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Yang C, Yu Y, An J. Effect of High-Sucrose Diet on the Occurrence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and Dietary Modification Strategies. Nutrients 2024; 16:1393. [PMID: 38732638 PMCID: PMC11085904 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
As the most serious of the many worse new pathological changes caused by diabetes, there are many risk factors for the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). They mainly include hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and so on. Among them, hyperglycemia is the most critical cause, and plays a vital role in the pathological changes of DR. High-sucrose diets (HSDs) lead to elevated blood glucose levels in vivo, which, through oxidative stress, inflammation, the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cause plenty of pathological damages to the retina and ultimately bring about loss of vision. The existing therapies for DR primarily target the terminal stage of the disease, when irreversible visual impairment has appeared. Therefore, early prevention is particularly critical. The early prevention of DR-related vision loss requires adjustments to dietary habits, mainly by reducing sugar intake. This article primarily discusses the risk factors, pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms associated with the development of DR caused by HSDs. It aims to raise awareness of the crucial role of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR, promote timely changes in dietary habits, prevent vision loss and improve the quality of life. The aim is to make people aware of the importance of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR. According to the dietary modification strategies that we give, patients can change their poor eating habits in a timely manner to avoid theoretically avoidable retinopathy and obtain an excellent prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China;
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou 325101, China
| | - Yifei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhong An
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China;
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou 325101, China
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Reihanifar T, Şahin M, Stefek M, Ceylan AF, Karasu Ç. Cemtirestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor and antioxidant compound, induces ocular defense against oxidative and inflammatory stress in rat models for glycotoxicity. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:622-632. [PMID: 37272424 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructose, endogenously produced as a consequence of activation of the polyol pathway under hyperglycemic conditions, contribute to formation of advanced glycoxidation end products (AGEs) and carbonyl stress. Oxidative stress is increased in diabetes (DM) due to AGEs formation and the utilization of NADPH by aldo-keto reductase, AKR1B1(AR), the first enzyme in polyol pathway. Since inhibition of AR is an attractive approach for the management of diabetic eye diseases, we aimed to compare the effects of a novel AR inhibitor (ARI)/antioxidant (AO) compound cemtirestat on eye tissues with the effects of ARI drug epalrestat and AO agent stobadine in rat model for glycotoxicity. One group of rats was fed high fructose (10% drinking water; 14 weeks), while type-2 DM was induced in the other group of rats with fructose plus streptozotocin (40 mg/kg-bw/day). Diabetic (D) and nondiabetic fructose-fed rats (F) were either untreated or treated with two different doses of cemtirestat (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg-bw/day), epalrestat (25 and 50 mg/kg-bw/day), or stobadine (25 and 50 mg/kg-bw/day) for 14 weeks. Cemtirestat, epalrestat, and stobadine elaviate the increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-ƙB, and caspase-3 in retina, lens, cornea, and sclera of F and D rats. Both glycotoxicity models resulted in a decrease in GSH to GSSG ratio and a change in glutathione S-transferase activity in eye tissues, but these alterations were improved especially with cemtirestat and stobadine. Lens D-sorbitol of D rats increased more than that of F rats, this increase was only attenuated by cemtirestat and epalrestat. Epalrestat was more effective than cemtirestat and stobadine in inhibiting the increase of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina of F and D rats. Cemtirestat and stobadine but not epalrestat decreased high level of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine in the lens and retina of F and D rats. Cemtirestat is a potential therapeutic in protecting the rat eye against glycotoxicity insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala Reihanifar
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Şahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara City Hospital General Hospital (MHC), Eye Section, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Aslı F Ceylan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
The rational of this study to find out the impact of auxins in prevention of diabetic complications in rats. Seventy-five rats were randomly grouped into five groups: Group I; control (n = 15). (Groups 2-5, 60 rats) were received a single dose of STZ i.p, at dose of 65 mg/kg for induction diabetes. Group II; diabetic untreated. Group III; Rats were given auxin subcutaneous (2.5 µg/kg b.w). Group IV; rats were given auxin (5 µg/kg b.w). Group V; rats were injected insulin (5 units/kg b.w/day) as positive control. Treatment of diabetic rats with auxin (2.5 or 5 ug/kg b.w) for 8 weeks reversed the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. The protective effect of auxin due to defence against oxygen free radicals production in retinal tissue. Also, auxin inhibit formation of AGEs and inhibit release of inflammatory mediators. It was concluded that, auxin may be used as promising therapeutic agents against diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman L Al-Malki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Dammak A, Huete-Toral F, Carpena-Torres C, Martin-Gil A, Pastrana C, Carracedo G. From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1376. [PMID: 34575451 PMCID: PMC8467715 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most irreversible blindness observed with glaucoma and retina-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, have their origin in the posterior segment of the eye, making their physiopathology both complex and interconnected. In addition to the age factor, these diseases share the same mechanism disorder based essentially on oxidative stress. In this context, the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly by mitochondria and their elimination by protective mechanisms leads to chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation share a close pathophysiological process, appearing simultaneously and suggesting a relationship between both mechanisms. The biochemical end point of these two biological alarming systems is the release of different biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis. Furthermore, oxidative stress, initiating in the vulnerable tissue of the posterior segment, is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation, which are involved in each disease progression. In this review, we have analyzed (1) the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the back of the eye, (2) the importance of biomarkers, detected in systemic or ocular fluids, for the diagnosis of eye diseases based on recent studies, and (3) the treatment of posterior ocular diseases, based on long-term clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Dammak
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Fernando Huete-Toral
