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Meyer C, Breitsprecher L, Bataille L, Vincent AJM, Drechsler M, Meyer H, Paululat A. Formation and function of a highly specialised type of organelle in cardiac valve cells. Development 2022; 149:276991. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Within a cell, vesicles play a crucial role in the transport of membrane material and proteins to a given target membrane, and thus regulate a variety of cellular functions. Vesicular transport occurs by means of, among others, endocytosis, where cargoes are taken up by the cell and are processed further upon vesicular trafficking, i.e. transported back to the plasma membrane via recycling endosomes or the degraded by fusion of the vesicles with lysosomes. During evolution, a variety of vesicles with individual functions arose, with some of them building up highly specialised subcellular compartments. In this study, we have analysed the biosynthesis of a new vesicular compartment present in the valve cells of Drosophila melanogaster. We show that the compartment is formed by invaginations of the plasma membrane and grows via re-routing of the recycling endosomal pathway. This is achieved by inactivation of other membrane-consuming pathways and a plasma membrane-like molecular signature of the compartment in these highly specialised heart cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meyer
- University of Osnabrück 1 , Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Leonhard Breitsprecher
- University of Osnabrück 1 , Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), integrated Bioimaging Facility (iBiOs), University of Osnabrück 2 , Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Laetitia Bataille
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI) 3 , Université de Toulouse UMR 5077/CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Alain J. M. Vincent
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI) 3 , Université de Toulouse UMR 5077/CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Maik Drechsler
- University of Osnabrück 1 , Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- University of Osnabrück 1 , Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), integrated Bioimaging Facility (iBiOs), University of Osnabrück 2 , Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- University of Osnabrück 1 , Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), integrated Bioimaging Facility (iBiOs), University of Osnabrück 2 , Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück , Germany
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2
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Tögel M, Pass G, Paululat A. Wing hearts in four-winged Ultrabithorax-mutant flies-the role of Hox genes in wing heart specification. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab191. [PMID: 34791231 PMCID: PMC8733458 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wings are probably the most advanced evolutionary novelty in insects. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, proper development of wings requires the activity of so-called wing hearts located in the scutellum of the thorax. Immediately after the imaginal ecdysis, these accessory circulatory organs remove hemolymph and apoptotic epidermal cells from the premature wings through their pumping action. This clearing process is essential for the formation of functional wing blades. Mutant flies that lack intact wing hearts are flightless and display malformed wings. The embryonic wing heart progenitors originate from two adjacent parasegments corresponding to the later second and third thoracic segments. However, adult dipterian flies harbor only one pair of wings and only one pair of associated wing hearts in the second thoracic segment. Here we show that the specification of WHPs depends on the regulatory activity of the Hox gene Ultrabithorax. Furthermore, we analyzed the development of wing hearts in the famous four-winged Ultrabithorax (Ubx) mutant, which was first discovered by Ed Lewis in the 1970s. In these flies, the third thoracic segment is homeotically transformed into a second thoracic segment resulting in a second pair of wings instead of the club-shaped halteres. We show that a second pair of functional wing hearts is formed in the transformed third thoracic segment and that all wing hearts originate from the wild-type population of wing heart progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tögel
- Department of Biology, Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49069, Germany
| | - Günther Pass
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Biology, Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49069, Germany
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3
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Mechano-chemical enforcement of tendon apical ECM into nano-filaments during Drosophila flight muscle development. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1366-1378.e7. [PMID: 33545042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contractile tension is critical for musculoskeletal system development and maintenance. In insects, the muscular force is transmitted to the exoskeleton through the tendon cells and tendon apical extracellular matrix (ECM). In Drosophila, we found tendon cells secrete Dumpy (Dpy), a zona pellucida domain (ZPD) protein, to form the force-resistant filaments in the exuvial space, anchoring the tendon cells to the pupal cuticle. We showed that Dpy undergoes filamentous conversion in response to the tension increment during indirect flight muscle development. We also found another ZPD protein Quasimodo (Qsm) protects the notum epidermis from collapsing under the muscle tension by enhancing the tensile strength of Dpy filaments. Qsm is co-transported with Dpy in the intracellular vesicles and diffuses into the exuvial space after secretion. Tissue-specific qsm expression rescued the qsm mutant phenotypes in distant tissues, suggesting Qsm can function in a long-range, non-cell-autonomous manner. In the cell culture assay, Qsm interacts with Dpy-ZPD and promotes secretion and polymerization of Dpy-ZPD. The roles of Qsm underlies the positive feedback mechanism of force-dependent organization of Dpy filaments, providing new insights into apical ECM remodeling through the unconventional interaction of ZPD proteins.
