% of all cancer deaths. To date, tissue biopsy and histopathological analyses are the gold standard methods for the diagnosis of oral cancers. However, oral cancer is generally diagnosed at advanced stages with a consequent poor 5-year survival (~50%) due to limited screening programs and inefficient physical examination strategies. To address these limitations, liquid biopsy is recently emerging as a novel minimally invasive tool for the early identification of tumors as well as for the evaluation of tumor heterogeneity and prognosis of patients. Several studies have demonstrated that liquid biopsy in oral cancer could be useful for the detection of circulating biomarkers including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, and exosomes, thus improving diagnostic strategies and paving the way to personalized medicine. However, the application of liquid biopsy in oral cancer is still limited and further studies are needed to better clarify its clinical impact. The present manuscript aims to provide an updated overview of the potential use of liquid biopsy as an additional tool for the management of oral lesions by describing the available methodologies and the most promising biomarkers.
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Thomaidou AC, Batsaki P, Adamaki M, Goulielmaki M, Baxevanis CN, Zoumpourlis V, Fortis SP. Promising Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer: The Most Clinically Important miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158257. [PMID: 35897831 PMCID: PMC9367895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors that extend from the oral cavity to the upper gastrointestinal tract. The principal etiologic factors for oral tumors include tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, while human papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been accused of a high incidence of pharyngeal tumors. Accordingly, HPV detection has been extensively used to categorize carcinomas of the head and neck. The diverse nature of HNC highlights the necessity for novel, sensitive, and precise biomarkers for the prompt diagnosis of the disease, its successful monitoring, and the timely prognosis of patient clinical outcomes. In this context, the identification of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) and/or the detection of alterations in their expression patterns, in a variety of somatic fluids and tissues, could serve as valuable biomarkers for precision oncology. In the present review, we summarize some of the most frequently studied miRNAs (including miR-21, -375, -99, -34a, -200, -31, -125a/b, -196a/b, -9, -181a, -155, -146a, -23a, -16, -29, and let-7), their role as biomarkers, and their implication in HNC pathogenesis. Moreover, we designate the potential of given miRNAs and miRNA signatures as novel diagnostic and prognostic tools for successful patient stratification. Finally, we discuss the currently ongoing clinical trials that aim to identify the diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility of miRNAs in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsinoe C. Thomaidou
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Panagiota Batsaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
| | - Constantin N. Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.C.T.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (S.P.F.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3730 (V.Z.); +30-210-640-9462 (S.P.F.)
| | - Sotirios P. Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (S.P.F.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3730 (V.Z.); +30-210-640-9462 (S.P.F.)
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Babu S, Krishnan M, Priya Veeraraghavan V, Jayaraman S. Role of salivary miRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2022; 132:105993. [PMID: 35763912 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.105993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamaladevi Babu
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.
| | - Madhan Krishnan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - Vishu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India.
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A lateral flow strip biosensor platform based on cascade nucleic acid amplification technology for ultrasensitive detection of OSCC-associated salivary MicroRNA. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The Prognostic Role of miR-31 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095334. [PMID: 35564727 PMCID: PMC9105938 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with high recurrence, metastasis, and poor treatment outcome. Prognostic survival biomarkers can be a valid tool for assessing a patient's life expectancy and directing therapy toward specific targets. Recent studies have reported microRNA (miR) might play a critical role in regulating different types of cancer. The main miR used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and reported in the scientific literature for HNSCC is miR-21. Other miRs have been investigated to a lesser extent (miR-99a, miR-99b, miR-100, miR-143, miR-155, miR-7, miR-424, miR-183), but among these, the one that has attracted major interest is the miR-31. METHODS The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, with the use of combinations of keywords, such as miR-31 AND HNSCC, microRNA AND HNSCC, and miR-31. The meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.41 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). RESULTS This search produced 721 records, which, after the elimination of duplicates and the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to 4 articles. The meta-analysis was conducted by applying fixed-effects models, given the low rate of heterogeneity (I2 = 40%). The results of the meta-analysis report an aggregate hazard ratio (HR) for the overall survival (OS), between the highest and lowest miR-31 expression, of 1.59, with the relative intervals of confidence (1.22 2.07). Heterogeneity was evaluated through Chi2 = 5.04 df = 3 (p = 0.17) and the Higgins index I2 = 40; testing for the overall effect was Z = 3.44 (p = 0.00006). The forest plot shows us a worsening HR value of OS, in relation to the elevated expression of miR-31. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the data resulting from the current meta-analysis suggest that miR-31 is associated with the prognosis of patients with HNSCC and that elevated miR-31 expression could predict a poor prognosis in patients with this type of neoplasm.
