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Awais MM, Fei S, Xia J, Feng M, Sun J. Insights into midgut cell types and their crucial role in antiviral immunity in the lepidopteran model Bombyx mori. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349428. [PMID: 38420120 PMCID: PMC10899340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The midgut, a vital component of the digestive system in arthropods, serves as an interface between ingested food and the insect's physiology, playing a pivotal role in nutrient absorption and immune defense mechanisms. Distinct cell types, including columnar, enteroendocrine, goblet and regenerative cells, comprise the midgut in insects and contribute to its robust immune response. Enterocytes/columnar cells, the primary absorptive cells, facilitate the immune response through enzyme secretions, while regenerative cells play a crucial role in maintaining midgut integrity by continuously replenishing damaged cells and maintaining the continuity of the immune defense. The peritrophic membrane is vital to the insect's innate immunity, shielding the midgut from pathogens and abrasive food particles. Midgut juice, a mixture of digestive enzymes and antimicrobial factors, further contributes to the insect's immune defense, helping the insect to combat invading pathogens and regulate the midgut microbial community. The cutting-edge single-cell transcriptomics also unveiled previously unrecognized subpopulations within the insect midgut cells and elucidated the striking similarities between the gastrointestinal tracts of insects and higher mammals. Understanding the intricate interplay between midgut cell types provides valuable insights into insect immunity. This review provides a solid foundation for unraveling the complex roles of the midgut, not only in digestion but also in immunity. Moreover, this review will discuss the novel immune strategies led by the midgut employed by insects to combat invading pathogens, ultimately contributing to the broader understanding of insect physiology and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Girón JC, Tarasov S, González Montaña LA, Matentzoglu N, Smith AD, Koch M, Boudinot BE, Bouchard P, Burks R, Vogt L, Yoder M, Osumi-Sutherland D, Friedrich F, Beutel RG, Mikó I. Formalizing Invertebrate Morphological Data: A Descriptive Model for Cuticle-Based Skeleto-Muscular Systems, an Ontology for Insect Anatomy, and their Potential Applications in Biodiversity Research and Informatics. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1084-1100. [PMID: 37094905 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectacular radiation of insects has produced a stunning diversity of phenotypes. During the past 250 years, research on insect systematics has generated hundreds of terms for naming and comparing them. In its current form, this terminological diversity is presented in natural language and lacks formalization, which prohibits computer-assisted comparison using semantic web technologies. Here we propose a Model for Describing Cuticular Anatomical Structures (MoDCAS) which incorporates structural properties and positional relationships for standardized, consistent, and reproducible descriptions of arthropod phenotypes. We applied the MoDCAS framework in creating the ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect Skeleto-Muscular system (AISM). The AISM is the first general insect ontology that aims to cover all taxa by providing generalized, fully logical, and queryable, definitions for each term. It was built using the Ontology Development Kit (ODK), which maximizes interoperability with Uberon (Uberon multispecies anatomy ontology) and other basic ontologies, enhancing the integration of insect anatomy into the broader biological sciences. A template system for adding new terms, extending, and linking the AISM to additional anatomical, phenotypic, genetic, and chemical ontologies is also introduced. The AISM is proposed as the backbone for taxon-specific insect ontologies and has potential applications spanning systematic biology and biodiversity informatics, allowing users to: 1) use controlled vocabularies and create semiautomated computer-parsable insect morphological descriptions; 2) integrate insect morphology into broader fields of research, including ontology-informed phylogenetic methods, logical homology hypothesis testing, evo-devo studies, and genotype to phenotype mapping; and 3) automate the extraction of morphological data from the literature, enabling the generation of large-scale phenomic data, by facilitating the production and testing of informatic tools able to extract, link, annotate, and process morphological data. This descriptive model and its ontological applications will allow for clear and semantically interoperable integration of arthropod phenotypes in biodiversity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Girón
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sergei Tarasov
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Aaron D Smith
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Markus Koch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brendon E Boudinot
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, CA, USA
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
| | - Patrice Bouchard
- Biodiversity and Bioresources, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Roger Burks
- Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Lars Vogt
- TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology, Welfengarten 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew Yoder
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Frank Friedrich
- Institut für Zell- und Systembiologie der Tiere, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Farina P, Bedini S, Conti B. Multiple Functions of Malpighian Tubules in Insects: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111001. [PMID: 36354824 PMCID: PMC9697091 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Malpighian Tubules (MTs) are the main excretory organs in most insects. They play a key role in the production of primary urine and osmoregulation, selectively reabsorbing water, ions, and solutes. Besides these functions conserved in most insects, MTs can serve some specialized tasks at different stages of some species' development. The specialized functions include the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and proteins for the building of foam nests, mucofibrils for the construction of dwelling tubes, adhesive secretions to help the locomotion, and brochosomes for protection as well as the usage of inorganic salts to harden the puparia, eggs chorion, and pupal cells' closing lids. MTs are also the organs responsible for the astonishing bioluminescence of some Diptera glowworms and can go through some drastic histological changes to produce a silk-like fiber utilized to spin cocoons. The specialized functions are associated with modifications of cells within the entire tubules, in specific segments, or, more rarely, modified secretory cells scattered along the MTs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the observations and experiments made over more than a century concerning the non-excretive functions of insects' MTs, underlying the need for new investigations supported by the current, advanced technologies available to validate outdated theories and clarify some dubious aspects.