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Rice C, De O, Alhadyian H, Hall S, Ward RE. Expanding the Junction: New Insights into Non-Occluding Roles for Septate Junction Proteins during Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33801162 PMCID: PMC8006247 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The septate junction (SJ) provides an occluding function for epithelial tissues in invertebrate organisms. This ability to seal the paracellular route between cells allows internal tissues to create unique compartments for organ function and endows the epidermis with a barrier function to restrict the passage of pathogens. Over the past twenty-five years, numerous investigators have identified more than 30 proteins that are required for the formation or maintenance of the SJs in Drosophila melanogaster, and have determined many of the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. Along the way, it has become clear that SJ proteins are also required for a number of developmental events that occur throughout the life of the organism. Many of these developmental events occur prior to the formation of the occluding junction, suggesting that SJ proteins possess non-occluding functions. In this review, we will describe the composition of SJs, taking note of which proteins are core components of the junction versus resident or accessory proteins, and the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. We will then elaborate on the functions that core SJ proteins likely play outside of their role in forming the occluding junction and describe studies that provide some cell biological perspectives that are beginning to provide mechanistic understanding of how these proteins function in developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Rice
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | - Oindrila De
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Haifa Alhadyian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | | | - Robert E. Ward
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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5
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Lim HY, Bao H, Liu Y, Wang W. Select Septate Junction Proteins Direct ROS-Mediated Paracrine Regulation of Drosophila Cardiac Function. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1455-1470.e4. [PMID: 31390561 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Septate junction (SJ) complex proteins act in unison to provide a paracellular barrier and maintain structural integrity. Here, we identify a non-barrier role of two individual SJ proteins, Coracle (Cora) and Kune-kune (Kune). Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-p38 MAPK signaling in non-myocytic pericardial cells (PCs) is important for maintaining normal cardiac physiology in Drosophila. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We find that in PCs, Cora and Kune are altered in abundance in response to manipulations of ROS-p38 signaling. Genetic analyses establish Cora and Kune as key effectors of ROS-p38 signaling in PCs on proper heart function. We further determine that Cora regulates normal Kune levels in PCs, which in turn modulates normal Kune levels in the cardiomyocytes essential for proper heart function. Our results thereby reveal select SJ proteins Cora and Kune as signaling mediators of the PC-derived ROS regulation of cardiac physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Lim
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Hong Bao
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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6
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Dehnen L, Janz M, Verma JK, Psathaki OE, Langemeyer L, Fröhlich F, Heinisch JJ, Meyer H, Ungermann C, Paululat A. A trimeric metazoan Rab7 GEF complex is crucial for endocytosis and scavenger function. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247080. [PMID: 32499409 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome biogenesis in eukaryotic cells is critical for nutrient uptake and plasma membrane integrity. Early endosomes initially contain Rab5, which is replaced by Rab7 on late endosomes prior to their fusion with lysosomes. Recruitment of Rab7 to endosomes requires the Mon1-Ccz1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF). Here, we show that full function of the Drosophila Mon1-Ccz1 complex requires a third stoichiometric subunit, termed Bulli (encoded by CG8270). Bulli localises to Rab7-positive endosomes, in agreement with its function in the GEF complex. Using Drosophila nephrocytes as a model system, we observe that absence of Bulli results in (i) reduced endocytosis, (ii) Rab5 accumulation within non-acidified enlarged endosomes, (iii) defective Rab7 localisation and (iv) impaired endosomal maturation. Moreover, longevity of animals lacking bulli is affected. Both the Mon1-Ccz1 dimer and a Bulli-containing trimer display Rab7 GEF activity. In summary, this suggests a key role for Bulli in the Rab5 to Rab7 transition during endosomal maturation rather than a direct influence on the GEF activity of Mon1-Ccz1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dehnen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maren Janz
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Olympia Ekaterini Psathaki
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück (iBiOs), University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Genetics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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7
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Hillyer JF, Pass G. The Insect Circulatory System: Structure, Function, and Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:121-143. [PMID: 31585504 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the insect circulatory system is involved in a multitude of vital physiological processes, it has gone grossly understudied. This review highlights this critical physiological system by detailing the structure and function of the circulatory organs, including the dorsal heart and the accessory pulsatile organs that supply hemolymph to the appendages. It also emphasizes how the circulatory system develops and ages and how, by means of reflex bleeding and functional integration with the immune system, it supports mechanisms for defense against predators and microbial invaders, respectively. Beyond that, this review details evolutionary trends and novelties associated with this system, as well as the ways in which this system also plays critical roles in thermoregulation and tracheal ventilation in high-performance fliers. Finally, this review highlights how novel discoveries could be harnessed for the control of vector-borne diseases and for translational medicine, and it details principal knowledge gaps that necessitate further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA;