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Carpena-Torres
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Alba Martin-Gil
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Pastrana
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Carracedo
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
- Department of Optometry and Vsiion, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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Kovacikova L, Prnova MS, Majekova M, Bohac A, Karasu C, Stefek M. Development of Novel Indole-Based Bifunctional Aldose Reductase Inhibitors/Antioxidants as Promising Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetic Complications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102867. [PMID: 34066081 PMCID: PMC8151378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR, ALR2), the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, is implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) thus present a promising therapeutic approach to treat a wide array of diabetic complications. Moreover, a therapeutic potential of ARIs in the treatment of chronic inflammation-related pathologies and several genetic metabolic disorders has been recently indicated. Substituted indoles are an interesting group of compounds with a plethora of biological activities. This article reviews a series of indole-based bifunctional aldose reductase inhibitors/antioxidants (ARIs/AOs) developed during recent years. Experimental results obtained in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of diabetic complications are presented. Structure–activity relationships with respect to carboxymethyl pharmacophore regioisomerization and core scaffold modification are discussed along with the criteria of ‘drug-likeness”. Novel promising structures of putative multifunctional ARIs/AOs are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kovacikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Majekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrej Bohac
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Biomagi, Inc., Mamateyova 26, 851 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Alomar SY, M Barakat B, Eldosoky M, Atef H, Mohamed AS, Elhawary R, El-Shafey M, Youssef AM, Elkazaz AY, Gabr AM, Elaskary AA, Salih MAK, Alolayan SO, Zaitone SA. Protective effect of metformin on rat diabetic retinopathy involves suppression of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-k B expression and glutamate excitotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107193. [PMID: 33246827 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus are progressively significant reasons for mortality. Metformin (MET) is considered as the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes patients, and may be especially beneficial in cases of diabetic retinopathy although the precise mechanisms of MET action are not fully elucidated. The current study was designed to inspect the antioxidant and modulatory actions of MET on DRET in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effect of MET on the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NFkB), inflammatory burden and glutamate excitotoxicity was assessed. Twenty-four male rats were assigned to four experimental groups: (1) Vehicle group, (2) Diabetic control: developed diabetes by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). (3&4) Diabetic + MET group: diabetic rats were left for 9 weeks without treatment and then received oral MET 100 and 200 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Retinal samples were utilized in biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies. MET administration significantly decreased retinal level of insulin growth factor and significantly suppressed the diabetic induced increase of malondialdehyde, glutamate, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Further, MET decreased the retinal mRNA expression of NFkB, tumor necrosis factor-α and TLR4 in diabetic rats. The current findings shed the light on MET's efficacy as an adjuvant therapy to hinder the development of diabetic retinopathy, at least partly, via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced NFkB/TLR4 pathway and suppression of glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Y Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bassant M Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eldosoky
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Sciences, Jubail Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoda Atef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaty Shawky Mohamed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda Elhawary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shafey
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Physiological Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Youssef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany Y Elkazaz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Portsaid University, Portsaid, Egypt
| | - Attia M Gabr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed A K Salih
- Ophthalmology Department, Al-Azher Asyut Faculty of Medicine for Men, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Sultan Othman Alolayan
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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Combatting Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation with Novel Substituted Triazinoindole Inhibitors of Aldose Reductase in PC12 Cells Exposed to 6-Hydroxydopamine Plus High Glucose. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:210-226. [PMID: 33146867 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular redox dysregulation produced by aldose reductase (AR) in the presence of high blood sugar is a mechanism involved in neurodegeneration commonly observed in diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD); therefore, AR is a key target for treatment of both diseases. The substituted triazinoindole derivatives 2-(3-thioxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5(3H)-yl) acetic acid (cemtirestat or CMTI) and 2-(3-oxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5(3H)-yl) acetic acid (COTI) are well-known AR inhibitors (ARIs). The neuroprotective properties of CMTI, COTI, the clinically used epalrestat (EPA), and the pyridoindole antioxidants stobadine and SMe1EC2 were all tested in the neurotoxic models produced by hyperglycemic glucotoxicity (HG, 75 mM D-glucose, 72 h), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and HG+6-OHDA models in PC12 cells. Cell viability decreased in all toxic models, increased by 1-5 μM EPA, and decreased by COTI at ≥ 2.5 μM. In the HG model alone, where compounds were present in the medium for 24 h after a continuous 24-h exposure to HG, cell viability was improved by 100 nM-5 μM EPA, 1-10 μM ARIs, and the antioxidants studied, but decreased by EPA at ≥ 10 μM. In the 6-OHDA model alone, where cells were treated with compounds for 24 h and further exposed to 100 μM 6-OHDA (8 h), only the antioxidants protected cell viability. In the HG+6-OHDA model, where cells were treated with all compounds (1 nM to 50 μM) for 48 h and exposed to 75 mM glucose for 24 h followed by incubation with 6-OHDA for 8 h, cell viability was protected by 100 nM-10 μM ARIs and 100-500 nM EPA, but not by antioxidants. All ARIs inhibited the HG+6-OHDA-induced increase in iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, 3-NT, and total oxidant status at 1-50 μM, while increased SOD, CAT, GPx, and total antioxidant status at 1-10 μM. EPA and CMTI also reduced the HG+6-OHDA-induced increase in the cellular levels of nuclear factor kB (NF-KB). The neuroprotective potential of the novel ARIs and the pyridoindole antioxidants studied constitutes a promising tool for the development of therapeutic strategies against DM-induced and PD-related neurodegeneration.