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Castejón D, Rotllant G, Alba-Tercedor J, Ribes E, Durfort M, Guerao G. Morphological and histological description of the midgut caeca in true crabs (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Brachyura): origin, development and potential role. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 37170150 PMCID: PMC10127032 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-022-00108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The decapods are a major group of crustaceans that includes shrimps, prawns, crayfishes, lobsters, and crabs. Several studies focused on the study of the digestive system of the decapods, constituted by the oesophagus, stomach, midgut tract, midgut gland, and hindgut. Nevertheless, in the midgut tract there are associated a set of organs called “midgut caeca”, which are among the most controversial and less studied digestive organs of this group. This work used the common spider crab Maja brachydactyla Balss, 1922 as a model to resolve the origin, development, and potential role of the midgut caeca. Such organs were studied in the larvae (zoea I, zoea II, megalopa), first juveniles, and adult phases, being employed traditional and modern techniques: dissection, micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT), and light and electron microscopical analyses (TEM and SEM).
Results
The common spider crab has a pair of anterior midgut caeca and a single posterior caecum that originate from the endoderm germ layer: they develop from the midgut tract, and their epithelium is composed by secretory cells while lacking a cuticle lining. The midgut caeca are small buds in the newly hatched larvae, enlarge linearly during the larval development, and then continue growing until became elongated and coiled blind-tubules in adults. The adult midgut caeca are internally folded to increase their inner surface. The electron microscopy observations showed that the midgut caeca are highly active organs with important macroapocrine and microapocrine secretory activity. Our results suggest that the role of the caeca might be related to the digestive enzyme secretion. The secretory activity should increase as the animal grows in size.
Conclusion
The present study resolves the embryonic origin of the midgut caeca (endoderm derived organs), development (general lengthening starting from small buds), and role (active secretory organs). The secretory activity of the midgut caeca should be incorporated in the current models of the digestive physiology in different decapod taxa.
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Fuzita FJ, Palmisano G, Pimenta DC, Terra WR, Ferreira C. A proteomic approach to identify digestive enzymes, their exocytic and microapocrine secretory routes and their compartmentalization in the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 257:110670. [PMID: 34438074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A proteomic approach was used to identify the digestive enzymes secreted by exocytosis and by microapocrine vesicles and enzyme midgut compartmentalization in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. For this, proteomic analyses were performed in isolated midgut enterocyte microvillar membrane, in a fraction enriched in microapocrine vesicles (separated in soluble and membrane fractions), in the washings of the peritrophic membrane to isolate its loosely- and tightly-bound proteins, and in the peritrophic membrane contents. PM washings correspond to proteins extracted from the mucus layer surrounding PM. Serine endopeptidases (trypsins, chymotrypsins and serine endopeptidase homologs that have substitutions in the catalytic residues) and lipases are mainly secreted by exocytosis. Aminopeptidases are mainly microvillar enzymes and some are secreted membrane-bound to microapocrine vesicles, whereas carboxypeptidase isoforms follow different secretory routes. The results also showed that most polymer hydrolases (such as amylase and endopeptidases) are not retained in the ectoperitrophic fluid (found in PM washings but absent from PM contents). On the contrary, most enzymes involved in intermediate digestion (exemplified by carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase) do not pass through the peritrophic membrane. Finally, the data revealed that the protein composition of PM includes peritrophins classified as peritrophic membrane proteins, PMP, and chitin deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Fuzita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Pimenta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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Terra WR, Ferreira C. Evolutionary trends of digestion and absorption in the major insect orders. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 56:100931. [PMID: 32203883 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spatial organization of digestion, which corresponds to the steps by which the ingested food is hydrolyzed in the different regions of the gut, was described in insects from the major insect orders. The pattern of digestion and absorption in the midgut shows a strong phylogenetic influence, modulated by adaptation to particular feeding habits. Based on this, basic digestive patterns were recognized and were proposed to represent the major ancestors from which the different orders evolved. The putative ancestors chosen to represent different points in the evolution from basal Neoptera to more derived orders were: Neoptera, Polyneoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera-Panorpoidea (Diptera-Lepidoptera), Lepidoptera, and Cyclorrhapha. The basic plan of Neoptera was supposed to be alike that of Polyneoptera, which was hypothesized from studies performed in grasshoppers, crickets and from stick insects. For Holometabola, the basic plan was initially proposed from studies carried out in beetles, bees, nematocerous flies, common flies and also from moths. This review updates the physiological data supporting the putative midgut basic patterns by discussing available data on insects pertaining to different taxa and details the evolutionary trends of midgut function among the major insect orders. Furthermore, by using recent genomic and transcriptome data, this review discusses the few insects for which the spatial organization of midgut absorption is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Clelia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Barroso IG, Fuzita FJ, Ferreira C, Terra WR. Midgut fluxes and digestive enzyme recycling in Musca domestica: A molecular approach. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 241:110627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Liu L, Hua BZ. Ultrastructure of the rectum of the soil-spraying larva in Bittacus cirratus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1487-1494. [PMID: 31139972 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Bittacidae have an interesting behavior of spraying soil particles on their body surface through the anus. However, the hindgut specialization associated with this behavior has rarely been studied hitherto. Here, we investigated the fine structure of the larval rectum in the hangingfly Bittacus cirratus Tjeder using light and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the larvae of B. cirratus have a tubular rectum without rectal pads or papillae. The rectum consists of well-developed visceral muscle layers, a non-cellular basal lamina, a single-layer epithelium with a cuticular intima, and a central lumen. The folded rectal epithelium consists of two types of flattened epithelial cells: electron-dense type I cells and electron-lucent type II cells. The apical and basal plasma membranes are infolded and are associated with mitochondria in the epithelial cells. The epithelial cells are held by septate and scalariform junctions. The lateral cell membranes are combined with mitochondria among type I cells and generate mitochondria-scalariform junction complexes. These features suggest that the epithelial cells are active in water and ion reabsorption. We conclude that the absence of rectal pads or papillae and the presence of developed circular muscles are likely morphological adaptations of these larvae to the soil-spraying behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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9
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Caccia S, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. The amazing complexity of insect midgut cells: types, peculiarities, and functions. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:505-525. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Castejón D, Rotllant G, Alba-Tercedor J, Font-I-Furnols M, Ribes E, Durfort M, Guerao G. Morphology and ultrastructure of the midgut gland ("hepatopancreas") during ontogeny in the common spider crab Maja brachydactyla Balss, 1922 (Brachyura, Majidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 49:137-151. [PMID: 30557625 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied the anatomy and cytology of the midgut gland (MGl) of the common spider crab Maja brachydactyla Balss, 1922 at several life stages (zoea, megalopa, first juvenile, and adult) using dissection, histology, electron microscopy, computed tomography, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). In newly hatched larvae, 14 blind-end tubules form the MGl. The length of the tubules increases during the larval development. In the late megalopa, the number of tubules also increases. In adults, 35,000 to 60,000 blind-ending tubules comprise the MGl. In all life stages, a square-net network of muscle fibers surround the tubules. We describe five cell types in the MGl in all larval stages, which have a similar location, histology, and ultrastructure in larvae and adults: embryonary (E-) cells, resorptive (R-) cells, fibrillar (F-) cells, blister-like (B-) cells, and midget (M-) cells. Major difference between larval and adult cells is the larger size of the adult cells. Microapocrine secretion occurs from the microvilli of the B-cells. No ultrastructural changes were observed during larval development, which suggests that the function of each cell type might be similar in all life stages. The role of each epithelial cell type in larvae and adults is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Castejón
- CSIC, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guiomar Rotllant
- CSIC, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Alba-Tercedor
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Av. de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Enric Ribes
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Durfort