| | - Günther Pass
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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8
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Drosophila pericardial nephrocyte ultrastructure changes during ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 173:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Lammers K, Abeln B, Hüsken M, Lehmacher C, Psathaki OE, Alcorta E, Meyer H, Paululat A. Formation and function of intracardiac valve cells in the Drosophila heart. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1852-1863. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila harbors a simple tubular heart that ensures hemolymph circulation within the body. The heart is built by a few different cell types, including cardiomyocytes that define the luminal heart channel and ostia cells that constitute openings in the heart wall allowing hemolymph to enter the heart chamber. Regulation of flow directionality within a tube, such as blood flow in arteries or insect hemolymph within the heart lumen, requires a dedicated gate, valve, or flap-like structure that prevents backflow of fluids. In the Drosophila heart, intracardiac valves provide this directionality of hemolymph streaming, with one valve being present in larvae and three valves in the adult fly. Each valve is built by two specialized cardiomyocytes that exhibit a unique histology. We found that the capacity to open and close the heart lumen relies on a unique myofibrillar setting as well as on the presence of large membranous vesicles. These vesicles are of endocytic origin and probably represent unique organelles of valve cells. Moreover, we characterised the working mode of the cells in real time. Valve cells exhibit a highly flexible shape and during each heartbeat, oscillating shape changes result in closing and opening of the heart channel. Finally, we identified a set of novel valve cell markers useful for future in-depth analyses of cell differentiation in wildtype and mutant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lammers
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Bettina Abeln
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Mirko Hüsken
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Christine Lehmacher
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | | | - Esther Alcorta
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n, 33.006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Heiko Meyer
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
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10
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Hillyer JF. Insect immunology and hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:102-18. [PMID: 26695127 PMCID: PMC4775421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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11
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On the Morphology of the Drosophila Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3020015. [PMID: 29367564 PMCID: PMC5715677 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system of Drosophilamelanogaster represents an easily amenable genetic model whose analysis at different levels, i.e., from single molecules up to functional anatomy, has provided new insights into general aspects of cardiogenesis, heart physiology and cardiac aging, to name a few examples. In recent years, the Drosophila heart has also attracted the attention of researchers in the field of biomedicine. This development is mainly due to the fact that several genes causing human heart disease are also present in Drosophila, where they play the same or similar roles in heart development, maintenance or physiology as their respective counterparts in humans. This review will attempt to briefly introduce the anatomy of the Drosophila circulatory system and then focus on the different cell types and non-cellular tissue that constitute the heart.
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12
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Chintapalli RTV, Hillyer JF. Hemolymph circulation in insect flight appendages: physiology of the wing heart and circulatory flow in the wings of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3945-3951. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.148254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The wings of insects are composed of membranes supported by interconnected veins. Within these veins are epithelial cells, nerves and tracheae, and their maintenance requires the flow of hemolymph. For this purpose, insects employ accessory pulsatile organs (auxiliary hearts) that circulate hemolymph throughout the wings. Here, we used correlative approaches to determine the functional mechanics of hemolymph circulation in the wings of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Examination of sectioned tissues and intravital videos showed that the wing heart is located underneath the scutellum and is separate from the dorsal vessel. It is composed of a single pulsatile diaphragm (indicating that it is unpaired) that contracts at 3 Hz and circulates hemolymph throughout both wings. The wing heart contracts significantly faster than the dorsal vessel, and there is no correlation between the contractions of these two pulsatile organs. The wing heart functions by aspirating hemolymph out of the posterior wing veins, which forces hemolymph into the wings via anterior veins. By tracking the movement of fluorescent microspheres, we show that the flow diameter of the wing circulatory circuit is less than 1 µm, and we present a spatial map detailing the flow of hemolymph across all the wing veins, including the costa, sub-costa, ambient costa, radius, media, cubitus anterior, anal vein, and crossveins. We also quantified the movement of hemolymph within the radius and within the ambient costa, and show that hemolymph velocity and maximum acceleration are higher when hemolymph is exiting the wing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37205
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13