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Skourtis G, Krontira A, Ntaoula S, Ferlemi AV, Zeliou K, Georgakopoulos C, Margarity GM, Lamari NF, Pharmakakis N. Protective antioxidant effects of saffron extract on retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rom J Ophthalmol 2020; 64:394-403. [PMID: 33367177 PMCID: PMC7739020 DOI: 10.22336/rjo.2020.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Crocus sativus L. styles (saffron) extract on oxidative stress indices of retina in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (n=20) were randomized into the following 4 groups (n=6-7/ group): Control group (C): normal, Control + Saffron group (CS): non-diabetic rats treated with 60 mg/ kg of saffron extract, Diabetic group (D) and Diabetic + Saffron group (DS): diabetic rats treated with 60 mg/ kg saffron extract. We determined the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) as markers of antioxidant response, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Results: Induction of diabetes caused a significant decline in the activities of CAT (76.43%), SOD (53.43%) and GPx (77.58%). MDA levels were significantly lower in the DS group (0.878 ± 0.375 nmol MDA/ mg protein) as compared to D group (1.950 ± 0.299 nmol MDA/ mg protein, p<0.01) and in the CS group (0.503 ± 0.221) in comparison to C group (1.699 ± 0.454, p<0.01). Moreover, SOD and GPx activities were significantly higher (more than 1.5 and 3.5-fold respectively) after treatment with saffron (p<0.01). Regarding the retinas of non-diabetic animals, the administration of the extract caused an > 1.8-fold increase in the activity of CAT (p<0.05) and a 3-fold decrease in MDA levels (p<0.01). Conclusions: This study showed that saffron extract has a protective antioxidant action in retinas of diabetic rats. Abbreviations: C = Control group, CS = non-diabetic rats diabetic rats treated with 60 mg/ kg saffron extract, D = diabetic group, DS = diabetic rats treated with 60 mg/ kg saffron extract, SOD = superoxide dismutase, GPx = glutathione peroxidase, CAT = catalase, MDA = malondialdehyde, DM = diabetes mellitus, DR = diabetic retinopathy, ROS = reactive oxygen species, STZ = streptozotocin, GSH = reduced glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skourtis
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Anthi Krontira
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavroula Ntaoula
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Anastasia Varvara Ferlemi
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Konstantina Zeliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Fotini Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
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Valachová K, Mach M, Šoltés L. Oxidative Degradation of High-Molar-Mass Hyaluronan: Effects of Some Indole Derivatives to Hyaluronan Decay. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165609. [PMID: 32764392 PMCID: PMC7460571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives such as isatin (a natural compound), cemtirestat, stobadine, and its derivatives (synthetic compounds) are known to have numerous positive effects on human health due to regulation of oxidative status. The aim of the study was to assess radical scavenging capacities of these compounds and explore their potential protective effects against reactive oxygen species formed during Cu(II) ions and ascorbate-induced degradation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan. Based on the IC50 values determined by the ABTS assay, the most effective compound was SM1M3EC2·HCl reaching the value ≈ 11 µmol/L. The lowest IC50 value reached in the DPPH assay was reported for cemtirestat ≈ 3 µmol/L. Great potency of inhibition of hyaluronan degradation was shown by cemtirestat, followed by isatin even at low concentration 10 µmol/L. On the other hand, stobadine·2HCl had also a protective effect on hyaluronan degradation, however at greater concentrations compared to cemtirestat or isatin. SME1i-ProC2·HCl reported to be a less effective compound and SM1M3EC2·HCl can be considered almost ineffective compared to stobadine·2HCl. In conclusion, our results showed that both isatin and cemtirestat were capable of attenuating the degradation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan due to their ability to complex/sequester cupric ions.
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Koprdova R, Csatlosova K, Durisova B, Bogi E, Majekova M, Dremencov E, Mach M. Electrophysiology and Behavioral Assessment of the New Molecule SMe1EC2M3 as a Representative of the Future Class of Triple Reuptake Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234218. [PMID: 31757051 PMCID: PMC6930491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SMe1EC2M3 is a pyridoindole derivative related to the neuroleptic drug carbidine. Based on the structural similarities of SMe1EC2M3 and known serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors, we hypothesized that this compound may also have triple reuptake inhibition efficacy and an antidepressant-like effect. PreADMET and Dragon software was used for in silico prediction of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SMe1EC2M3. Forced swim test was used to evaluate its antidepressant-like effects. Extracellular in vivo electrophysiology was used to assess 5-HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibition efficacy of SMe1EC2M3. PreADMET predicted reasonable intestinal absorption, plasma protein binding, and blood-brain permeability for SMe1EC2M3. Dragon forecasted its efficiency as an antidepressant. Using behavioral measurements, it was found that SMe1EC2M3 decreased immobility time and increase swimming time during the forced swim test (FST). Electrophysiological investigations showed that SMe1EC2M3 dose-dependently suppressed the excitability of 5-HT neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), and dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The SMe1EC2M3-induced suppression of 5-HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine neurons was reversed by the antagonists of serotonin-1A (5-HT1A; WAY100135), α-2 adrenergic (α2, yohimbine), and dopamine-2 receptors (D2, haloperidol), respectively. We conclude that SMe1EC2M3 is prospective triple 5-HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor with antidepressant-like properties, however future studies should be performed to complete the pharmacological profiling of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Koprdova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.K.)