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Lin X, Wu W, Ying Y, Luo J, Xu X, Zheng L, Wu W, Yang S, Zhao S. MicroRNA-31: a pivotal oncogenic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:140. [PMID: 35351880 PMCID: PMC8964740 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) continuously constitutes a major challenge for treatment and prognosis due to approximately half of treated OSCC patients dying from locoregional recurrences and distant metastases. MicroRNA-31 (miR-31), an early mammalian miRNA identified, has been gaining importance in the field of OSCC research in recent years. This comprehensive review was conducted for the first time to summarize the current evidence on the association between miR-31 and OSCC. The vast majority of relevant studies (20/21, 95%) demonstrated that miR-31 was an oncogenic factor in the tumorigenesis and progression of OSCC. miR-31 expression is significantly upregulated in plasma, saliva, and tumor tissue of OSCC. miR-31 played an essential role in OSCC development by constituting a complex network with its targeted genes (e.g. RhoA, FIH, ACOX1, VEGF, SIRT3, LATS2, KANK1, and NUMB) and the signaling cascades (e.g. EGF-AKT signaling axis, ERK-MMP9 cascade, Hippo pathway, Wnt signaling, and MCT1/MCT4 regulatory cascade). This review highlights that miR-31 might function as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker for OSCC. Further studies are still warranted to better illuminate the clinicopathological features and the molecular mechanisms of miR-31-mediated OSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weizhou Wu
- Department of Urology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yukang Ying
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuhui Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxia Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weili Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suqing Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Dioguardi M, Spirito F, Sovereto D, Alovisi M, Troiano G, Aiuto R, Garcovich D, Crincoli V, Laino L, Cazzolla AP, Caloro GA, Di Cosola M, Lo Muzio L. MicroRNA-21 Expression as a Prognostic Biomarker in Oral Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063396. [PMID: 35329083 PMCID: PMC8948874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oral carcinoma represents one of the main carcinomas of the head and neck region, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. Smoking and tobacco use are recognized risk factors. Prognostic survival biomarkers can be a valid tool for assessing a patient’s life expectancy and directing therapy towards specific targets. Among the biomarkers, the alteration of miR-21 expression in tumor tissues is increasingly reported as a valid prognostic biomarker of survival for oral cancer. The purpose of this meta-analysis was, therefore, to investigate and summarize the results in the literature concerning the potential prognostic expression of tissue miR-21 in patients with OSCC. Methods: The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, with the use of combinations of keywords, such as miR-21 AND oral cancer, microRNA AND oral cancer, and miR-21. The meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.41 software. Results: At the end of the article-selection process, 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis, and the result for the main outcome was a pooled HR per overall survival (OS) of 1.29 (1.16–1.44) between high and low expression of miR-21. Conclusions: The data in the literature and the results emerging from the systematic review indicate that miR-21 can provide a prognostic indication in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (D.S.); (G.T.); (A.P.C.); (M.D.C.); (L.L.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Spirito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (D.S.); (G.T.); (A.P.C.); (M.D.C.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Diego Sovereto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (D.S.); (G.T.); (A.P.C.); (M.D.C.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Mario Alovisi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10127 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (D.S.); (G.T.); (A.P.C.); (M.D.C.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Riccardo Aiuto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniele Garcovich
- Department of Dentistry, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Paseo de la Alameda 7, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Vito Crincoli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Division of Complex Operating Unit of Dentistry, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luigi Laino
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angela Pia Cazzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (D.S.); (G.T.); (A.P.C.); (M.D.C.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Giorgia Apollonia Caloro
- Unità Operativa Nefrologia e Dialisi, Presidio Ospedaliero Scorrano, ASL (Azienda Sanitaria Locale) Lecce, Via Giuseppina Delli Ponti, 73020 Scorrano, Italy;
| | - Michele Di Cosola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (D.S.); (G.T.); (A.P.C.); (M.D.C.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (D.S.); (G.T.); (A.P.C.); (M.D.C.); (L.L.M.)
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Shabbir A, Waheed H, Ahmed S, Shaikh SS, Farooqui WA. Association of salivary Cathepsin B in different histological grades among patients presenting with oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:63. [PMID: 35260133 PMCID: PMC8905853 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer is considered a major public health problem due to its high mortality and morbidity rates. Survival rate of OSCC can be significantly improved by using non-invasive tool such as salivary biomarkers for detection of OSCC which is considered a promising approach. Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease, present in abundant quantities in lysosome of cells, tissues and different biological fluids. Increased expression of Cathepsin B was observed in many malignancies including oral cancer. The present study was designed to determine the salivary levels of Cathepsin B in different histological grades of OSCC. METHOD In this study, total no. of 80 research participants were enrolled which were divided into four groups. Each group comprised 20 participants, group 1 comprised 20 patients of OSCC (well differentiated), group 2 comprised 20 patients of OSCC (moderately differentiated), group 3 comprised 20 patients of OSCC (poorly differentiated) and group 4 comprised 20 healthy controls. Saliva sample was collected from all the four study groups and salivary Cathepsin B levels were analyzed by ELISA sandwich technique in duplicate. RESULTS Salivary levels of Cathepsin B were significantly increased with p value (< 0.001) in patients of OSCC as compared to control group according to both histological grades and tumor size. Highest mean Cathepsin B levels in well differentiated OSCC followed by poorly differentiated OSCC and moderately differentiated OSCC were observed. CONCLUSION Results of the present study suggests that Cathepsin B has a great value as a salivary biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of OSCC in different histological grades. This will further lead to increase survival rate and improve the prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alveena Shabbir
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Humera Waheed
- Department of Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Shaheen Ahmed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Waqas Ahmed Farooqui
- Department of School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Manzano-Moreno FJ, Costela-Ruiz VJ, García-Recio E, Olmedo-Gaya MV, Ruiz C, Reyes-Botella C. Role of Salivary MicroRNA and Cytokines in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12215. [PMID: 34830096 PMCID: PMC8624198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent oral malignant tumor worldwide. An early diagnosis can have a major positive impact on its prognosis. Human saliva contains cytokines, DNA and RNA molecules, circulating cells, and derivatives of tissues and extracellular vesicles, among other factors that can serve as biomarkers. Hence, the analysis of saliva may provide useful information for the early diagnosis of OSCC for its prognosis. The objective of this review was to determine the potential usefulness of salivary biomarkers (cytokines and microRNA) to diagnose OSCC and improve its prognosis. A combination of salivary miRNA and proteomic data could allow a definitive and early diagnosis to be obtained. However, there remains a need to optimize and standardize the protocols used to quantify miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Manzano-Moreno
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (C.R.-B.)