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Pass G, Tögel M, Krenn H, Paululat A. The circulatory organs of insect wings: Prime examples for the origin of evolutionary novelties. ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Hillyer JF. Integrated Immune and Cardiovascular Function in Pancrustacea: Lessons from the Insects. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:843-55. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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15
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The bHLH transcription factor hand is required for proper wing heart formation in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2013; 381:446-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Lehmacher C, Abeln B, Paululat A. The ultrastructure of Drosophila heart cells. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:459-474. [PMID: 22426062 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of the Drosophila heart or dorsal vessel is achieved by contributions from several tissues. The heart tube itself is composed of different types of cardiomyocytes that form an anterior aorta and a posterior heart chamber, inflow tracts and intracardiac valves. Herein we present an in-depth ultrastructural analysis of all cell types present in the Drosophila heart at different developmental stages. We demonstrate that the lumen-forming cardiomyocytes reveal a complex subcellular architecture that changes during development. We show that ostial cells, for which it was previously shown that they are specified during embryogenesis, start to differentiate at the end of embryogenesis displaying opening structures that allow inflow of hemolymph. Furthermore we found, that intracardiac valve cells differentiate during larval development and become enlarged during the 3. instar larval stages by the formation of cellular cytoplasmic free cavities. Moreover we were able to demonstrate, that the alary muscles are not directly connected to the heart tube but by extracellular matrix fibers at any stage of development. Our present work will provide a reference for future investigations on normal heart development and for analyses of mutant phenotypes that are caused by defects on the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehmacher
- Department of Biology, Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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17
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Wang S, Meyer H, Ochoa-Espinosa A, Buchwald U, Onel S, Altenhein B, Heinisch JJ, Affolter M, Paululat A. GBF1 (Gartenzwerg)-dependent secretion is required for Drosophila tubulogenesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:461-72. [PMID: 22302994 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on the generation and in vivo analysis of a series of loss-of-function mutants for the Drosophila ArfGEF, Gartenzwerg. The Drosophila gene gartenzwerg (garz) encodes the orthologue of mammalian GBF1. garz is expressed ubiquitously in embryos with substantially higher abundance in cells forming diverse tubular structures such as salivary glands, trachea, proventriculus or hindgut. In the absence of functional Garz protein, the integrity of the Golgi complex is impaired. As a result, both vesicle transport of cargo proteins and directed apical membrane delivery are severely disrupted. Dysfunction of the Arf1-COPI machinery caused by a loss of Garz leads to perturbations in establishing a polarized epithelial architecture of tubular organs. Furthermore, insufficient apical transport of proteins and other membrane components causes incomplete luminal diameter expansion and deficiencies in extracellular matrix assembly. The fact that homologues of Garz are present in every annotated metazoan genome indicates that secretion processes mediated by the GBF-type ArfGEFs play a universal role in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Zoology/Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Drosophila metalloproteases in development and differentiation: The role of ADAM proteins and their relatives. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:770-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Albrecht S, Altenhein B, Paululat A. The transmembrane receptor Uncoordinated5 (Unc5) is essential for heart lumen formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2010; 350:89-100. [PMID: 21094637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transport of liquids or gases in biological tubes is fundamental for many physiological processes. Our knowledge on how tubular organs are formed during organogenesis and tissue remodeling has increased dramatically during the last decade. Studies on different animal systems have helped to unravel some of the molecular mechanisms underlying tubulogenesis. Tube architecture varies dramatically in different organs and different species, ranging from tubes formed by several cells constituting the cross section, tubes formed by single cells wrapping an internal luminal space or tubes that are formed within a cell. Some tubes display branching whereas others remain linear without intersections. The modes of shaping, growing and pre-patterning a tube are also different and it is still not known whether these diverse architectures and modes of differentiation are realized by sharing common signaling pathways or regulatory networks. However, several recent investigations provide evidence for the attractive hypothesis that the Drosophila cardiogenesis and heart tube formation shares many similarities with primary angiogenesis in vertebrates. Additionally, another important step to unravel the complex system of lumen formation has been the outcome of recent studies that junctional proteins, matrix components as well as proteins acting as attractant and repellent cues play a role in the formation of the Drosophila heart lumen. In this study we show the requirement for the repulsively active Unc5 transmembrane receptor to facilitate tubulogenesis in the dorsal vessel of Drosophila. Unc5 is localized in the luminal membrane compartment of cardiomyocytes and animals lacking Unc5 fail to form a heart lumen. Our findings support the idea that Unc5 is crucial for lumen formation and thereby represents a repulsive cue acting during Drosophila heart tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Albrecht
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie - Zoologie/Entwicklungsbiologie, Barbarastraße 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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