| | - Kristina Csatlosova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.K.)
| | - Barbora Durisova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eszter Bogi
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.K.)
| | - Magdalena Majekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.K.)
| | - Eliyahu Dremencov
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mojmir Mach
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-3229-5718
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11
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Moselhy SS, Razvi SS, ALshibili FA, Kuerban A, Hasan MN, Balamash KS, Huwait EA, Abdulaal WH, Al-Ghamdi MA, Kumosani TA, Abulnaja KO, Al-Malki AL, Asami T, Ismail IM. m-Coumaric acid attenuates non-catalytic protein glycosylation in the retinas of diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:180-185. [PMID: 30363123 PMCID: PMC6140656 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of m-coumaric acid on the glycosylation of proteins in the retinas of diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into two main groups, Group I (normal control) and Group II (diabetic); Group II was further divided into four subgroups: Group IIa (diabetic control), Group IIb (diabetic rats were given m-coumaric acid orally [150 mg/kg, body weight (bw)/day]), Group IIc (diabetic rats were given HCA m-coumaric acid orally [300 mg/kg bw/day]), and Group IId (diabetic rats were given insulin [10 units/kg bw/day]) as a positive control). The treatment lasted for six weeks, and the data obtained suggested that m-coumaric acid reduced glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels, which further decreased the formation of glucose-derived advanced glycation end products. Hence, it protected the tissues from the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia and enhanced antioxidant activity. In conclusion, m-coumaric acid could be a potential candidate to prevent the onset and progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Salama Moselhy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Bioactive Natural Products Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Syed Shoeb Razvi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawzia A. ALshibili
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abudukadeer Kuerban
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nihal Hasan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah Saeed Balamash
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Etimad A. Huwait
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A. Al-Ghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha A. Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Omar Abulnaja
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Bioactive Natural Products Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Bioactive Natural Products Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tadao Asami
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Iman M. Ismail
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Ecinomics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Şakul A, Arı N, Sotnikova R, Ozansoy G, Karasu Ç. A pyridoindole antioxidant SMe1EC2 regulates contractility, relaxation ability, cation channel activity, and protein-carbonyl modifications in the aorta of young and old rats with or without diabetes mellitus. GeroScience 2018; 40:377-392. [PMID: 30054861 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of treatment with SMe1EC, a hexahydropyridoindole antioxidant, on vascular reactivity, endothelial function, and oxidonitrosative stress level of thoracic aorta in young and old rats with or without diabetes mellitus. The rats were grouped as young control (YC 3 months old), old control (OC 15 months old), young diabetic (YD), old diabetic (OD), young control treated (YCT), old control treated (OCT), young diabetic treated (YDT), and old diabetic treated (ODT). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection and subsequently SMe1EC2 (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered to YCT, OCT, YDT, and ODT rats for 5 months. In young and old rats, diabetes resulted in hypertension, weight loss, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, which were partially prevented by SMe1EC2. SMe1EC2 also inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in aorta levels of AGEs (advanced glycosylation end-protein adducts), 4-HNE (4-hydroxy-nonenal-histidine), 3-NT (3-nitrotyrosine), and RAGEs (receptors for AGEs). The contractions of the aorta rings to phenylephrine (Phe) and KCL did not significantly change, but acetylcholine (ACh) and salbutamol relaxations were reduced in OC compared to YC rats. Diabetes induction increased Phe contractions in YC and OC rats, KCL contractions in YC rats, and did not cause further inhibition in already inhibited ACh and salbutamol relaxations in OC rats. We have achieved the lowest levels of ACh relaxation in YD rats compared to other groups. SMe1EC2 did not change the response of aorta to ACh, salbutamol and Phe in YC rats, and ameliorated ACh relaxations in OC and YD but not in OD rats. In YDT and ODT rats, increased Phe and KCL contractions, high blood pressure, and impaired salbutamol relaxations were amended by SMe1EC2. Phe contractions observed in YD and OD rats as well as KCl contractions observed in OC rats were the lowest levels when the rats were treated with SMe1EC2. When the bath solution was shifted to cyclopiazonic acid (CYP) or CYP plus Ca2+-free medium, the contraction induced by a single dose of Phe (3 × 10-6 M) was more inhibited in YD and OD than in YC but not in OC rats. In SMe1EC2-treated rats, neither the presence of CFM nor CFM plus CYP exhibited a significant change in response of aorta to a single dose of Phe. These findings suggest that α1-adrenergic receptor signaling is activated in both age groups of diabetic rats, diabetes activates K+-depolarization and calcium mobilization via CaV especially in the aorta of young rats, and sensitizes the aorta of old rats to the regulating effect of SMe1EC2. ACh relaxations were inhibited in YC rats, increased in OC rats and unchanged in YD and OD rats when aortic rings pretreated with TEA, an inhibitor of calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa), or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), an inhibitor of voltage-sensitive K+ channels (KV). ACh relaxations were inhibited in YCT, OCT, and YDT rats in the presence of 4-AP or TEA. In ODT rats, 4-AP did not change ACh relaxation but TEA inhibited. These findings suggest that the contribution of Kv and KCa to ACh relaxation is likely upregulated by SMe1EC2 when the relaxations were inhibited by aging or diabetes. We conclude that SMe1EC2 might be a promising agent for aging and diabetes related vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Şakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuray Arı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ruzenna Sotnikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gülgün Ozansoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çimen Karasu
- Laboratory for Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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13