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Victor J. Costela-Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Recio
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Melilla, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
| | | | - Concepción Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Candelaria Reyes-Botella
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (C.R.-B.)
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
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Ferreira TJ, de Araújo CC, Lima ACDS, Matida LM, Griebeler AFM, Coelho ASG, Gontijo APM, Cominetti C, Vêncio EF, Horst MA. Dietary Intake is Associated with miR-31 and miR-375 Expression in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2049-2058. [PMID: 34647497 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1990972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important epigenetic regulators in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with miR-31 being considered an oncomir and miR-375, a tumor suppressor miR, which are up- and down-regulated in HNSCC, respectively. Nutrients are known to influence miRNA expression; however, this association is poorly explored in HNSCC. This work aimed to identify associations between dietary intake and the expression of miR-31 and miR-375 in patients newly diagnosed with HNSCC. The expression of miR-31 was positively associated with the consumption of iron (β = 16.65) and vitamin C (β = 0.37), and inversely associated with total sugar (β = -0.88), cholesterol (β= -0.23), vitamin B9 (β= -0.37) and zinc (β = -5.66) intake. The expression of miR-375 was positively associated with the consumption of selenium (β = 1.52), vitamin C (β = 0.17) and vitamin D (β = 13.01), and inversely associated with the consumption of added sugar (β = -0.49), phosphorus (β= -0.27) and vitamin B12 (β = -10.80). Our findings showed important associations between dietary intake and miR-31 and miR-375 expression in HNSCC, offering possible directions for further studies investigating how nutrients interfere with carcinogenesis.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1990972 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathiany Jéssica Ferreira
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Caroline Castro de Araújo
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Morinaga Matida
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cristiane Cominetti
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Aderuza Horst
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
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Cheng AJ, You GR, Lee CJ, Lu YC, Tang SJ, Huang YF, Huang YC, Lee LY, Fan KH, Chen YC, Huang SF, Chang JTC. Systemic Investigation Identifying Salivary miR-196b as a Promising Biomarker for Early Detection of Head-Neck Cancer and Oral Precancer Lesions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081411. [PMID: 34441345 PMCID: PMC8392418 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liquid biopsy is a rapidly growing field, for it may provide a minimally invasive way to acquire pathological data for personalized medicine. This study developed a systemic strategy to discover an effective salivary biomarker for early detection of patients with head-neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) and oral precancer lesion (OPC). Methods: A total of 10 miRNAs were examined in parallel with multiple independent cohorts. These included a training set of salivary samples from HNSC patients, the TCGA-HNSC and GSE31277 cohorts to differentiate miRNAs between tumor and normal tissues, and groups of salivary samples from healthy individuals, patients with HNSC and OPC. Results: The combined results from the salivary training set and the TCGA-HNSC cohort showed that four miRNAs (miR-148b, miR-155, miR-196b, and miR-31) consistently increased in HNSC patients. Further integration with the GSE31277 cohort, two miRNAs (miR-31 and miR-196b) maintained at high significances. Further assessment showed that salivary miR-196b was a prominent diagnostic biomarker, as it remarkably discriminated between healthy individuals and patients with HNSC (p < 0.0001, AUC = 0.767, OR = 5.64) or OPC (p < 0.0001, AUC = 0.979, OR = 459). Conclusion: Salivary miR-196b could be an excellent biomarker for diagnosing OPC and early detection of HNSC. This molecule may be used for early screening high-risk groups of HNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
| | - Che-Jui Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
| | - Shang-Ju Tang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Huang
- Department of General Dentistry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Kang-Hsing Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236017, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Shiang-Fu Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
| | - Joseph Tung-Chieh Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-328-1200
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