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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De novo transcriptome analysis of the excretory tubules of Carausius morosus (Phasmatodea) and possible functions of the midgut 'appendices'. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174984. [PMID: 28384348 PMCID: PMC5383107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Malpighian tubules are the insect excretory organs, responsible for ion and water homeostasis and elimination of nitrogenous wastes. Post-genomic assays suggest they also metabolize and detoxify xenobiotic compounds and have antimicrobial properties. The Phasmatodea have an additional, unique set of excretory organs referred to predominantly as midgut appendices. Their function and how it compares to phasmid and other insect Malpighian tubules is unknown. Hypotheses include carbonic anhydrase activity, calcium and metal cation sequestration, and xenobiotic transport. This work presents the first comparative transcriptomic analysis of the Phasmatodean excretory organs, using the model insect Carausius morosus. I produced de novo transcriptomes of the midgut appendices, midgut wall, and Malpighian tubules, and looked for differentially expressed genes associated with putative organ functions. The appendices differentially and highly express lipid transport and metabolism proteins, and the biomineralization gene otopetrin. The Malpighian tubules differentially and highly express acid phosphatases and multiple transporter types, while appendices express fat-soluble vitamin and peptide transporters. Many defense proteins such as multidrug resistance proteins, ABC transporters, cytochrome P450's, and glutathione-S-transferases were differentially expressed in specific excretory organs. I hypothesize that the appendices and Malpighian tubules both have defensive / xenobiotic metabolism functions, but each likely target different substrates. Phasmid Malpighian tubules excrete as in other insects, while the appendices may predominantly regulate amino acids, fats, and fat-soluble compounds. Lipid metabolism in insects is poorly understood, and the Phasmatodea may thus serve as a model for studying this further.
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12
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Silva W, Ribeiro AF, Silva MCP, Terra WR, Ferreira C. Gelsolin role in microapocrine secretion. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:810-820. [PMID: 27627876 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A role of gelsolin in opening the way along the microvilli for secretory vesicles during microapocrine secretion is proposed here. Data obtained with different techniques showed that many digestive enzymes are released by microapocrine secretion in insects. Proteins that might be involved in the machinery of microapocrine secretion were selected from our transcriptomes and literature searches. The proteins were annexin, Complex actin-related proteins 2 and 3 (ARP 2/3) cofilin, fimbrin, gelsolin 1, gelsolin 2, moesin, myosin 1, myosin 6, protein disulphide isomerase 1 (PDI 1), PDI 2 and profilin. The cDNAs coding for annexin, fimbrin, gelsolin 1, myosin 1, PDI 1 and PDI 2 were cloned and their sequences deposited in GenBank. Only gelsolin 1 and myosin 1 are expressed exclusively in the midgut (semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR). As myosin 1 may have a structural role in microvilli, gelsolin 1 is the best guess to be involved in the secretory machinery. A truncated recombinant gelsolin 1 was used to generate antibodies with which it was shown labelling inside and around midgut cell microvilli shown in an electron microscope, reinforcing a microvillar role for gelsolin 1. Suppression of gelsolin 1 synthesis by RNA interference prevents secretory vesicles from advancing inside the microvilli, in agreement with its putative role in severing the actin filaments to free the way for the vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C P Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Farkaš R. Apocrine secretion: New insights into an old phenomenon. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1740-50. [PMID: 25960390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While apocrine secretion was among the earliest secretory mechanisms to be identified, its underlying basis remains poorly understood. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review reappraises our understanding of apocrine secretion using insights about apocrine secretion from the salivary glands of Drosophila, in which molecular genetic analyses have provided a glimmer of hope for elucidating the mechanistic aspects of this fundamental process. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the well-defined process of exocytosis, apocrine secretion is non-vesicular transport and secretory pathway that entails the loss of part of the cytoplasm. It often involves apical protrusions and generates cytoplasmic fragments inside a secretory lumen. In its most intense phase this process is accompanied by the release of large fragments of cellular structures and entire organelles that include mitochondria, Golgi, and portions of the endoplasmic reticulum, among others. Proteomic analyses revealed that the secretion is composed of hundreds to thousands of membranous, cytoskeletal, microsomal, mitochondrial, ribosomal, and even nuclear as well as nucleolar proteins. Strikingly, although many nuclear proteins are released, the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid itself remains intact. In spite of this complexity, it appears that several protein components of apocrine secretion are identical, regardless of the location of the apocrine gland. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This type of secretion appears to be common to many, if not all, barrier epithelial tissues including skin derivatives and the epididymis, and is implicated also in lung/bronchi and intestinal epithelium. Apocrine secretion is a mechanism that provides the en masse delivery of a very complex proteinaceous mixture from polarized epithelial tissues to allow for communication at exterior interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Farkaš