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Ischemic Retinopathies: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3940241. [PMID: 29410732 PMCID: PMC5749295 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3940241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies (IRs), such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and (in many cases) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are ocular disorders characterized by an initial phase of microvascular changes that results in ischemia, followed by a second phase of abnormal neovascularization that may culminate into retinal detachment and blindness. IRs are complex retinal conditions in which several factors play a key role during the development of the different pathological stages of the disease. Increasing evidence reveals that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are important contributors to the pathogenesis of IRs. Despite the beneficial effects of the photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy during neovascularization phase, the need to identify novel targets to prevent initial phases of these ocular pathologies is still needed. In this review, we provide an update on the involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation in the progression of IRs and address some therapeutic interventions by using antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Đorđević B, Sokolović D, Cvetković T, Jevtović-Stoimenov T, Despotović M, Veljković A, Bašić J, Đukić D, Stević N, Veličkov A, Milenković J, Milošević S. EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON PARAMETERS OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN THE RETINA OF RATS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2017. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2017.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Hernández C, Simó-Servat A, Bogdanov P, Simó R. Diabetic retinopathy: new therapeutic perspectives based on pathogenic mechanisms. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:925-935. [PMID: 28357783 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment and preventable blindness and represents a significant socioeconomic cost for healthcare systems worldwide. In early stages of DR the only therapeutic strategy that physicians can offer is a tight control of the risk factors for DR (mainly blood glucose and blood pressure). The currently available treatments for DR are applicable only at advanced stages of the disease and are associated with significant adverse effects. Therefore, new treatments for the early stages of DR are needed. However, in early stages of DR invasive treatments such as intravitreal injections are too aggressive, and topical treatment seems to be an emerging route. In the present review, therapeutic strategies based on the main pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of DR are reviewed. The main gap in the clinical setting is the treatment of early stages of DR and, therefore, this review emphasizes in this issue by giving an overview of potential druggable targets. By understanding of disease-specific pathogenic mechanisms, biological heterogeneity and progression patterns in early and advanced DR a more personalised approach to patient treatment will be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hernández
- CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Simó-Servat
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del LLobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Bogdanov
- CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Simó
- CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Simó R, Hernández C. Novel approaches for treating diabetic retinopathy based on recent pathogenic evidence. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:160-80. [PMID: 25936649 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy remains as a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Current treatments target late stages of DR when vision has already been significantly affected. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of DR would permit the development of more efficient preventional/interventional strategies against early stages of DR. In this article a critical review of the state of the art of this issue is provided along with a discussion of problems which have yet to be overcome. Neuroprotection as a new approach for the treatment of the early stages of DR has been particularly emphasized. The development and progression of DR is not homogeneous and, apart from blood glucose levels and blood pressure, it depends on genetic factors which remain to be elucidated. In addition, the role of the pathogenic pathways is not the same in all patients. All these factors should be taken into account in the near future when an individualized oriented treatment for DR could become feasible. The new techniques in retinal imaging acquisition, the identification of useful circulating biomarkers and the individualized analysis of biological samples could facilitate the development of early and personalized therapy in the setting of DR. Finally, it should be noted that only a coordinated action among ophthalmologists, diabetologists, basic researchers, experts in pharmaco-economics and health care providers addressed to the design of rational strategies targeting prevention and the early stages of DR will be effective in reducing the burden and improving the clinical outcome of this devastating complication of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Hernández
- CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Ergin V, Bali EB, Hariry RE, Karasu C. Natural products and the aging process. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 16:55-64. [PMID: 25436747 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Literature surveys show that the most of the research that have been conducted on the effect of herbal remedies on many tissue pathologies, including metabolic disturbances, cardiovascular decline, neurodegeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and skin inflammation, all lead to an accelerated aging process. The increased carbonylation of proteins (carbonyl stress) disturbing their function has been indicated as an underlying mechanism of cellular senescence and age-related diseases. Because it is also linked to the carbonyl stress, aging chronic disease and inflammation plays an important role in understanding the clinical implications of cellular stress response and relevant markers. Greater knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in several pathologies associated with aging would provide a better understanding to help us to develop suitable strategies, use specific targets to mitigate the effect of human aging, prevent particularly chronic degenerative diseases and improve quality of life. However, research is lacking on the herbal compounds affecting cellular aging signaling as well as studies regarding the action mechanism(s) of natural products in prevention of the age-related disease. This review provides leads for identifying new medicinal agents or potential phytochemical drugs from plant sources for the prevention or delaying cellular aging processes and the treatment of some disorders related with accelerated body aging.
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18
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Shen Q, Wu JZ, Wong JC. Potential drug interventions for diabetic retinopathy. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ergin V, Hariry RE, Karasu C. Carbonyl stress in aging process: role of vitamins and phytochemicals as redox regulators. Aging Dis 2013; 4:276-94. [PMID: 24124633 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2013.0400276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing scientific agreement that the cellular redox regulators such as antioxidants, particularly the natural polyphenolic forms, may help lower the incidence of some pathologies, including metabolic diseases like diabetes and diabesity, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative abnormalities, and certain cancers or even have anti-aging properties. The recent researches indicate that the degree of metabolic modulation and adaptation response of cells to reductants as well as oxidants establish their survival and homeostasis, which is linked with very critical balance in imbalances in cellular redox capacity and signaling, and that might be an answer the questions why some antioxidants or phytochemicals potentially could do more harm than good, or why some proteins lose their function by increase interactions with glyco- and lipo-oxidation mediates in the cells (carbonyl stress). Nonetheless, pursue of healthy aging has led the use of antioxidants as a means to disrupt age-associated physiological dysfunctions, dysregulated metabolic processes or prevention of many age-related diseases. Although it is still early to define their exact clinical benefits for treating age-related disease, a diet rich in polyphenolic or other forms of antioxidants does seem to offer hope in delaying the onset of age-related disorders. It is now clear that any deficiency in antioxidant vitamins, inadequate enzymatic antioxidant defenses can distinctive for many age-related disease, and protein carbonylation can used as an indicator of oxidative stress associated diseases and aging status. This review examines antioxidant compounds and plant polyphenols as redox regulators in health, disease and aging processes with hope that a better understanding of the many mechanisms involved with these distinct compounds, which may lead to better health and novel treatment approaches for age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Ergin
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Aldini G, Vistoli G, Stefek M, Chondrogianni N, Grune T, Sereikaite J, Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Molecular strategies to prevent, inhibit, and degrade advanced glycoxidation and advanced lipoxidation end products. Free Radic Res 2013; 47 Suppl 1:93-137. [PMID: 23560617 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.792926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advanced glycoxidation end products (AGEs) and lipoxidation end products (ALEs) contribute to the development of diabetic complications and of other pathologies. The review discusses the possibilities of counteracting the formation and stimulating the degradation of these species by pharmaceuticals and natural compounds. The review discusses inhibitors of ALE and AGE formation, cross-link breakers, ALE/AGE elimination by enzymes and proteolytic systems, receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and blockade of the ligand-RAGE axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Sakul A, Cumaoğlu A, Aydin E, Ari N, Dilsiz N, Karasu C. Age- and diabetes-induced regulation of oxidative protein modification in rat brain and peripheral tissues: consequences of treatment with antioxidant pyridoindole. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:476-84. [PMID: 23470276 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The increased glyco- and lipo-oxidation events are considered one of the major factors in the accumulation of non-functional damaged proteins, and the antioxidants may inhibit extensive protein modification and nitrosylated protein levels, enhancing the oxidative damage at the cellular levels in aging and diabetes. Because of its central role in the pathogenesis of age-dependent and diabetes-mediated functional decline, we compared the levels of oxidatively modified protein markers, namely AGEs (Advanced Glycation End-protein adducts), 4-HNE (4-hydroxy-nonenal-histidine) and 3-NT (3-nitrotyrosine), in different tissues of young and old rats. Separately, these three oxidative stress parameters were explored in old rats subjected to experimentally induced diabetes and following a long-term treatment with a novel synthetic pyridoindole antioxidant derived from stobadine-SMe1EC2 (2-ethoxycarbonyl-8-methoxy-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indolinium dichloride). Diabetes induced by streptozotocin injection in rats aged 13-15 months, and SMe1EC2 treatment was applied during 4months to aged diabetic rats. AGEs and 4-HNE levels were significantly elevated in brain, ventricle and kidney, but not in lens and liver of aged rats when compared with young rats. Diabetes propagated ageing-induced increase in AGEs and 4-HNE in brain, ventricle and kidney, and raised significantly lens and liver AGEs and 4-HNE levels in aged rats. In aged diabetic rats, SMe1EC2 protected only the kidney against increase in AGEs, and inhibited significantly 4-HNE levels in brain, kidney, liver and lens that were observed more pronounced in lens. 3-NT was significantly increased in brain of aged rats and in kidney, lens and ventricle of aged diabetic rats, while SMe1EC2 has no protective effect on 3-NT increase. Results demonstrate that (1) the responsiveness of different tissue proteins to glyco-lipo-oxidative and nitrosative stress in the course of normal aging was miscellaneous. (2) Diabetes is a major factor contributing to accelerated aging. (3) SMe1EC2 selectively inhibited the generation of oxidatively modified proteins, only in a limited number of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Sakul
- Cellular Stress Response & Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Hesperidin prevents retinal and plasma abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecules 2012; 17:12868-81. [PMID: 23117428 PMCID: PMC6268103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a complex disease that potentially involves increased production of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and elevated aldose reductase (AR) activity, which are related with oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hesperidin on retinal and plasma abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hesperidin (100, 200 mg/kg daily) was given to diabetic rats for 12 weeks. The blood-retina breakdown (BRB) was determined after 2 weeks of treatment followed by the measurement of related physiological parameters with ELISA kits and immunohistochemistry staining at the end of the study. Elevated AR activity and blood glucose, increased retinal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), ICAM-1, TNF-α, IL-1β and AGEs as well as reduced retina thickness were observed in diabetic rats. Hesperidin treatment significantly suppressed BRB breakdown and increased retina thickness, reduced blood glucose, AR activity and retinal TNF-α, ICAM-1, VEGF, IL-1β and AGEs levels. Furthermore, treatment with hesperidin significantly reduced plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased SOD activity in diabetic rats. These data demonstrated that hesperidin attenuates retina and plasma abnormalities via anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, as well as the inhibitory effect on polyol pathway and AGEs accumulation.