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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14
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Tamaki FK, Pimentel AC, Dias AB, Cardoso C, Ribeiro AF, Ferreira C, Terra WR. Physiology of digestion and the molecular characterization of the major digestive enzymes from Periplaneta americana. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:22-35. [PMID: 25193546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches are among the first insects to appear in the fossil record. This work is part of ongoing research on insects at critical points in the evolutionary tree to disclose evolutionary trends in the digestive characteristics of insects. A transcriptome (454 Roche platform) of the midgut of Periplanetaamericana was searched for sequences of digestive enzymes. The selected sequences were manually curated. The complete or nearly complete sequences showing all characteristic motifs and highly expressed (reads counting) had their predicted sequences checked by cloning and Sanger sequencing. There are two chitinases (lacking mucin and chitin-binding domains), one amylase, two α- and three β-glucosidases, one β-galactosidase, two aminopeptidases (none of the N-group), one chymotrypsin, 5 trypsins, and none β-glucanase. Electrophoretic and enzymological data agreed with transcriptome data in showing that there is a single β-galactosidase, two α-glucosidases, one preferring as substrate maltase and the other aryl α-glucoside, and two β-glucosidases. Chromatographic and enzymological data identified 4 trypsins, one chymotrypsin (also found in the transcriptome), and one non-identified proteinase. The major digestive trypsin is identifiable to a major P. americana allergen (Per a 10). The lack of β-glucanase expression in midguts was confirmed, thus lending support to claims that those enzymes are salivary. A salivary amylase was molecularly cloned and shown to be different from the one from the midgut. Enzyme distribution showed that most digestion occurs under the action of salivary and midgut enzymes in the foregut and anterior midgut, except the posterior terminal digestion of proteins. A counter-flux of fluid may be functional in the midgut of the cockroach to explain the low excretory rate of digestive enzymes. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical localization data showed that amylase and trypsin are released by both merocrine and apocrine secretion mainly from gastric caeca. Finally, a discussion on Polyneoptera digestive physiology is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio K Tamaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André C Pimentel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alcides B Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 11461, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Shelomi M, Jasper WC, Atallah J, Kimsey LS, Johnson BR. Differential expression of endogenous plant cell wall degrading enzyme genes in the stick insect (Phasmatodea) midgut. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:917. [PMID: 25331961 PMCID: PMC4221708 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are an exclusively leaf-feeding order of insects with no record of omnivory, unlike other "herbivorous" Polyneoptera. They represent an ideal system for investigating the adaptations necessary for obligate folivory, including plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). However, their physiology and internal anatomy is poorly understood, with limited genomic resources available. RESULTS We de novo assembled transcriptomes for the anterior and posterior midguts of six diverse Phasmatodea species, with RNA-Seq on one exemplar species, Peruphasma schultei. The latter's assembly yielded >100,000 transcripts, with over 4000 transcripts uniquely or more highly expressed in specific midgut sections. Two to three dozen PCWDE encoding gene families, including cellulases and pectinases, were differentially expressed in the anterior midgut. These genes were also found in genomic DNA from phasmid brain tissue, suggesting endogenous production. Sequence alignments revealed catalytic sites on most PCWDE transcripts. While most phasmid PCWDE genes showed homology with those of other insects, the pectinases were homologous to bacterial genes. CONCLUSIONS We identified a large and diverse PCWDE repertoire endogenous to the phasmids. If these expressed genes are translated into active enzymes, then phasmids can theoretically break plant cell walls into their monomer components independently of microbial symbionts. The differential gene expression between the two midgut sections provides the first molecular hints as to their function in living phasmids. Our work expands the resources available for industrial applications of animal-derived PCWDEs, and facilitates evolutionary analysis of lower Polyneopteran digestive enzymes, including the pectinases whose origin in Phasmatodea may have been a horizontal transfer event from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - W Cameron Jasper
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Joel Atallah
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lynn S Kimsey
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Brian R Johnson
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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