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23
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Chen F, Zhang HQ, Zhu J, Liu KY, Cheng H, Li GL, Xu S, Lv WH, Xie ZG. Puerarin enhances superoxide dismutase activity and inhibits RAGE and VEGF expression in retinas of STZ–induced early diabetic rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:891-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in ischemic retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:426769. [PMID: 23125893 PMCID: PMC3483772 DOI: 10.1155/2012/426769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of retinal ischemia/hypoxia, a complication of ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability to scavenge these ROS by endogenous antioxidative systems. Free radicals and ROS are implicated in the irreversible damage to cell membrane, DNA, and other cellular structures by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Anti-oxidants that can inhibit the oxidative processes can protect retinal cells from ischemic/hypoxic insults. In particular, treatment using anti-oxidants such as vitamin E and lutein, inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) or related signaling pathways, and administration of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are possible therapeutic regimens for DR, ROP, and other retinal ischemic diseases. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DR and ROP as well as the underlying mechanisms involved in the hypoxia/ischemia-induced oxidative damage is discussed. The information provided will be beneficial in understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases as well as in developing effective therapeutic interventions to treat oxidative stress-induced damages.
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25
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A 5-year follow-up of antioxidant supplementation in type 2 diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2011; 21:637-43. [PMID: 21218388 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.2010.6212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate the effect of antioxidant supplementation on diabetic retinopathy (DR) over a 5-year follow-up period. To our knowledge, this is the first such clinical trial performed. METHODS We recruited 105 type 2 diabetic patients with nonproliferative DR. A complete ophthalmic checkup and a plasma determination of oxidative (malonyldialdehyde [MDA]) and antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant status [TAS]) were obtained as the baseline. One part of the cohort was randomly assigned to oral antioxidant supplementation at nutritional doses. The same examinations were performed with 97 diabetic patients who completed the 5-year follow-up period. The best-corrected visual acuity, DR score, MDA, and TAS values were compared at the beginning and the end of the follow-up. RESULTS Best-corrected visual acuity did not change during the follow-up, irrespective of supplementation. However, the retinopathy stage showed a retardation of progression in the subgroup with supplementation, but worsened in the subgroup with no antioxidant supplementation. Furthermore, the antioxidant supplementation group maintained its antioxidant plasma status levels, which was related to decreased oxidative plasma activity. CONCLUSIONS Oral antioxidant supplementation could be a useful adjunctive long-term therapy in the treatment of nonproliferative DR.
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Stefek M, Karasu C. Eye Lens in Aging and Diabetes: Effect of Quercetin. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:525-34. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Tang J, Kern TS. Inflammation in diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:343-58. [PMID: 21635964 PMCID: PMC3433044 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes causes a number of metabolic and physiologic abnormalities in the retina, but which of these abnormalities contribute to recognized features of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is less clear. Many of the molecular and physiologic abnormalities that have been found to develop in the retina in diabetes are consistent with inflammation. Moreover, a number of anti-inflammatory therapies have been found to significantly inhibit development of different aspects of DR in animal models. Herein, we review the inflammatory mediators and their relationship to early and late DR, and discuss the potential of anti-inflammatory approaches to inhibit development of different stages of the retinopathy. We focus primarily on information derived from in vivo studies, supplementing with information from in vitro studies were important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Karasu Ç. Glycoxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in experimentally-induced diabetes: effects of antioxidant treatment. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:240-56. [PMID: 21270942 PMCID: PMC3026340 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease, representing a serious risk factor for the development of cardiovascular complications, such as coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and hypertension. Oxidative stress (OS), a feature of DM, is defined as an increase in the steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and may occur as a result of increased free radical generation and/or decreased anti-oxidant defense mechanisms. Increasing evidence indicates that hyperglycemia is the initiating cause of the tissue damage in DM, either through repeated acute changes in cellular glucose metabolism, or through long-term accumulation of glycated biomolecules and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are formed by the Maillard process, a non-enzymatic reaction between ketone group of the glucose molecule or aldehydes and the amino groups of proteins that contributes to the aging of proteins and to the pathological complications of DM. In the presence of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, the increased formation of AGEs and lipid peroxidation products exacerbate intracellular OS and results in a loss of molecular integrity, disruption in cellular signaling and homeostasis, followed by inflammation and tissue injury such as endothelium dysfunction, arterial stiffening and microvascular complications. In addition to increased AGE production, there is also evidence of multiple pathways elevating ROS generation in DM, including; enhanced glucose auto-oxidation, increased mitochondrial superoxide production, protein kinase C-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, increased substrate flux through the polyol pathway and stimulation of eicosanoid metabolism. It is, therefore, not surprising that the correction of these variables can result in amelioration of diabetic cardiovascular abnormalities. A linking element between these phenomena is cellular redox imbalance due to glycoxidative stress (GOS). Thus, recent interest has focused on strategies to prevent, reverse or retard GOS in order to modify the natural history of diabetic cardiovascular abnormalities. This review will discuss the links between GOS and diabetes-induced cardiovascular disorders and the effect of antioxidant therapy on altering the development of cardiovascular complications in diabetic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çimen Karasu
- The Leader of Antioxidants in Diabetes-Induced Complications (ADIC) Study Group. Cellular Stress Response & Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Rosenstein RE, Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Brown GM, Cardinali DP. Melatonin as a therapeutic tool in ophthalmology: implications for glaucoma and uveitis. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:1-13. [PMID: 20492443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support the view that increased free radical generation and altered nitric oxide (NO) metabolism play a role in the pathogenesis of highly prevalent ocular diseases, such as glaucoma and uveitis. Data are discussed indicating that melatonin, being an efficient antioxidant that displays antinitridergic properties, has a promising role in the treatment of these ocular dysfunctions. Melatonin synthesis occurs in the eye of most species, and melatonin receptors are localized in different ocular structures. In view of the fact that melatonin lacks significant adverse collateral effects even at high doses, the application of melatonin could potentially protect ocular tissues by effectively scavenging free radicals and excessive amounts of NO generated in the glaucomatous or uveitic eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Rosenstein
- Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tsai GY, Cui JZ, Syed H, Xia Z, Ozerdem U, McNeill JH, Matsubara JA. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on the early expression of inflammatory markers in the retina and plasma of diabetic rats. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 37:223-31. [PMID: 19723131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in an early model of diabetic retinopathy, correlate retinal and plasma results and evaluate the influence of treatment by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a free radical scavenger. METHODS Four groups were studied: control (C), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (D), STZ rats following 8 weeks of NAC (DT), and control rats following 8 weeks of NAC (CT). Plasma levels of free 15-F2t-isoprostane (15-F-2t-IsoP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were obtained. Primary antibodies against macrophages (ED-1), microglia (Ox-42), pericytes (NG-2), endothelial and perivascular cells (IB-4), haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were used. RESULTS Expression of NG-2 was robust in C, CT, DT, and mild in D. The intensity of IB-4 was higher in D and DT compared with the C and CT. Ox-42 and ED-1 expression was higher in the D than in the DT, C or CT. Expression of VEGF and HO-1 was non-specific across the four groups. Plasma levels of 15-F-2t-IsoP and TNF-alpha were higher in the D as compared with the C, CT and DT. SOD levels were lower in the D when compared with the C, CT and D. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage/microglia activation, pericyte loss and endothelial/perivascular cell changes occur early in the pathogenesis of DR. These changes are associated with an increase in plasma markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and are minimized by treatment with NAC. The results suggest that therapies that reduce free radicals will help minimize the early events in diabetic retinopathy in the STZ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Y Tsai
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
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Madsen-Bouterse SA, Kowluru RA. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2008; 9:315-27. [PMID: 18654858 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-008-9090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy is one of the most severe ocular complications of diabetes and is a leading cause of acquired blindness in young adults. The cellular components of the retina are highly coordinated but very susceptible to the hyperglycemic environment. The microvasculature of the retina responds to hyperglycemic milieu through a number of biochemical changes, including increased oxidative stress and polyol pathway, PKC activation and advanced glycation end product formation. Oxidative stress is considered as one of the crucial contributors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but oxidative stress appears to be highly interrelated with other biochemical imbalances that lead to structural and functional changes and accelerated loss of capillary cells in the retinal microvasculature and, ultimately, pathological evidence of the disease. One such potential connection that links oxidative stress to metabolic alterations is gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase whose activity is impaired in diabetes, and that results in activation of other major pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Alterations associated with oxidative stress offer many potential therapeutic targets making this an area of great interest to the development of safe and effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy have shown beneficial effects of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy, but clinical trials (though very limited in numbers) have provided somewhat ambiguous results. Although antioxidants are being used for other chronic diseases, controlled clinical trials are warranted to investigate potential beneficial effects of antioxidants in the development of retinopathy in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- K-404, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Stefek M, Snirc V, Djoubissie PO, Majekova M, Demopoulos V, Rackova L, Bezakova Z, Karasu C, Carbone V, El-Kabbani O. Carboxymethylated pyridoindole antioxidants as aldose reductase inhibitors: Synthesis, activity, partitioning, and molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4908-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Cumaoglu A, Cevik C, Rackova L, Ari N, Karasu C. Effects of antioxidant stobadine on protein carbonylation, advanced oxidation protein products and reductive capacity of liver in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: role of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Biofactors 2007; 30:171-8. [PMID: 18525111 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative/nitrosative stress is important in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and the protective effects of antioxidants are a topic of intense research. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a pyridoindole antioxidant stobadine (STB) have a protective effect on tissue oxidative protein damage represented by the parameters such as protein carbonylation (PC), protein thiol (P-SH), total thiol (T-SH) and non-protein thiol (Np-SH), nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. METHODS Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitonal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Some of the non-diabetic (control) and diabetic rats treated with STB (24.7 mg/kg/day) during 16 weeks, and the effects on blood glucose, PC, AOPP, 3-NT, P-SH, T-SH and Np-SH were studied. Biomarkers were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or by colorimetric methods. RESULTS Administration of stobadine to diabetic animals lowered elevated blood glucose levels by approximately 16% relative to untreated diabetic rats. Although stobadine decreased blood glucose, poor glycemic control was maintained in stobadine treated diabetic rats during the treatment period. Biochemical analyses of liver proteins showed significant diminution of sulfhydryl groups, P-SH, T-SH, Np-SH, and elevation of carbonyl groups in diabetic animals in comparison to healthy controls. As a biomarker of nitrosative stress, 3-NT levels did not significantly change by diabetes induction or by stobadine treatment when compared to control animals. However, the treatment with stobadine resulted in a significant decrease in PC, AOPP levels and normalized P-SH, T-SH, Np-SH groups in liver of diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS The results are in accordance with the pro-oxidant role of chronic hyperglycemia, and the ability of stobadine to attenuate protein oxidation and improving tissue reductive capacity may account, at least partly for its observed beneficial effects on tissue function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cumaoglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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